NGO Another
Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM
01. E-course : Diploma
in Integrated Development (Dip. Int.Dev.)
Edition 01: 24 January, 2011
Edition 04 :
20 February, 2011.
Study points
: 05 points out of 18
Minimum study
time : 125 hours out of 504
The study
points are awarded upon passing the consolidated exam for
Section C : The Model.
[Study points 03 out of
18]
[Minimum study time: 85 hours
out of 504]
The study
points are awarded upon passing the consolidated exam for
Section C : The Model.
Sect. 5 : Kyoto Treaty : Analysis
of possibilities for finance. (Additional)
03. Potential areas of application of CDM
mechanisms to integrated development projects.
04. Small-scale CDM activities.
06. Selection of the CDM
methodologies for the applications listed in section 03.
08. Notes specific to the role of bamboo in afforestation and reforestation (AR)
projects.
09. CDM funding indications for
the selected applications and methodologies.
Menu for : 09. CDM funding indications for the selected applications and
methodologies.
09-08. Use of renewable
biomass instead of non-renewable biomass with improved cook stoves.
09-09. Recycling of human
waste to avoid the use of industrial fertilisers.
09. CDM funding indications for
the selected applications and methodologies.
09-09. Recycling
of human waste to avoid the use of industrial fertilisers.
With regard to CDM financing, this application refers to the saving
of CO2 emissions relating to the manufacture
and transport of fertilisers substituted through the recycling of urine and
faeces produced by 50.000 people in each integrated development area. This is dealt with under sub-section 1. CO2 savings from the production of fertilisers.
Replacement of
imported industrial fertilisers through recycling of urine and faeces also
leads to savings in agricultural costs. These savings are not connected to the CDM mechanism. They are included in the costs and benefits
analysis. This is dealt with under sub-section 2. Financial benefits from
recycling of urine and faeces.
1. CO2 savings from the production of fertilisers.
There is no existing CDM methodology covering this application. A new small-scale methodology would therefore
have to be registered by the CDM Executive Board for
the purpose. A distant relation might be recovery and recycling of plastics
materials is covered under methodology AMS-III-AJ but AMS-III-AJ falls under CDM sector 13. Waste handling and disposal,
while fertilisers production would fall under CDM sector 05. Chemical industries or,
eventually, under sector 04. Manufacturing industries.
While the manufacture
of urea and NPK 15 :15 :15
fertiliser is itself CO2 emissions intensive, the inherent CO2 emissions
potential of the fertiliser products themselves is small. The same is probably
true of transportation where relatively small amounts (550 tonnes) of fertiliser are
involved as in this case. Calculations on the production, packaging, and transport of the
fertilisers indicate CO2 savings to the order of Euro 25.000 per project per year.
They are therefore too low to be taken into account here.
2. Financial benefits from recycling of urine and
faeces.
Various sources
indicate various calculations for the quantities of urine and faeces produced
by humans in various parts of the world. This may be partly because climatic
conditions, diets and the amounts of liquid drunk vary.
A recent
conservative source is Richert A. et al Practical Guidance on the Use
of Urine in Crop Production Stockholm Environmental Institute (SEI), EcoSanRes Series 2010-1,
Stockholm, 2010, ISBN 978-91-86125-21-9. Table 2 on page 2 suggests an average of
For the purposes of this application 09-09 a more interesting
statistic is provided in table 8 on page 8, where a comparison between human
wastes in Burkina Faso and their industrial equivalents is made. The table
suggests that the nutrients in the excreta (urine and faeces) of a family (or
group) of 9 people is the equivalent of one
On this basis, the
population of 50.000 people in each integrated development project area (5500
groups of 9 persons)
produce the equivalent of 5.500 bags of urea and 5.500 bags of NPK.
This is the equivalent of 275 tonnes of urea and 275 tonnes of
NPK 15 :15 :15 fertiliser per
project per year.
Local commercial prices can be calculated when each individual project
documentation is drafted. Current world prices are about € 387 per tonne for
46% urea, and € 402 for NPK 15/15/15 fertiliser. The
amount included in the Block 8, section 3, 06. Costs and benefits analysis
is therefore 275 * (387 + 402) = € 217.000 per project per year.
Menu for : 09. CDM funding indications for
the selected applications and methodologies.
09-08. Use of renewable
biomass instead of non-renewable biomass with improved cook stoves.
09-09. Recycling of human
waste to avoid the use of industrial fertilisers.
Exam Block 8 : [4 hours]
Consolidated exam :
Section C. [6 hours].
◄ Eighth block : Section. 5 : Kyoto Treaty : Analysis
of possibilities for finance.
◄ Eighth block : Economic Aspects.
◄ Main index for the Diploma in Integrated Development
(Dip. Int. Dev.)
"Money is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the
bolt that bars them."
Gesell, Silvio, The Natural Economic Order,
revised English edition, Peter Owen,
“Poverty is created scarcity”
Wahu Kaara,
point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 58th annual
NGO Conference, United Nations,
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