Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED
Wieringerwerf,
The Netherlands.
Tel:
0031-227-604128
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail:
(nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet
and
"Money is not
the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"
Gesell, Silvio The
Natural Economic Order
Revised English
edition, Peter Owen,
“Poverty is created scarcity”
Wahu Kaara, point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 58th
annual NGO Conference, United Nations,
Sanitation
facilities will be installed in each of the 8.000 houses in the project area,
and in the 60 schools and 3 clinics, where necessary and in major public
places.
For
a diagram of the proposed waste disposal system see:
DRAWING SHOWING PROPOSED WASTE DISPOSAL
STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE
FROM GYPSUM COMPOSITES
These are based on the separation of urine, faeces, and grey water.
In larger villages, urine, grey water and fertiliser can be used in
vertical gardens made from gypsum composite blocks under the LETS systems.
Based on users' preferences and customs in accordance with the decisions
reached during the organisation workshops to be held, the population may choose
for collective systems and/or for units an individual family or a group of
related families.
A typical unit will comprise a small toilet building containing three
gypsum composite tanks. One tank will be
used for urine. The other two tanks will be used as aerobic composting toilets.
Building support structures, san-plats for urinals and toilet seats will also
be supplied by the local gypsum composite production units. The toilet
structures will be built by local builders or cooperative groups and paid for
using the LETS local currencies. Use of improved evaporation systems could
eliminate one of the composting toilets. For health reasons we prefer the twin
tank method.
Almost the whole sanitation project can be done under local exchange
trading (LETS) systems, with nearly 100% local value added.
The toilets will be supplied with appropriate washing and cleaning means
for personal hygiene.
A small quantity of locally available lime, ash, sawdust or similar would
be added to the urine tank once or twice a day and to the faeces after use. The
contents of the urine tank can be emptied at any time. A mixture containing one
part urine and ten parts of water can be safely used for watering plants. This
high quality product has been known to more than double the productivity of a
household garden. An average family with 5 members can produce about 25m3 of
this fertiliser per year.
Users not wishing to dispose of the urine themselves will hire local
operators to do it for them under the local LETS currency systems. The
development using LETS currencies of a collection system may be needed in poor
urban areas where users have no gardens or are unable to dispose of their
urine.
With the double composting dry toilet system, one properly aerated
toilet tank is used until it is more or less full. It is then sealed and
allowed to compost for 9-12 months while the second toilet tank is being used.
The contents need to be moved from time to time. During that time, the compost
in the sealed tank reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of soil per adult
person per year. After 9-12 months composting, the soil can be safely and
profitably used as soil conditioner.
With a single tank improved evaporation system, the faeces are dried by
circulating relatively warm air in the system. It produces coagulated pellets
that look like dry dogs' food. The residue is light and small. The tank can be
emptied any time at 2-3 year intervals and the contents safely used as soil
conditioner.
Users not able to dispose of the soil conditioner will hire local
operators to do so under the local LETS currency systems.
Organic material other than urine and faeces will be composted in simple
compost boxes built and supplied under the local LETS currency systems.
In rural project areas, grey household water from the kitchen and from
household cleaning can be collected in an appropriate closed container and
spread on the family vegetable plot once a day, avoiding the formation of open
or stagnant pools and concentrations of water. It can also be used to dilute
urine. Users not able to dispose of their grey water will hire local operators
to do so under the local LETS currency systems.
In larger villages areas, grey water may need to be regularly collected,
possibly together with urine, and taken to the countryside nearby where it can
be recycled. This work would be done under the local LETS currency systems.
Non-organic solid waste products will be recycled in recycling centres
operating under the local currency (LETS) systems, creating more local added
value. In larger communities the centres may be specialised to some extent.
Collection charges will depend on the kind of material being recycled.
Environmentally harmful materials will be charged for at a higher rate than
other materials. Special waste from clinics will be addressed separately.
Appropriate sanitation services where needed for the (35) schools
and (4) clinics in the project area will
be included in the project.
Useful references for
further information on dry sanitation are:
a)Winblad
Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish International
Development Cooperation Agency),
b)
c)Sawyer
Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food
security",
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05.41 Drinking water structures.
