Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED
Wieringerwerf,
The Netherlands.
Tel:
0031-227-604128
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail:
(nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet
Incorporating
innovative social, financial, economic, local administrative and productive
structures, numerous renewable energy applications, with an important role for
women in poverty alleviation in rural and poor urban environments.
"Money is not
the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"
Gesell, Silvio The
Natural Economic Order
Revised English
edition, Peter Owen, London 1958, page 228
Edition 14: 27
December, 2007
The
system for the collection of recycling of waste waters, urine, excreta, other
organic solids, non-organic solids will be set up during Moraisian organisation
workshops held for the purpose. This section refers to the planned recycling
network as a whole. For technical details on the recycling of organic waste,
please refer to The following is an indication of the type of structure which
would be expected to emerge during the workshops.
The operations will take place under the local money
LETS systems. A separate interest-free credit fund is provided in the budget
for purchase of equipment which is not available locally and/or which has to be
paid for in formal currency.
In principle, the equipment used should not require
the consumption of imported energy (electricity, diesel, petrol etc) which
causes an on-going financial leakage from the project area. Transport distances
should be kept as short as possible.
The following drawings and graphs form an integral
part of this project proposal.
DRAWING OF WASTE
DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING
TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM COMPOSITE(R)
Detailed technical information on the treatment of
grey water is included in
attachment 24.
-
(a)
Recycling should always be done at the lowest possible level, starting with the
individual user.
- (b) Recycling at a second level should also be done as late as possible
during the composting cycle to reduce the volume of material handled.
- (b) The whole system should be operated within the local (LETS) currencies.
- (b) Capital investment for recycling equipment, transport and storage under
5) and 6) will be a priority for Micro-credit loans.
- (e) "Dirty" work will be better paid than "clean" work in
the LETS systems, because the rate of pay will reflect the willingness of
workers to do the work. Those doing unpleasant work will have an above-average
income within the LETS systems so that there should be no difficulty finding
people to do the work.
- (f) Waste should, as far as possible, be recycled within the project area so
communities are self-sufficient and there is no leakage of formal money from
the system. In particular, materials like metals, paper, plastics
can often be treated at local level for use in local industries creating jobs
and local value added during both treatment and production. The principle also
promotes the export of re-cycled products for formal currency which will be
used to repay the interest free micro-credits loans.
- (g) Lucrative job possibilities are created within the system.
- (h) Export and sale of selected non-organic solid waste through the recycling
centres for formal currency so micro-credits for re-cycling operation can be repaid.
- (i) Selected non-organic solid waste products will treated locally and
recycled as raw material for local artisan industries.
- (j) Interest free micro-loans for compost collectors under 5) above may need
to be for a longer term than other micro-credits as most of the compost will be
recycled within the local currency system. Some of the compost collection
charges may have to be in formal currency or the equipment may need to be used
part-time outside the LETS systems to help earn formal currency to repay the
micro-credit loans.
- (k) Recycling of special industrial and medical wastes to be addressed
separately.
- (l) The use of throw-away waste
products without value added, such as product packaging, is discouraged.
- (m) Repairable goods will
be repaired at project level under the local money LETS system set up. Spare
parts not locally available will be charged in formal money at their original imported
formal money price.
- 1) Dry composting toilet tanks made from gypsum
composite.
- 2) Toilet tanks for urine made from gypsum composites.
- 3) Grey water tanks made from gypsum composites and basic grey water
treatment facilities.
- 4) Locally made compost bins for organic waste other than urine, faeces and
grey water.
- 5) A system to collect and where necessary store the compost from 1) and 4),
urine from 2) and grey water (from 3) of users who have no land or garden on
which to recycle their own waste.
- 6) A system to collect and recycle non-organic solid waste through recycling
centres.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING
TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM COMPOSITES
Two gypsum composite tanks will be needed to collect
and compost faeces.
The first properly aerated composting toilet
tank is used until it is more or less full. It is then sealed and allowed to
compost for 9-12 months while the second toilet tank is being used. The compost
in the first tank reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of soil per adult
person per year, and after the 9-12 months composting period it can be safely
and profitably used as soil conditioner. Were an improved evaporation system to
be used, the faeces in the single tank used would be evaporated by relatively
warm air circulation in the system. This process forms dry coagulated lumps
that look like dry dogs' food. These residues are light and greatly reduced in
volume. They can be emptied at any time over 2-3 year periods and used as soil
conditioner. Users who do not want to dispose of the resultant soil conditioner
themselves will hire local operators to do the work under the local LETS
currency systems.
Only one toilet seat/sanplat is required for double dry-tank
installations. It is simply re-installed over the empty tank when the tanks are
changed.
The second tank in the two-tank system can be bought
at a later phase of the project because it will not be needed for at least a
year. This helps spread purchases within the LETS systems over a wider time
span.
The small quantities of water in containers used by
toilet users for toilet cleaning, for personal hygiene after defecation and for
first cycle washing of fæcally soiled clothing such as babies’ napkins will be
added to the dry toilet tanks.
For technical information refer to in search of drivers for dry sanitation in the list of attachments.
The urine tanks will have to be emptied regularly unless evaporation systems are used. Wet systems are preferred because they create more value added in terms of increased garden production. Urine, with a little lime sawdust or equivalent added regularly, can in principle be used systematically for watering plants as long as it is diluted with 10 parts of water or grey water to one part of urine, substantially increasing the productivity of the garden.
The small quantities of water in containers used by
urinal users for urinal cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the
urine tanks.
Users unable to re-cycle the urine from their tanks
and who do not use evaporation systems will have to arrange for the urine tanks
to be emptied periodically under the local LETS systems for re-cycling within
the project area.
Urine is in principle sterile, but can contain
pathogens where users are ill. While risk of contamination is thought to be
low, users may wish to provide for a
double tank system offering temporary storage of urine for up to six months
when planning their systems. In that case larger storage tanks with a volume of
up to 0.75m3 would need to be used.
For technical information refer to in search of drivers for dry sanitation in the list of attachments.
These
Gypsum composite (R) tanks will usually be near the users houses to collect
waste water from normal household use.
Simple
filter systems will be used to eliminate grease, oils, and similar from the
grey water.
Where
it is separated from water with risk of fæcal infection (see point 1 above)
filtered grey water can also be recycled as it is for use on gardens provided
there is no risk of its leaching into ground water.
Ten
parts of grey water mixed with one part of (sterile) urine can also be recycled
for use on gardens.
Detailed technical information on the treatment of
grey water is included in
attachment 24.
Users unable to re-cycle the grey water from their
tanks will need to arrange for the tanks to be emptied periodically under the
local LETS currency systems for re-cycling within the project area.
Other organic household waste is mostly made up from kitchen refuse that has to be outside the users' houses without giving rise to unpleasant smells or attracting insects. It can usually be mixed with soil and composted in an appropriate locally made bin or tank. The compost can then be disposed of in the garden if there is one, or it can collected periodically under the LETS systems and re-cycled elsewhere in the project area.
Animals such as chickens and goats are capable of
productively recycling normal kitchen refuse.
The need for collection and the amount of composting prior to collection
will depend on the living space available to users. It will therefore vary from
project to project and from zone to zone.
The workers who collect, store, and re-cycle
the compost will get priority micro-credits to buy the equipment they need.
They will be well paid within the local currency systems to do the work which
is likely to be considered less attractive than other jobs.
. Recycling centres will be established on a zone basis. Users will be
required to take their non-organic solid waste to their zone centre. They can
also asks the recycling centre to collect their waste and pay for the service
in local (LETS) currency.
The recycling centres will sort the waste and
store it until there is enough to sell commercially. Some centres may
specialise by buying some kinds of waste collected by other centres so as to
increase the commercial volume for export. They may also treat the waste they
specialise in and prepare it for use by local industry, keeping the added value
within the local system.
Re-cycling centre owners will get priority for
micro-credit loans to buy the equipment they need to collect, store, and treat
the waste.
Useful references for composting systems and
integrated recycling are:
Winblad Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation",
SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency), Sotckholm, 1998.
ISBN 91 586 76 12 0.
Del Porto D and Steinfeld C, "The composting toilet system book",
CEPP (Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention), Massachusetts, 1999 ISBN
0-9666783-0-3
Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food
security", UNDP-SIDA, Mexico 2000, ISBN 91-586-8935-4
Foo Jacky, "Integrated bio-systems: a global perspective", InFoRM
(National Workshop on Integrated Food Production and Resource Management,
Brisbane, 2000.
Forward: Structures
for bio-mass production.
Back: Gypsum
composite construction units.
List of drawings and
graphs.
Typical list of maps.
List of key
words.
List of
abbreviations used.
Documents
for funding applications.
