Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED Wieringerwerf,
The Netherlands.
Tel:
0031-227-604128
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail: (nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet
Incorporating
innovative social, financial, economic, local administrative and productive
structures, numerous renewable energy applications, with an important role for
women in poverty alleviation in rural and poor urban environments.
"Money is not
the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"
Gesell, Silvio The
Natural Economic Order
Revised English
edition, Peter Owen, London 1958, page 228
Edition 14: 07
October, 2008
Sanitation facilities will be installed in each of the (10.000) houses
in the project area, and in the (35) schools and (4 clinics, where necessary) and
in (number) of public places.
For a diagram of the proposed waste disposal system see:
DRAWING SHOWING
PROPOSED WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF
COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM COMPOSITES
These are based on the separation of urine,
faeces, and grey water.
In urban areas, urine, grey water and
fertiliser can be used in vertical gardens made from gypsum composite blocks
under the LETS systems.
Based on users' preferences and customs in
accordance with the decisions reached during the organisation workshops to be
held, the population may choose for collective systems and/or for units an
individual family or a group of related families.
A typical unit will comprise a small toilet
building containing three gypsum composite
tanks. One tank will be used for urine. The other two tanks will be used
as aerobic composting toilets. Building support structures, san-plats for
urinals and toilet seats will also be supplied by the local gypsum composite
production units. The toilet structures will be built by local builders or
cooperative groups and paid for using the LETS local currencies. Use of
improved evaporation systems could eliminate one of the composting toilets. For
health reasons we prefer the twin tank method.
Almost the whole sanitation project can be done
under local exchange trading (LETS) systems, with nearly 100% local value
added.
The toilets will be supplied with appropriate
washing and cleaning means for personal hygiene.
A small quantity of locally available lime,
ash, sawdust or similar would be added to the urine tank once or twice a day
and to the faeces after use. The contents of the urine tank can be emptied at
any time. A mixture containing one part urine and ten parts of water can be
safely used for watering plants. This high quality product has been known to
more than double the productivity of a household garden. An average family with
5 members can produce about 25m3 of this fertiliser per year.
Users not wishing to dispose of the urine
themselves will hire local operators to do it for them under the local LETS
currency systems. The development using LETS currencies of a collection system
may be needed in poor urban areas where users have no gardens or are unable to
dispose of their urine.
With the double composting dry toilet system,
one properly aerated toilet tank is used until it is more or less full. It is
then sealed and allowed to compost for 9-12 months while the second toilet tank
is being used. The contents need to be moved from time to time. During that
time, the compost in the sealed tank reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of
soil per adult person per year. After 9-12 months composting, the soil can be
safely and profitably used as soil conditioner.
With a single tank improved evaporation system,
the faeces are dried by circulating relatively warm air in the system. It
produces coagulated pellets that look like dry dogs' food. The residue is light
and small. The tank can be emptied any time at 2-3 year intervals and the
contents safely used as soil conditioner.
Users not able to dispose of the soil
conditioner will hire local operators to do so under the local LETS currency
systems.
Organic material other than urine and faeces
will be composted in simple compost boxes built and supplied under the local
LETS currency systems.
In rural project areas, grey household water from
the kitchen and from household cleaning can be collected in an appropriate
closed container and spread on the family vegetable plot once a day, avoiding
the formation of open or stagnant pools and concentrations of water. It can
also be used to dilute urine. Users not able to dispose of their grey water
will hire local operators to do so under the local LETS currency systems.
In urban areas, grey water may need to be
regularly collected, possibly together with urine, and taken to the countryside
nearby where it can be recycled. This work would be done under the local LETS
currency systems.
Non-organic solid waste products will be
recycled in recycling centres operating under the local currency (LETS)
systems, creating more local added value. In larger communities the centres may
be specialised to some extent. Collection charges will depend on the kind of
material being recycled. Environmentally harmful materials will be charged for
at a higher rate than other materials. Special waste from clinics will be
addressed separately.
Appropriate sanitation services where needed
for the (35) schools and (4) clinics in
the project area will be included in the project.
Useful references for further information on dry
sanitation are:
a)Winblad
Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish International
Development Cooperation Agency),
b)Del Porto David & Steinfeld Carol, "The composting toilet system book",
CEPP (Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention), Concord Massachusetts 1999.
ISBN 0-9666783-0-3
c)Sawyer
Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food
security",
A useful reference on sanitation in schools is:
Sanitation for Primary Schools in
Africa, Reed Bob and Shaw Rod, WEDC Water Engineering and Development
Centre,
Forward:
waste recycling structures.
Back:
drinking water supply structures.
List of drawings and
graphs.
Typical list of maps.
List of key
words.
List of
abbreviations used.
Documents
for funding applications.
