Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED Wieringerwerf,
The
Tel:
0031-227-604128
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
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Incorporating
innovative financial, economic, and local administrative structures, numerous
renewable energy applications, with an important role for women in poverty
alleviation in rural and poor urban environments.
Edition 07:
This paper
includes:
An
introduction to sustainable, self-financing, integrated development concepts.
A short discussion of poverty.
The Model’s innovative economic structures.
The financial and social structures to be created.
Some recommended technologies.
An innovative Model
for self-financing integrated development covering a complete package of basic
services for sustainable economic and social development in beneficiary
communities is presented. It includes hygiene education, the provision of
sustainable drinking water and ecological sanitation services, PV lighting for
study, PV lighting and refrigeration in clinics, a complete waste removal and
recycling system, rain-water harvesting, and the local production and use of high-efficiency stoves and
biomass to fuel them. The Model provides a strong thrust for on-going local
sustainable financial and economic development, productivity, and employment.
It contains many decentralised renewable energy applications and lays the bases
for a high quality of life for all of the inhabitants in the project areas.
The Model is strongly demand response oriented. It provides innovative
practical working solutions for sustainable integrated development in rural and
poor urban areas and covers all major development priorities. It integrates in
a simple, practical and feasible manner policy, finance, technology and human
capacity building to offer long-term sustainable solutions to development.
Project structures are designed with, executed, run, maintained, owned and paid
for by the people themselves.
With two limitations, project applications under the Model are
self-financing, subject to an interest-free seed loan repayable in 10 years.
They are structured for communities of 10000 households (50000 users) but can
be adapted to smaller and larger rural or poor urban project areas as required.
The typical amount of the initial interest-free seed loan is Euro 3.000.000 or
Euro 60 per user, sufficient to cover the total package of basic services
offered.
There are two elements of gift incorporated in the proposals. The first
is the interest which would otherwise be payable on the seed loan. The second
involves certain insurance aspects described in detail in the Model.
Project applications typically require 75% seed loan financing by an
External Support Agency. Regional or state authorities in the beneficiary
countries are expected to supply the remaining 25%.
Project
applications are self-financing because they allow the recipient communities to
fully exploit a network of integrated sustainable development activities using:
(a) The interest-free seed loan itself.
(b) LETS-type local money systems set up to run in parallel with the existing
formal money economies.
(c) Multiple re-cycled interest-free micro-credits for productivity
development. They are generated by on-going recycling of interest-free loan
repayments and some reserves during the interest-free loan term.
3.1 AN ATTEMPTED
DEFINITION
Poverty may be defined as a state in which one's perceived quality of
life is lower than is felt to be needed for survival and reproduction, or than
is desired.
3.2 SOME IMPORTANT FACTORS INFLUENCING QUALITY OF LIFE
The following list covering some economic aspects, water shortage and
quality, food shortage, health aspects with sanitation, and housing, is not
intended to be all- inclusive. Other factors, including social factors, health
care and education systems also play an important role.
3.2.1 Economic
Economic comparisons are often developed by western economists who fail
to take the non-monetised part of economies into account. Only a relatively
small part of the world's global economy is "monetised". In some
developing countries this part may be as small as 10%. The costs in time, use
of infrastructure, fuel consumption, and equipment write-off of a western
commuter who loses four hours a day in queues going to and returning home from
work are monetised though they tend to have a negative weighting on our quality
of life. Benefits accruing to an African who spends the same four hours a day
in the shade of a tree discussing philosophy with his friends are not
monetised. Yet which of them has the better quality of life at least during
those four hours? How do the parties perceive their quality of life during
those four hours? How far is their quality of life directly influenced by money
in such cases?
Where, exactly, is the value added in a can of peas? An African buys a
kilo of fresh peas from his neighbour. The neighbour gets a fair price for them
or perhaps they swap products. Assume the same kilo of peas were to be bought
from the neighbour, transported (using energy) in a truck (the construction of
which is energy intensive) to a factory (built and operated using energy),
cooked (using equipment and energy) canned (using equipment and energy),
labelled (using equipment and energy) transported to a storage depot (more
energy) and from there distributed (using energy) to a shop from which the,
first African, consumer buys the can of peas at one-half to three times the
price he would have paid his neighbour directly for them. In the case of direct
consumption, the transactions relating to the peas are probably not monetised.
In the second case, the entire process of "producing" the can of peas
is fully monetised while the peas in the can are not even fresh! What does the
kilo of peas in each case tell us about the quality of life of the consumer?
Canning peas may have storage benefits and allow delay of consumption. On the
other hand traditional ways, such as drying, of storing peas also exist and can
be carried out at local level.
If industrial processing of food does not
necessarily imply either value added or a better quality of life, the question
arises what it does imply. The answer to this question is presumably related to
exponentially increasing on-going financial leakage from production areas and
to centralisation of control over production processes by ever fewer
(non-elected) operators. This on-going financial leakage restricts the already
limited amount of formal money in circulation in poor rural and urban areas and
nations, to the point where transfer of goods and services there is blocked.
Today, financial leakage has already reached serious levels even in rural areas
of the richer nations.
If poverty alleviation projects are to succeed, financial leakage from
individual project areas has to be reduced and preferably stopped altogether
and a substitute to missing formal money introduced to enable transfer of goods
and services at local level to take place. This does not imply closure of
project areas to the outside world. It implies that the balance expressed in
formal currency of transactions for goods and services imported into and
exported from individual project areas must tend to zero to avoid financial
movement from one area for the benefit of another.
Some important factors causing financial leakage are energy imports
including electricity, import of industrial goods and services, including
medicines and some health services, and above all, interest. The cumulative
interest content of a typical western industrial product is thought to be
anything up to 40% of the cost to the end user. This interest normally exits
promptly from project areas never to return. Little, if any, of the purchasing
price is recycled locally. Commonly not even local savings are invested locally
for local development.
Innovative sustainable technologies using local renewable energy sources
such as human muscle energy, local biomass, PV and wind energy, and locally
recycled waste products together with appropriate interest-free formal money
financial instruments help create and encourage open competition and free
enterprise at local level within the framework of a cooperative and non
profit-making global financial structure. As the Model shows, sustainable,
self-financing integrated development is then able to flourish.
3.2.2 Notes on water shortage and quality
How
much water do we really need?
Control quantity by avoiding wastage and recycling grey water,
Use dry composting toilets, collect rainwater, and ensure fair distribution of
water
Water quality. Use inherently clean systems and avoid contamination of water
sources.
3.2.3 Notes on food shortage or insufficient variation of diet
Put local consumption first.
Create facilities for storage of local products for local consumption
Tune local production to local consumption; some local processing using
traditional techniques.
Eliminate mono-cultures.
Use local seed and locally recycled fertilisers such as urine, and soil
conditioners such as locally recycled properly composted faeces.
3.2.4 Notes on health aspects and sanitation
Hygiene
education for women and in schools.
Varied local food supply
Clean and sufficient water supply.
Sustainable dry composting toilet systems.
Proper drainage.
Proper aeration of dwellings.
3.2.5 Notes on housing
Hygiene
education for women and in schools.
Sufficient water within easy reach.
Good sanitation.
Good drainage.
Waste collection with local recycling.
Efficient cooking and aeration.
3.3 SUMMARISING
Achieving
poverty alleviation and improving the quality of life of the rural and urban
poor depends mostly on avoiding financial leakage from the project area by:
-setting up local money systems to substitute the lack of formal money in
project areas so that normal exchange of goods and services can take place
there.
-doing as much as possible locally and limiting the import of energy and industrial
products into the project area.
-setting up cooperative interest-free formal currency environments.
-stimulating variety in local food production and its storage for local consumtpion.
-supplying a complete set of fully sustainable basic services covering hygiene
education, water supply, ecological sanitation, waste removal and recycling,
and efficient means of cooking with improved aeration and elimination of smoke
hazards.
4.1 IN SHORT
The
Model uses an innovative combination of three financial instruments. These are
:
-an interest-free seed loan for a period of ten years.
-local exchange trading (LETS) systems.
-interest-free formal currency micro-credits for productivity development.
Cooperative, socially responsible means are built into the Model at four
levels for the protection of users temporarily or permanently unable to make
their (full) contributions to the cooperative development funds set up and/or
(fully) participate in the local money systems.
4.2 THE INTEREST FREE SEED LOAN
The basic package of sustainable services included in the Model
typically calls for an interest-free loan for Euro 60 per user for a period of
ten years. Assuming a typical project application for 50.000 users and 10.000
families, each family of five repays Euro 3 per month into a Cooperative
Development Fund. Some of this money is paid into a maintenance fund to cover
the formal currency costs of running on-going maintenance services. The costs
of the maintenance operators themselves are covered under the local money LETS
systems set up.
The interest-free seed loan is invested in equipment and services
required for the project structures (especially in the drinking water supply
sector) which cannot be produced locally. As the formal money seed loan is
repaid by the users into the Cooperative Development Fund at the rate of Euro
0,60 per user on a monthly basis, it is immediately recycled in the form of
interest-free micro loans for productivity development.
At the close of the ten-year loan period the seed capital is repaid.
However, since the users continue to pay their monthly quota into the
Cooperative Development Fund set up, a capital is formed during the second
period of ten years at the end of which users will be able to replace capital
items and/or extend their services.
Fig 1: the capital investment cycle.
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE .
4.3 LETS (LOCAL EXCHANGE TRADING SYSTEMS)
In principle, several LETS currency systems may be set up in each
project area, according to clearly definable operating areas. All adults within
a system should be registered as members, but use of the system, with
exceptions for goods and services necessary for the project itself, would be
voluntary. Members may usually freely choose whether to conduct a particular
transaction within the local money system or within the formal currency system.
The local money and the formal money systems co-exist in parallel though the
local money systems are expected to gradually take over a dominating role.
Each local money group would typically have some 7,500 - 15,000
registered adult members, though the number is not critical. The groups must be
large enough to allow for a wide variety of goods and services, and small
enough for members to associate with the group and participate in its
structures if they so wish. Children under school leaving age are not
registered as they are not, under the international convention on the rights of
children, allowed to work. They become registered members of their local system
upon reaching the required age. The members of each group are coded so that
their tank- and well commission areas can be identified and the cost of more
local, optional, initiatives such as PV lighting for study purposes debited to
the members directly involved.
All the local LETS currencies within the project will have the same
reference value, which will be decided with the local populations so that they
can be transferable from one to another. It is expected the reference value
will usually be the perceived value of an hour's work. Not all goods and
services will be transferable amongst different systems, as this could lead to
drainage of resources from one system to another. Local money systems work best
when their financial resources remain balanced. The LETS coordinators and
members will decide which goods and services are "exportable". Metal
products made in group A, for instance, could be exportable to group
"B". Cloth made in group "B" may be exportable to group A.
Crops and vegetables not grown in one group could be imported from the others.
Assume that a product is sold by a group A member to a group B member.
The transaction would be in local currency A. The producer would be credited in
local currency A. The coordinator of group A would advise his counterpart in
group B of the debit for the group B member. He would credit the group A
account with group B with the same amount in group B currency. The group B
coordinator would debit the group B buyer in local currency B and debit the
group B account with group A with the same amount in group A currency. Goods
and services supplied by group B to group A would be registered the other way
round. The group A and B coordinators then simply eliminate the respective
debits and credits by pairing value units one for one.
It is a key to the success of the system that the imports and exports of
each group remain balanced, their sum tending to zero.
There will be an elected local LETS co-ordinator in each tank commission
area, typically representing 40-60 families with 200-300 users. The LETS
co-ordinator will need to be literate and will be responsible to the general
LETS systems co-ordinator. The local co-ordinators will help those members
unable to write/sign their cheques (or deal with other methods of payment),
arrange distribution of chequebooks (or other payment forms)to the LETS users,
collect the used cheques (or equivalent) deposited in the LETS POST box near
the local water tank and take them to the general LETS systems co-ordinator for
registration. The local co-ordinators will also display the monthly or weekly
reports on the LETS NOTICE BOARD near or above the LETS POST box, advise
illiterate members of their LETS balances, call a fortnightly or monthly
meeting where the users can discuss the operation of their LETS system, make
special requests (such as, for example, increasing the debt limit for sick
members or for those making special purchases), and discuss ways to use the
goods and services of those with high debts so as to help balance their trading
accounts. The local co-ordinators will also discuss with the members selected
proposals for allowing export and import of goods and services into the local
LETS system and report back to the general LETS co-ordinator.
Payments for LETS services provided by members to their communities are
debited to a special LETS code for the community. This may take place at Tank
Commission, Well Commission, or Project Level. It can also take place within
any other tribal or social grouping, including sports clubs, villages, commonly
owned land interests. When the community debt reaches one LETS currency unit
(or other agreed amount) for each member, each member is debited with that
amount. The community LETS code will then be credited by the same total amount.
This system allows purchase or sale of collective communal property to be
involved in the LETS transactions. For example, the sale of wood from communal
land can be registered as a credit to the LETS group involved, and then
transferred from there to individual group members.
Fig 2: A typical structure for administering LETS systems in a given
project area.
Social security for sick, handicapped, and the aged is guaranteed:
a) first, by distribution of their debits amongst children and/or family
members and/or friends .
b) secondly, by distribution of their debits amongst voluntary groups
set up for that purpose.
b) thirdly, in case of failure of a) and b) by distribution of their
debits at tank commission level.
c) thirdly, in case of failure of a) b) and c) by distribution of the
debits at project level.
4.4 INNOVATIVE INTEREST-FREE MICRO-CREDITS IN FORMAL CURRENCY FOR LOCAL
PRODUCTIVITY
Multiple re-cycled interest-free micro-credits provide interest-free
formal money needed to develop local production capacity. The rest of the
development under project applications is carried out under local exchange trading
(LETS) systems set up in each project area.
The
formal currency capital available for recycling in the form of interest-free
micro-credits is made up of :
a) Part of the initial seed loan money until it is needed for the project
application
b) Seed loan repayments represented by the monthly contributions (about Euro
0.60 per person) paid by users into the Cooeprative
Development Account.
c) Micro-credit repayments, being the periodic repayments made by loan
beneficiaries into the Cooperative Development Fund.
d) The long term formal currency maintenance fund and other formal currency
reserves.
e) System capital replacement fund which will be built up after the ten years'
seed loan has been fully repaid
For instance, a woman may need a sewing machine to be able to make
clothes. She will need "formal" currency to buy the sewing machine
(and perhaps some cloth), which is presumably not made in the project area
itself. That money is made available to her in the form of a cooperative interest-free
micro credit. Initially, she must be able to sell outside the local LETS system
for formal currency some of the clothes she makes to earn the
"formal" money she needs to repay her loan. The rest of the clothes
can be sold within the local currency LETS system. As she repays her loan, the
repaid capital can be promptly recycled for another interest free micro-credit
project, so the available seed money repeatedly re-circulates within the local
economy.
Conservatively assuming an average pay-back time of two years for each
micro-credit loan, the system generates more than Euro 16.000.000, or Euro 1500
interest-free loans on an average to each family for productivity development
during the first ten year period. Funds for micro-loans build up in an
identical way during the second, and successive periods of 10 years in an
ongoing sustainable way.
Fig 3: shows how the amounts invested each quarter in cooperative
interest-free micro-loans develop over the ten year period. In the 40th
quarter, the original formal currency seed loan is paid back. However, users
continue to make their monthly payments into the Cooperative Development Fund,
so the funds for micro-credit loans build up again during the next following
period of ten years, as shown in fig. 3. At the end of the second period, the
community has funds for replacement, where needed, of the capital investments
made under the project. In practice, most of the interest-free micro-credit
loans will have a shorter pay-back time, and the amount available for recycling
should be considerably greater than that foreseen in the Model.
CHART ILLUSTRATING MICRO-LOANS SCHEME
5.1 THE BASIC PACKAGE
TYPICALLY COVERED BY PROJECT APPLICATIONS INCLUDES:
Health
clubs for hygiene education courses for women, and hygiene education courses in
schools.
A complete sustainable ecological sanitation system, including schools,
clinics, and public places.
A sustainable drinking water system, including schools, clinics, and public
places.
Rainwater harvesting at individual, micro level.
Recycling of urine, faeces and other
organic waste at household
and local level, including schools and clinics.
Non-organic waste disposal
and recycling.
PV lighting for study purposes at tank commission level.
PV lighting for evening classes in schools.
PV lighting and refrigeration
in clinics. Elimination of stagnant waters and drainage of public places.
Efficient stoves for cooking ensuring
improved aeration and elimination of smoke hazards in
homes.
Bio mass production for mini-briquettes for the stoves.
Additional services commonly requested include local radio
stations and small-scale bio-mass energy facilities.
5.2 COOPERATIVE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES
Fig 4 : a typical institutional structure
DRAWING OF COOPERATIVE
INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
5.3 INNOVATIVE FINANCIAL STRUCTURES
Fig 5 : a typical financial structure
5.4 TANK COMMISSIONS, THE BASIC ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT.
Fig. 6: the duties of the tank commissions, the basic administrative
level for project structures.
TANK COMMISSIONS-THE KEY
STRUCTURES.
5.5 WELL COMMISSIONS
Fig 7 : the duties of the well commissions
5.6 WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES
Fig 8 : how all wastes are collected and recycled within the local LETS
system
DRAWING OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES
5.7 PROJECT AUDITING
STRUCTURES
Fig 9: On going project auditing
For space reasons,
recommended technologies are summarily listed. More information can be obtained
by referring to the complete edition of the Model.
6.1 HYGIENE EDUCATION THROUGH HEALTH CLUBS AND COURSES IN SCHOOLS
6.2 BEOSITE (r) TECHNOLOGY
This is fundamental to the success of the projects as it enables
ecological sanitary products to be made in low cost labour-intensive local
production units with 100% local value added.
Some
examples are:
-
Well linings
- Water tanks
- Drinking water containers
- Urine and excreta tanks
- Support structures
- Platforms and washing places
- Toilets and urinals
- Vertical gardens
- High efficiency stoves
- Pumps
The technology is based on cheap gypsum (CaSO4 + H2O) or anhydrite
(CaSO4 + = H2O) which should be available in or near any given project area.
The technology is made available by Stichting Bakens Verzet free of charge for
bona fide poverty alleviation purposes within the framework of a project
application under the Model. Mixed with locally systematically available waste
products it is possible to attain strengths up to half those of steel. Products
can be given a hygienic finish where necessary.
More information on Beosite: BEOSITE.
Fig 10 :DRAWING OF
TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.
Fig.11 :DRAWING
OF Beosite (R) COMPOSTING TOILET TANK.
Fig.12:DRAWING OF TYPICAL
HIGH EFFICIENCY Beosite (R) STOVE
6.3 SOLAR SPRING SOLAR PUMPS AND VILLAGE LIFE SPRING REBOUND INERTIA
HAND PUMPS.
PHOTO OF THE RECOMMENDED
PUMPS. Work on the adaptation of these
technologies for local production under the local money LETS systems is
on-going..
6.4) ECOLOGICAL DRY TOILET SYSTEMS BASED ON THE SEPARATION OF URINE AND
FAECES
Fig.11 :DRAWING
OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK
6.5) RECYCLING CENTRES FOR NON-ORGANIC WASTE COLLECTION
Fig 8 :DRAWING
OF COMPLETE WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURE
The Model for sustainable
self-financing integrated development projects for poverty alleviation in rural
and poor urban areas summarily presented in this paper has been placed in the
public domain and can be freely accessed and downloaded together with drawings,
charts and graphs in colour from the home page of website :
www.flowman.nl
MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE SELF-FINANCING INTEGRATED
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN DETAIL
The downloaded material may be freely used subject to due and correct
citation of the source.
Anhydrite; Beosite products; Bio-mass, for cooking; Briquettes,
bio-mass; Chain control, integral; CO2 emissions, reduction of; Compost,
recycling; Composting toilets; Cookers, high efficiency; Development projects,
structures for; Development, sustainable; Drinking water supply; Ecological
sanitation; Ecosan; Economy, developing countries;
Economy, development projects; Economy, foreign aid; Economy, industrial
development; Economy, interest-free development; Economy, Local Exchange
Trading (LETS) systems; Economy, nominal local currencies, development of;
Economy, micro credits; Economy, self-financed development; Economy, taxation
and development; Education, hygiene; Gender, role of women; Gypsum, cheap; Hand
pumps; Health Clubs, development projects; Hygiene, education; Industrial
development; innovative structures for integrated development; integral chain
control; Integrated development projects; Interest, role of; LETS systems;
Loans, interest-free; Local currency systems; Local Exchange Trading (LETS)
systems; Materials, regeneration of; Micro-credit systems; Photovoltaic (PV)
home systems; Photovoltaic (PV) lighting; Photovoltaic (PV) pumps; Photovoltaic
(PV) refrigeration; Poverty alleviation; Pumps, solar; Pumps, hand ; Rainwater,
harvesting; Recycling, compost; Recycling centres; Recycling, waste; Regeneration
of materials; Renewable energy applications; Rural water supply; Sanitation,
developing countries; Sanitation, dry; Self-financing development; Solar pumps,
submersible; Stoves, high efficiency; Sustainable development; Tanks, Beosite, local manufacture; Toilet facilities, Beosite; Toilets, dry; Urine disposal; Washing places;
Waste collection systems; Water purification, UV; Water supply projects; Water
supply, rural; Water tanks, beosite, Women, role of
in development.
"Money is not
the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"
Gesell, Silvio The Natural Economic Order
Revised English
edition, Peter Owen, London 1958, page 228
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