Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener
50,
1771 ED
Wieringerwerf,
The
Tel:
0031-227-604128
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail:
(nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet
Incorporating innovative
social, financial, economic, local administrative and productive structures,
numerous renewable energy applications, with an important role for women in
poverty alleviation in rural and poor urban environments.
"Money is not the key that
opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"
Gesell, Silvio The Natural
Economic Order
Revised English edition, Peter
Owen, London 1958, page 228
Edition 12:
DRAWING OF
STRUCTURES
AUDITING STRUCTURES
CASH FLOW
DIAGRAM.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED
LOAN MONEY IS USED.
TANK COMMISSIONS - THE
KEY STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS
The
responsibilities of the various parties which would presumably be involved in
the project are:
04.10.01
THE LOCAL NGO (name)
The
NGO (name) officially fronts for the project. It is formally constituted and
operative. It is respected and accepted by the population in the project area
and enjoys their confidence. The NGO has (number) board members, whose task is
honorary.
Financing
parties may nominate their representatives (eventually paid by the financing
parties themselves) to the board, with the task of participating in the auditing
commission and for the purpose of monitoring project progress.
The
NGO has approved the project and presented it for financing within the framework
of (a country programme (name) supported by a donor government (name)) (the
financing facility in question) .
The
NGO nominates the project coordinator and puts the project funds at the free and
unconditional disposal of the Project Coordinator in a bank account in the name
of the Project.
The
NGO may not interfere in the execution of the project, except to carry out its
auditing and monitoring duties.
The
local NGO may delegate a representative to countersign together with the Project
Coordinator movements of projects funds from Euro or US$ accounts with the
External Bank to formal currency accounts in the currency of (the host country).
The representative (may be, is) authorised to counter-sign Euro or dollar
payments from Euro of US$ accounts with the External Bank to foreign consultants
contractors and suppliers. The representative is also authorised to counter-sign
period lump sum payments made from the Formal currency accounts in the currency
of (the host country) to the
Cooperative Local Development Fund.
The
local NGO answers to the auditing commission.
04.10.02
THE PROJECT COORDINATOR.
The
project coordinator is responsible, together with the general consultant, for
the project preparation, for contacts with local authorities and banks and with
the users, for the actual implementation of the project. The project
coordinator is also responsible for
all professional work or operations that cannot, at the time of the project, be
provided from within the local communities. The project coordinator is also in charge of the maintenance of
the project, for collecting the monthly contributions of the users (through the
tank commissions and other project structures set up) and for general
supervision of payments out of the project accounts. The project coordinator
will also coordinate the establishment of the local gypsum composite production
units and the network of recycling centres. The fees of the project coordinator
have been agreed and are formalised in the budget documents, which are in the
public domain.
The
project coordinator has exclusive control over formal currency funds deposited
by the project in the Cooperative Local Development Fund.
04.10.03
GENERAL CONSULTANT
The
general consultant is responsible for formulating the project, initial
coordination with the NGO Africa A.H.E.A.D., initial contacts for setting up the
Organizational Workshops, for the organisation (through the Workshops) of the
local money LETS systems, setting up a Micro Credit system, coordinating with
the gypsum composites specialist in setting up local gypsum composites
production units, delivering pumps, PV-panels and related materials needed to
implement the project. He will act as consultant to the Project Coordinator
(through the Workshops) for the training and supervision of water supply, water
quality and hygiene control and maintenance personnel identified during the
Workshops.
04.10.04
ORGANISATIONAL WORKSHOPS
Most
activities will be executed by the local people themselves. Organizational
workshops (mass capacitation workshops or OW's) following the method of the
Brazilian Clodomir Santos de Morais will be held for the various sectors of
activity involved. During the workshops the users will organise themselves
respecting the principles of the division of labour.
See
Schedule 2 for information on Organizational Workshops.
Amongst
the activities for which Organizational Workshops will be held are:
Setting
up Health Clubs.
Setting up Tank- and Well-commissions and the central
project management unit.
Setting up the local money (LETS) systems.
Setting up gypsum composites production units.
Setting up structures for
the water supply systems.
Setting up structures for the sanitation systems.
Setting up structures for the growing of bio-mass to fuel high efficiency
stoves.
Setting up the Cooperative Local Development Fund and the
interest-free micro-credit system.
Setting up the waste recycling system.
Setting up structures for rainwater harvesting.
Setting up the local
radio station.
Setting up export-import cooperatives.
Setting up a
net-work of local agrarian consultants.
The
costs of the Workshops are set out separately in the balance sheet.
The
Organizational workshops will typically directly involve about 4.000 users
representing some 10% of the adult population.
04.10.05
(EXTERNAL FUNDING AUTHORITY – NAME)
The
external funding authority (NAME) will, on acceptance, make available its
75% share of the interest-free loan necessary for the project and nominate
structures and channels for supervising the project expenditure and liaison with
other parties.
04.10.06
LOCAL FUNDING (USUALLY THE LOCAL POPULATION)
Local
funding will usually come from the local population, through conversion of its
contribution in work at the rate of Euro 3 for each 8 hours working day. The
total expected contribution is (number) of working days, representing (number of
hours) work.
04.10.07
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY (NAME)
The
(regional administrative authority) will be an enabling body only. It will
guarantee the continuity of the local currency (LETS) systems. Before the
project begins, it will guarantee transfer of ownership of the project to the
local communities subject to reversion of ownership to the project in case of
default in payments. It will ensure, by agreement with the Central Government,
that goods imported for the project come into (the project’s host country) Duty
Free. It will authorise without creating unjustified obstacles the positioning
of boreholes, wells, feed-pipes, tanks and others structures necessary to the
execution of the project.
It
may take full political credit for the project, but will agree not to otherwise
intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day running.
04.10.08
LOCALLY ELECTED MP'S
The
local MP's will do everything in their power to guarantee respect by the
national, regional and local administrative authorities the continuity of the
local currency (LETS) systems, the importation of goods destined for the project
without the application of customs duties taxes or other formal levies, and the
transfer of the project structures to the users.
They
will act as liaison points between the Project Coordinator on the one hand and
the local funding authority and the local political institutions on the other.
They may take full political credit for the project, but will agree not to
otherwise intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day running.
04.10.09
THE LOCAL COUNCILS IN THE PROJECT AREA
The
local councils are enabling bodies only. They may take full political credit for
the project implementation, but will not otherwise intervene in the
organisation, implementation or day to day running of the project. They will
guarantee and respect the decisions of the (Regional) Authority in relation to
ownership of the project goods and services, and fully support the local
currency (LETS) systems and the duty-free entry into the project area of goods
to be used in the project.
The
Local Councils will approve reasonable project proposals for laying and
embedding water pipelines to dedicated water tanks, drilling bore holes, digging
wells, locating and building sanitation facilities, positioning of gypsum
composite manufacturing units, gypsum composites of, and collection of rubbish by,
recycling centres.
04.10.10
THE LOCAL (REGIONAL?) HEALTH AUTHORITIES
The
local health authorities are responsible for health services in the project
area.. They will respect the administrative decisions taken by the Regional
Government relating to the Project and will approve of the use of their own
Health Workers within the framework of the Community Health Clubs' hygiene
education programme to be set up by Africa A.H.E.A.D.
The
health authorities (will approve, have approved) that their health workers be
paid in the local LETS currencies for any work not already covered under their
existing salaries.
They
(will approve, have approved) that ownership of drinking water facilities,
sanitation services where supplied, PV lighting, PV refrigeration, and water
testing equipment placed in clinics within the project area be vested in the
tank commissions in whose areas the clinics are situated.
They
support hygiene education courses in schools in the project area.
They
(will reach, have reached) an agreement with the project coordinator to ensure
training of (women) users at on-going checks of water quality, and systematic
inspections of the sanitation facilities built within the framework of the
project. Testing and inspection work not already included within the Health
Workers' salaries will be paid for in the local LETS currencies. The equipment
for conducting such systematic water quality tests will be made available under
the project to a local clinic or hospital and financed by testing work carried
out by the clinic for third parties outside of the project area.
PV
lighting, sanitation where needed and refrigeration for medicines for the
clinics in the project area would be paid for by the communities as they do for
drinking water facilities dedicated to the clinics and schools in the project
area. Ownership would in this case be vested in the tank commission in whose
territory the clinic is located. PV lighting and refrigeration installations in
clinics outside the project area serving users inside the project area need to
be separately discussed. The disposal, where required, of specialised waste from
clinics will be addressed separately.
The
health authorities will train make regular hygiene inspections of the local
recycling centres.
04.10.11
THE LOCAL (REGIONAL?) EDUCATION AUTHORITIES
The
education authorities (will approve, have approved) that ownership of drinking
water and sanitation facilities and PV lighting placed in schools within the
project area be vested in the tank commissions where the schools are located.
They (will also approve, have approved) that the teachers' commissions nominated
to operate water and sanitation services and PV lighting report to the local
tank commissions.
They
support hygiene education courses in the schools in the project area and approve
the reasonable course curriculum presented by the Project Coordinator and apply
it during normal school hours.
04.10.12
THE LOCAL TAX AUTHORITIES
The
Project Coordinator will reach a binding agreement with the tax authorities,
before the Project gets under way, to ensure that the tax authorities are not
deprived of current tax revenue.
The
project is based on a tax moratorium of at least 20 years on all LETS
activities.
The
tax authorities will define LETS activities carried out in LETS currencies under
the project as non-commercial, and therefore non-taxable.
04.10.13
THE COOPERATIVE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT FUND AND MICRO-CREDIT INSTITUTION
The
Cooperative Local Development Fund set up under the project will administer
project funds actually deposited in the project area.. On the instruction of the
Project Coordinator, it will formally administer Grameen Bank style micro-credit
loans and repayments and the project funds, in cooperation with the (External
Green Bank, name). It will NOT intervene in the decisions relating to the
granting of the loans themselves which will be made by the project coordinator
in consultation with the communities.
The
Cooperative Local Development Fund will autonomously finance and administer
micro-loans for the installation of solar home systems for individual
non-productive household use.
04.10.14
THE EXTERNAL BANK (NAME)
The
external funding authority (name) will pass its financial contribution through
an appropriate financial institution, possibly a Green Bank capable of acting as
adviser to the Cooperative Local Development Fund. The external Bank will, on
the instruction of the project coordinator, administer the project monies
deposited in the project area under the supervision of the External Funding
Authority and will support the Cooperative Local Development Fund in setting up
the Micro-credit system for local development.
04.10.15
THE LOCAL GYPSUM COMPOSITE PRODUCTION UNITS
These
units will make, with a sanitary finish where necessary, ecological items such
as water tanks, water containers, well-linings, san-plats in low cost labour
intensive production units with up to 100% local value added. They will also
make the high efficiency stoves and solar cookers. The Project will finance them
on an interest-free basis with a pay-back period of 3-5 years. They will operate
autonomously and negotiate payment of any royalties directly with the Technology
Owner. They will usually sell their products within the project area in the
local LETS currency, and outside the Project areas in formal currency.
Precedence will be given to making items of top priority to the Project.
Ownership of the production units passes to the cooperative factory owners after
construction, subject to reversionary rights of the project in case of default
in repayments. Until full repayment the cooperative factory owners answer to the
Project Coordinator.
04.10.16
TANK COMMISSIONS
TANK COMMISSIONS - THE
KEY STRUCTURES.
Every
water tank supplies an area or group of households with water. A tank
commission, elected by the users, will supervise the use of the tank and its
associated works, the collection of the monthly contributions and the carrying
out of minor operations such as keeping tank areas clean. Each tank commission
will be paid a small monthly fee in formal currency, equivalent to perhaps Euro
5 per month, which it is free to spend as it wishes. Since women enjoy the
greatest benefits from the execution and on-going management of the project,
they should provide most of the tank commission members.
The
tanks commissions will be set up using the Moraisian organisational workshop
method. Their form may vary from one are of the area to another.
The
tank commissions will nominate one of their members to liaise with the system
maintenance structures set up.
The
tank commissions would also be responsible for study rooms and PV lighting and
for coordination of recycling in their area.
They
will nominate a literate person to liaise with the local LETS system
coordinator.
The
drinking water installations and sanitation services dedicated to schools and
clinics will be supervised by commissions of respectively teachers and medical
staff who will report to the tank commissions where the schools and clinics are
located. Ownership of these installations will be vested in the local tank
commissions with the consent of the local Education and Health authorities. The
costs of loan repayment and maintenance of these installations are built into
the users' monthly payments.
PV
lighting, PV refrigeration, and water testing equipment supplied to clinics in
the project area would likewise be run by the medical commission supervising the
water supply. Ownership of these structures will be vested, with the consent of
the Health Authorities, in the tank commissions where the clinics located. The
medical commission will report to the local tank commission.
The
problem of specialist waste removal from clinics, where needed, will need to be
studied separately.
The
tank commissions will also convene regular meetings to discuss activities under
their local LETS system and priorities for micro-credits.
The
tank commissions will elect the well commissions.
The
tank commissions will nominate a female candidate from their own area to carry
out cooperative inspection of the sanitation, rainwater harvesting, and cooking
facilities installed, and arrange for her training.
04.10.17
WELL COMMISSIONS
Every
well/bore hole area comprises:
- The well or bore hole itself
- The
backup hand pump installation
- The washing area
- The enclosure for PV
systems and supports
- A guard system for the PV installations
The
well commission, elected by the tank commissions, supervises the use of the
structures common to the water supply system, and carries out minor maintenance
operations such as cleaning washing areas, well areas, and backup hand pump
systems. The well commission also regulates use of the well area in case of
crisis or calamity. It collectively receives a small monthly payment in the
local LETS currency (e.g. the equivalent of Euro 5 per month) which it is free
to spend as it wishes. Since women enjoy the greatest benefits from the
execution and on-going management of the project, they should provide most of
the well commission members.
The
well commission will nominate one of its members to liaise with the system
maintenance structures set up and with those responsible at tank commission
level for maintenance.
The
well commissions will nominate a female candidate from their own area to monitor
the cooperative inspection of the sanitation, rainwater harvesting, and cooking
facilities carried out at tank commission level, and arrange for her training.
The
well commissions elect the central project management
unit.
04.10.18
AFRICA A.H.E.A.D.
This
NGO originally from Zimbabwe and for political reasons now operating under the
name Africa AHEAD will adapt and supply the material for the Health Clubs
The
Community Health Clubs will be set up, and local health workers trained to lead
the hygiene education courses during a Moraisian organizational workshop.
A
hygiene education course for use in the schools in the project area will be
developed the same way, and health workers and teachers trained to apply it.
04.10.19
THE GYSPUM COMPOSITES SPECIALIST
The
gypsum composites specialist invited to participate will usually be Mr
E.F.Meuleman from the Netherlands who developed the technology and is willing to
make it available free of charge to bona-fide integrated development projects in
developing countries..
The
specialist will act as consultant during the Organization Workshop during which
the local gypsum composite
production units in the project area will be set up, and independently
negotiate any conditions for technology transfer.
04.10.20
MEDICAL COMMISSIONS
Medical
commissions will supervise installations supplied to clinics under the project.
They will report to the tank commission where the clinic is situated. They will
where required arrange with the Project Coordinator collection of special
medical waste products.
04.10.21
TEACHERS COMMISSIONS
Teachers
commissions will supervise installations supplied to schools under the project.
They
will support and apply the approved hygiene education courses in the schools.
They
will report to the tank commissions where the school is located.
04.10.22
THE AUDITING COMMISSION
The
auditing commission is set up by the local NGO to review the work of the local
NGO in monitoring project progress. It will have 5-7 members, some of which may
be nominated (and paid by) by the external funding agency. Other members include
(list the members, if known). The commission has full powers of inspection.
The
auditing commission answers to the external funding agency and to the
independent auditor.
04.10.23
THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR
The
independent auditor Financing parties may nominate an independent auditor to
co-sign payment authorisations made by the project. The independent auditor
answers to external funding agency, and informs the auditing commission and the project
NGO of its actions.
Forward: The
question of ownership.
Back: institutional
structures.
List of drawings and
graphs.
Typical list of maps.
List of key
words.
List of
abbreviations used.
Documents for
funding applications.
