Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED
Wieringerwerf,
The
Tel:
0031-227-604128
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail: (nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl :
bakensverzet
Incorporating innovative
social, financial, economic, local administrative and productive structures,
numerous renewable energy applications, with an important role for women in
poverty alleviation in rural and poor urban environments.
"Money is not the key that
opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"
Gesell, Silvio The Natural
Economic Order
Revised English edition, Peter
Owen, London 1958, page 228
Edition 11:
05.35
Smoke hazard elimination structures.
Aeration,
and in particular the elimination of smoke in and around homes in developing
countries is one of the most important aspects for a healthy life. It is widely overlooked.
In
poor countries, and in particular in Africa, the most widely used source of
energy is biomass in the form of wood, charcoal, crop wastes, and animal dung.
2.4 billion people use this biomass for cooking purposes. If coal is included
the figure becomes 3 billion. This causes at least 1.6 million deaths per year
(ITDG rapport “Smoke – The Killer in the Kitchen”, 2003;
see also WHO World Health Report 1992;) including nearly a million children. The
level of air pollution in the homes of the poorest in developing countries can
be 100 times higher than the maximum acceptable levels for health purposes. An
article in “The Lancet”, edition 6 December 2003, “Report highlights hazard of
smoke from indoor fires” reports:
“...
extensive and long term exposure to combustion products in confined environments
is a major cause of disease .... this is a priority area for research and
prevention measures”.
Not
only individual homes but entire villages are subjected to the smoke hazard two
or three times per day around the time when meals are being prepared.
Projects
under the Model must therefore introduce locally built high efficiency cooking
stoves to reduce and if possible eliminate the smoke hazard from family homes
and villages. The ecological advantages and CO2 savings initiatives relating to
and the economic aspects of the introduction of high efficiency stoves in
project areas are discussed in detail in chapter 4.
Construction of
mini-briquettes.
Forward: education
structures.
Back: Lighting for
study purposes.
List of drawings and
graphs.
Typical list of maps.
List of key
words.
List of
abbreviations used.
Documents for
funding applications.