Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED
Wieringerwerf,
The
Tel:
0031-227-604128
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail: (nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl :
bakensverzet
Incorporating innovative
social, financial, economic, local administrative and productive structures,
numerous renewable energy applications, with an important role for women in
poverty alleviation in rural and poor urban environments.
"Money is not the key that
opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"
Gesell, Silvio The Natural
Economic Order
Revised English edition, Peter
Owen, London 1958, page 228
Edition 13:
Sanitation
facilities will be installed in each of the (10.000) houses in the project area,
and in the (35) schools and (4 clinics, where necessary) and in (number) of
public places.
For
a diagram of the proposed waste disposal system see:
DRAWING SHOWING
PROPOSED WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING
TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM COMPOSITES
These
are based on the separation of urine, faeces, and grey water.
In
urban areas, urine, grey water and fertiliser can be used in vertical gardens
made from gypsum composite blocks under the LETS systems.
Based
on users' preferences and customs in accordance with the decisions reached
during the organisation workshops to be held, the population may choose for
collective systems and/or for units an individual family or a group of related
families.
A
typical unit will comprise a small toilet building containing three gypsum
composite tanks. One tank will be
used for urine. The other two tanks will be used as aerobic composting toilets.
Building support structures, san-plats for urinals and toilet seats will also be
supplied by the local gypsum composite production units. The toilet structures
will be built by local builders or cooperative groups and paid for using the
LETS local currencies. Use of improved evaporation systems could eliminate one
of the composting toilets. For health reasons we prefer the twin tank method.
Almost
the whole sanitation project can be done under local exchange trading (LETS)
systems, with nearly 100% local value added.
The
toilets will be supplied with appropriate washing and cleaning means for
personal hygiene.
A
small quantity of locally available lime, ash, sawdust or similar would be added
to the urine tank once or twice a day and to the faeces after use. The contents
of the urine tank can be emptied at any time. A mixture containing one part
urine and ten parts of water can be safely used for watering plants. This high
quality product has been known to more than double the productivity of a
household garden. An average family with 5 members can produce about 25m3 of
this fertiliser per year.
Users
not wishing to dispose of the urine themselves will hire local operators to do
it for them under the local LETS currency systems. The development using LETS
currencies of a collection system may be needed in poor urban areas where users
have no gardens or are unable to dispose of their urine.
With
the double composting dry toilet system, one properly aerated toilet tank is
used until it is more or less full. It is then sealed and allowed to compost for
9-12 months while the second toilet tank is being used. The contents need to be
moved from time to time. During that time, the compost in the sealed tank
reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of soil per adult person per year. After
9-12 months composting, the soil can be safely and profitably used as soil
conditioner.
With
a single tank improved evaporation system, the faeces are dried by circulating
relatively warm air in the system. It produces coagulated pellets that look like
dry dogs' food. The residue is light and small. The tank can be emptied any time
at 2-3 year intervals and the contents safely used as soil conditioner.
Users
not able to dispose of the soil conditioner will hire local operators to do so
under the local LETS currency systems.
Organic
material other than urine and faeces will be composted in simple compost boxes
built and supplied under the local LETS currency systems.
In
rural project areas, grey household water from the kitchen and from household
cleaning can be collected in an appropriate closed container and spread on the
family vegetable plot once a day, avoiding the formation of open or stagnant
pools and concentrations of water. It can also be used to dilute urine. Users
not able to dispose of their grey water will hire local operators to do so under
the local LETS currency systems.
In
urban areas, grey water may need to be regularly collected, possibly together
with urine, and taken to the countryside nearby where it can be recycled. This
work would be done under the local LETS currency systems.
Non-organic
solid waste products will be recycled in recycling centres operating under the
local currency (LETS) systems, creating more local added value. In larger
communities the centres may be specialised to some extent. Collection charges
will depend on the kind of material being recycled. Environmentally harmful
materials will be charged for at a higher rate than other materials. Special
waste from clinics will be addressed separately.
Appropriate
sanitation services where needed for the (35) schools and (4) clinics in the project area will be
included in the project.
Useful
references for further information on dry sanitation are:
a)Winblad
Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency), Stockholm 1998.
b)Del Porto David & Steinfeld Carol,
"The composting toilet system book", CEPP (Center for Ecological Pollution
Prevention), Concord Massachusetts 1999. ISBN 0-9666783-0-3
c)Sawyer
Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food security",
UNDP-SIDA, Mexico 2000 ISBN 91-586-8935-4
Forward: waste
recycling structures.
Back:
drinking water supply structures.
List of drawings and
graphs.
Typical list of maps.
List of key
words.
List of
abbreviations used.
Documents for
funding applications.