STICHTING BAKENS VERZET
1018 AM AMSTERDAM ,
THE NETHERLANDS
Director,
T.E.(Terry) Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED
Wieringerwerf,
The
Tel:
0031-227-604128.
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail:
(nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet
MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE
SELF-FINANCING INTEGRATED RURAL AND POOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT FOR THE WORLD'S
POOR.
Sustainable fully
ecological poverty alleviation in rural and poor urban environments,
incorporating an innovative package of social, financial, and productive
structures, with basic services necessary for a good quality of life for all, a
leading role for women, and numerous renewable energy applications.
"Money is not
the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them."
Gesell, Silvio The Natural Economic Order.
Revised English
edition, Peter Owen,
Edition 01: 21
November, 2001.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-Non commercial-Share Alike 3.0 License
MPONUA INTEGRATED SELF-FINANCING RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
"NEW HORIZONS FOR ATWIMA MPONUA"
ATWIMA DISTRICT, KUMASI ,
GHANA
INCORPORATING LETS AND COMMUNITY BANKING
PREPARED FOR THE NGO "POVERTY REDUCTION AND EMPOWERMENT FOR
DEVELOPMENT" (PREDEV)
BY
AGEYMANG KOFOROBOUR AMO, OF KUMASI ,
GHANA
AND
T.E.MANNING, CONSULTANT, WIERINGERWERF, THE NETHERLANDS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
LIST OF KEY WORDS
Anhydrite, use of; Atwima
Mponua, Ghana; Banks, role of in development; Gypsum composites products; Bio-mass, for cooking;
Briquettes, bio-mass; Capacitation workshops; Chain control, integral; Clodomir
Santos de Morais; CO2 emissions, reduction of; Communication flows in
development projects; Compost, recycling; Composting toilets; Cookers, high
efficiency; Cooperation, role in development; Development projects, structures
for; Development, sustainable; Drinking water supply; Economy, developing
countries; Economy, development projects; Economy, foreign aid; Economy,
industrial development; Economy, interest-free development; Economy, Local
Exchange Trading (LETS) systems; Economy, nominal local currencies, development
of; Economy, micro credits; Economy, self-financed development; Economy,
taxation and development; Education, hygiene; Gender, role of women; Ghana,
Mponua project Atwima District; Gypsum, cheap; Hand pumps; Health Clubs,
development projects; Hygiene, education; Industrial development; Information
flow in development projects; Integral chain control; Integrated development
projects; Interest, role of; LETS systems; Loans, interest-free; Local currency
systems; Local Exchange Trading (LETS) systems; Micro-credit systems; Morais
Clodomir Santos de; Organizational workshops (OW); Photovoltaic (PV) home
systems; Photovoltaic (PV) lighting; Photovoltaic (PV) pumps; Photovoltaic (PV)
refrigeration; Poverty alleviation; Products, regeneration of; Pumps, solar;
Pumps, hand ; Rainwater, harvesting; Recycling, compost; Recycling shops;
Recycling, waste; Regeneration of products; Rural water supply; Sanitation,
developing countries; Sanitation, dry; Self-financing development projects;
Sekyere East district, Ghana; solar pumps, submersible; Stoves, high
efficiency; Sustainable development; Tanks, Gypsum composites , local
manufacture; Toilet facilities, Gypsum composites ; Toilets, dry; Urine
disposal; Washing places; Waste collection systems; Water purification, UV;
Water supply projects; Water supply, rural; Water tanks, Gypsum composites ;
Women, role of in development; Workshops Moraisian.
INTRODUCTION
Terry Manning is one of the
developers of Solar Spring solar submersible horizontal axis piston pumps and
of Village Life spring rebound inertia hand pumps, and has world rights for
their distribution.
He
also supports the promotion of the "Gypsum composites
" technology developed by the Dutch technology developer Eos
Consult. Gypsum composites technology enables many items
important to local development projects to be made in low cost labour-intensive
local production units with 100% local value added.
He
supports hygiene training programmes based on the formation of Community Health
Clubs. These have been successfully developed and introduced by the NGO
Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D. Hygiene education will also be made available to schools.
He
supports the use of mass capacitation techniques, as introduced by the
Brazilian Clodomir Santos de Morais, through which the users themselves
organise, execute, run, maintain, pay for and own the structures set up under
the project.
The
Atwima Mponua project will be financed using a 10 year interest-free
development loan for US$ 4.000.000, local currency or LETS (Local Exchange
Trading) systems and a cooperative interst-free Micro-credit system modelled on
the successful Grameen banks in
The
financial proposals allow funds in both the local LETS currencies and the
formal, or ordinary, currency to be re-circulated - interest free- as many
times as possible within the participating communities. Financial leakage from
the project area is discouraged.
Real
savings on present fuel costs for cooking alone go a long way towards financing
the entire project.
Agyemang
Koforobour Amo, former District Development Planning officer of,
A
local cooperative bank (the Mponua Cooperative Development Bank) dedicated to
development in the project area may be set up to support the project by
pioneering the introduction of interest-free cooperative micro-credits for
productivity development in the Atwima Mponua district.
The
project is founded on the idea that most people in the Atwima Mponua project
area are able and willing to pay for their own hygiene education, water supply,
sanitation, rubbish disposal and bio-mass production structures provided they
have the seed money necessary to get started. The seed money will be
interest-free.
There
is ample potential to develop the production of goods and services at community
level in the project area where development is presently restricted by a
chronic lack of formal money. Leakage of financial resources away from the
project area makes the problem worse because it artificially limits the
people's basic right to produce and exchange goods and services.
This
proposal is essentially self-financing, subject to certain aspects involving
interest payments, exchange rate variations and "insurance" set out
in detail in the project document.
THE FOLLOWING DRAWINGS AND GRAPHS FORM AN INTEGRAL PART OF THIS PROJECT
PROPOSAL
|
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (ITEMS 1-30 OF
THE BUDGET) |
|
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (ITEMS 31-58 OF
THE BUDGET) |
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED
|
Abbreviation |
Description |
|
CASO4 |
Calcium sulphate |
|
DIAM |
Diameter |
|
DIAM EXT |
External diameter |
|
DIAM INT |
Internal diameter |
|
EG |
For example |
|
H2O |
Water |
|
LETS |
Local exchange
trading system |
|
NGO |
Non governmental
organisation |
|
PV |
Photovoltaic |
|
SHS |
Solar home
systems |
|
TV |
Television |
|
UV |
Ultra-violet |
|
V |
Volt |
|
Wp |
|
CONTENTS
|
Page |
Contents |
|
|
|
|
|
General cover |
|
|
Draft letter to
Minister |
|
|
Cover page to
executive summary |
|
|
Executive summary |
|
001 |
Cover page
project document |
|
002 |
List of key words |
|
|
Introduction |
|
003 |
Drawings and
graphs part of the project documents |
|
005 |
Contents |
|
|
|
|
008 |
1. Project
background |
|
011 |
2. The project |
|
012 |
2.01 Immediate
goals |
|
012 |
2.02 Long term
goals |
|
013 |
2.03 General
economic bases of the project |
|
014 |
2.04 Principles
behind the project |
|
015 |
2.05 The five
conditions precedent for a project applications |
|
016 |
2.06
Institutional structures |
|
023 |
2.07 The question
of ownership |
|
|
2.08 Assurances
as to performance |
|
|
2.09 Taxation
under the local exchange trading (LETS) systems |
|
024 |
2.10 The effects
of inflation on seed loan payments and gift content |
|
025 |
2.11 Insurance
and gift content |
|
026 |
2.12 Information
flow |
|
027 |
2.13 Recycling of
funds and imported goods |
|
028 |
2.14 Project
auditing |
|
|
|
|
028 |
3. Planned works
and results |
|
029 |
3.1 Hygiene education
structures |
|
029 |
3.2 Sanitation
facilities |
|
031 |
3.3 Local Gypsum
composites production units |
|
032 |
3.4 Water supply
structures |
|
032 |
3.5 Institutional
developments |
|
034 |
3.6 PV lighting
television and refrigeration |
|
034 |
3.7 Domestic
solar home systems |
|
035 |
3.8 Payments and
on-going costs |
|
|
|
|
036 |
4. Work plan |
|
|
4.1 First,
initial research phase |
|
037 |
4.2 Second phase |
|
|
4.2.0 Payment of
the project funds |
|
|
4.2.1 Health
Clubs and Hygiene Education in schools |
|
040 |
4.2.2 Local
social structures |
|
041 |
4.2.3 LETS local
money systems |
|
042 |
4.2.4
Micro-credit system structures |
|
043 |
4.2.5 Gypsum
composites production units |
|
045 |
4.2.6 Recycling
structures |
|
046 |
4.2.7 Structures
for the production of bio-mass for stoves |
|
047 |
4.2.8 Structures
for radio station |
|
049 |
4.2.9 Structures
for drinking water distribution |
|
051 |
4.3 Third,
implementation phase |
|
|
4.4 Fourth,
second implementation phase |
|
|
|
|
052 |
5. Short
indicative budget |
|
053 |
Outgo (capital) |
|
054 |
On-going costs
and income |
|
|
Comments |
|
055 |
Recycling of
funds for micro-loans |
|
|
|
|
055 |
SCHEDULE 1 - The
project in detail |
|
|
|
|
|
01. Justification
of the project |
|
057 |
02.0 Cooperation
of the local people |
|
058 |
02.1 Health clubs
and hygiene education |
|
059 |
02.2 Social
structures |
|
060 |
02.3 Local money
LETS structures |
|
062 |
02.4 Micro-credit
structures |
|
063 |
02.5 Gypsum
composites production units |
|
064 |
02.6 Recycling
structures |
|
067 |
02.7 Energy
efficient stoves and bio-mass production |
|
068 |
02.8 Drinking
water supply |
|
|
02.8.1 Siting of
boreholes and wells |
|
069 |
02.8.2. Basic
project specifications |
|
|
02.8.2.1 Lets
area Mpasatia |
|
089 |
02.8.2.2 Lets
area Nyinahin |
|
119 |
02.8.3. Summary
of water supply |
|
120 |
02.8.4.
Principles for siting water supply structures |
|
121 |
02.8.5. Well
linings |
|
121 |
02.8.6. Equipment
of water points near the users' houses |
|
122 |
02.8.7 Budget
items relating to the water supply systems |
|
127 |
02.9. PV
lighting, television and refrigeration |
|
129 |
02.10.
Reforestation and water harvesting |
|
131 |
02.11. The
project and educational structures |
|
|
List of
supporting schedules |
|
|
Schedule 01 : The
project in detail |
|
|
Schedule 02 :
Information on Clodomir Santos de Morais and the Organisational Workshops |
|
: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Schedule 03 -
Project maps (file pending) |
|
|
SCHEDULE 04 - Technical information on solar pumps |
|
|
SCHEDULE 05 - Technical information on hand-pumps |
|
|
SCHEDULE 06 - Technical information on the gypsum
composites process |
|
|
SCHEDULE 07The hygiene education programme |
|
|
SCHEDULE 08Operation of the local currency
(LETS) systems |
|
|
SCHEDULE 09 - 25 progressive steps for local
development |
|
|
SCHEDULE 10 MATERIAL FOR PRESENTATIONS
USING TRANSPARENTS OR POWERPOINT |
|
|
SCHEDULE 11 - Constitution and Statutes of NGO
New Horizons for Atwima (file pending) |
|
|
Link to paper The Role of Micro-credit in integrated self-financing
development projects |
|
|
Link to paper Water supply issues in self-financing integrated
development projects for poverty alleviation |
|
|
Link to paper Integrated
bio systems : a global perspective |
|
81 |
Acknowledgments |
|
|
|
1. PROJECT BACKGROUND
Basic hygiene education,
sanitation, waste recycling, and clean drinking water are fundamental to
healthy life. A third of the world's population still lacks access to clean
drinking water. An even larger number lack reasonable sanitation.
Supplying
such basic life needs warrants top priority within the framework of foreign aid
programmes for the benefit of the poor in developing countries, including
Development
of local production and services is hindered by a chronic lack of formal money.
The little formal money there is leaks from the local economy to national, or
more often, international, havens.
The
people of the Atwima-Mponua, part of the Atwima district near
The
project will permanently improve the quality of life and stimulate on-going
local economic development of the people in the project area. It will establish
local exchange trading (LETS) systems for the exchange of local goods and
services and provide interest-free seed money to fund micro-credit loans. It
includes hygiene education, sanitation, clean drinking water, lighting for study, efficient cooking equipment and means of
producing bio-mass to fuel the stoves as well as a system for recycling
non-organic solid waste. Services may be extended in a later phase to rainwater
harvesting and Solar Home Systems. A project radio station will be set up. The
project will also encourage local contribution to improved primary and junior
secondary education structures.
The
Atwima-Mponua area comprises 54 communities based on the small towns of
Mpasatai in the North (pop. 4666) and Nyinahin (pop. 7544) in the centre, for a
total of 65333 inhabitants. The people live in about 12500 households.
Political and social strucutres
The local authorities are the
Atwima District Assembly and the Regional Government of the Ashanti Region. The
traditional authorities are the village chiefs and King ...... of the
The
proposed hygiene training, sanitation, and drinking water systems take the
social structures of the communities into account. All structures are
self-financing and remain financially viable and sustainable without the need
for further seed money once the initial interest free seed loan has been
repaid.
Water
Only the town of
The
people in at least 38 communities currently depend for their water supply on
water direct open wells and from rivers and streams and have no access have no
clean drinking water supply at all. Consumption is about
The
way water is provided has other social implications too. The supply and
management of water is usually the responsibility of women. They often have to
go up to two kilometres to fetch water. This takes a good deal of their time
and effort which could otherwise be used to improve the living conditions of
their families. Supply of readily accessible clean drinking water should
improve the health of the whole population and ease the pressure of work on
women.
Sanitation
The people have generally no
private sanitation facilities. The bigger villages may have some public
ventilated pit latrines. In rural areas people use public latrines. There are
no public urinals and people urinate in bathrooms and bushes.
Hygiene education
Some hygiene education is
already available in the project area and the project will develop and build on
the work carried out by community health workers of the Ministry of Health and
by the Water and Sanitation Committees under the District Community Water and
Sanitation Programme (CWSP).
Cooking
Families in the project area
spend 10-15% of their income on fuel. Cooking is the most energy intensive
activity in the project area. Energy for this comes mostly from bio-mass
sources, especially wood of which at least 10.000 tons per year are consumed.
Cooking is currently done over an open fire, leading to intense air pollution
both inside the houses and in the community. Each family typically uses 4kg of
wood per day or about 1.5 tons per year. The typical cost of this fuel is US$6
per family per month. The total consumption is 10,000 tons of wood per annum in
the project area with 6500 thousand families at a global cost of some
US468.000. This amount alone over a period of six years is sufficient to pay
for the entire project costs.
Charcoal
and gas are also used. A small bag of charcoal costs US$ 1.25. A litre of LP
gas costs US$ 0.30. Each meal takes between 30 minutes and 2 hours to prepare
and large parts of meagre family incomes are therefore spent on fuel for
cooking. The unsustainable use of wood leads to de-forestation and erosion, air
pollution and health hazards. Moreover, the traditional cooking methods used
are inefficient. The project therefore introduces highly efficient stoves. They
will be locally manufactured within local currency LETS systems.
Bio-mass
needed to fuel the stoves will also be locally produced and treated, without
limiting the use of the natural fertilisers in local agricultural production.
Locally
manufactured solar cookers will also be introduced where daytime cooking does
not contrast with local customs. An important part of all loan repayments and
expenditure under this project will be funded by introducing energy efficient
stoves and growing bio-mass for fuel.
Waste disposal
Non-organic solid waste
disposal (common rubbish recycling) is a major problem, especially in the
larger settlements. There are no collection systems organised by the local
authorities. Some 50% of industrial waste is just "dumped", 30% is
burnt, 10% is used as raw material for other industries, and 10% is recycled.
The
project includes setting up local recycling centres to add value to waste
products. It enables recycling of some materials within the local currency
systems. Export of residual waste materials will provide formal currency income
to repay micro-credit loans advanced to the recycling centres.
2. THE PROJECT
The project is centred on
basic hygiene education, on the installation of sustainable sanitation,
distributed clean drinking water, PV lighting for study, for the people of the
Mponua area in the Atwima district near Kumasi in Ghana, and on the supply of
efficient stoves for cooking, the production of bio-mass to fuel them, and
recycling at local level and disposal of non-organic waste.
The
project includes setting up Community Health Clubs for hygiene education and
hygiene education courses in schools; provides sustainable toilet and
wastewater facilities, wells (wherever necessary), pumps, and water tanks;
establishes local exchange trading (LETS) systems to promote local exchange of
goods and services; and implements an interest-free revolving micro-credit
system to pay in formal currency for items and services originating outside the
local communities.
The
project also refers to PV (photovoltaic) lighting for study and in clinics, and
PV refrigeration for medicines. Any PV lighting needed for separate local
production initiatives would be included within their respected micro-credit
schemes. PV operated TV sets for education can be included. Private Solar Home
Systems (SHS) may be financed by the Local Bank where users are able to sustain
their obligations under a hire purchase agreement for the SHS as well as meet
their obligations under the project itself.
High
efficiency stoves for cooking will be produced with 100% local value added as
will the bio-mass necessary to fuel them.
Where
daytime cooking is not in conflict with local customs, local manufacture of
Gypsum composites
solar cookers will be set up under the LETS systems.
Recycling
centres will be set up to recycle non-organic refuse within the local currency
systems.
Harvesting
rain-water to increase agricultural production and the general quality of life
is promoted.
The
project cost is US$ 4,000,000, which can be 100% financed through an interest
free loan with a 10 year repayment time. Of the interest-free loan, 75% is
expected to be made available within the framework of the country programme of
one or more aid partners, and 25% by the Atwima district council and/or the
Ashanti Region and/or the Government of Ghana.
A
detailed indicative budget is set out on page ???.
The
project will be continued for at least a further 8 years beyond the initial two
years' start-up period. After the initial two years, further development will
be generated by the communities themselves under the supervision of the Project
Coordinator.
The
initial project will take 24 months from the date funding is approved, more
particularly:
- Phase 1 : preparation and submission of the basic
project.
- Phase 2 : final project preparation, arrangements with tax authorities,
formation of Health Clubs and starting hygiene education, starting organisation
of Gypsum composites production units, setting up of local currency LETS
groups; final project approval : 6 months
- Phase 3 : continuing hygiene education, building the sanitation services,
installing wells, pumps and tanks, starting cooker production, organising
bio-mass production, setting up the recycling centres : 18 months
- Phase 4 : installing water purification units and PV lighting systems for
study purposes. Continued production of cookers and of
bio-mass to fuel them. Rain-water harvesting.
From
the third year onwards local development will be continued and extended to phase 5.
-
Phase 5 : Extension to Solar Home Systems, water
harvesting, and soil conservation and reforestation projects.
2.1 IMMEDIATE GOALS
The immediate goals of the
project are:
a) To
extend existing hygiene education activities by establishing Community Health
Clubs in the Mponua sub-district area and promoting formal hygiene education
courses in schools.
b) To
install technically appropriate sanitation for the people in the Mponua
sub-district.
c) To
provide a permanent safe drinking water supply in the project area in all
foreseeable circumstances.
d) To
make safe drinking water available within a radius of 150-200m from users'
homes.
e) To
contribute to the fight against water-related diseases through hygiene
education, the supply of appropriate sanitation and clean drinking water
systems.
f) To
reduce the work load on women
g) To
provide for the continuity of health, sanitation and drinking water systems by
establishing appropriate institutional structures.
h) To
enable students and others who wish to study in the evening to do so.
i) To
reduce the use of wood and promote reforestation.
j) To
introduce efficient bio-mass fuelled means of cooking and solar cookers for
daytime applications.
k) To
create added value through recycling of non-organic waste.
l) To
keep available financial resources (LETS money and formal money) revolving
within the beneficiary communities.
m) To
stimulate on-going local industrial and agricultural development through the
use of local currency (LETS) and micro-credit systems.
n) To
create large-scale job opportunities
2.2 LONG TERM GOALS
The long term goals of the
project are:
a)To sustain on-going improvement of the general quality of life wellbeing
and health of the local people.
b)To free more human resources for local production and development.
c)To reduce water-borne diseases so that medical staff and financial
resources can be re-directed to other health objectives such as vaccination
programmes and preventive medicine.
d)To decrease infant mortality and promote family planning.
e)To increase literacy levels.
f)To eliminate dependency on fuels imported from outside the project area.
g)To help reduce deforestation and global warming.
h)To create value added from locally recycled non-organic solid waste.
i)To create a "maintenance culture" to conserve the investments
made.
j)To increase the local pool of expertise so that local people can improve
their sustainable well-being and development by identifying and solving
problems, including erosion, with a minimum of outside help.
k)To create full employment in the project area.
2.3 GENERAL ECONOMIC BASES OF THE PROJECT
a)The project will be
financed by interest-free seed capital in the form of a 'green' loan repayable
over a period of 10 years.
b)75% of this capital will be contributed within the framework of the
"country programme" of one or more of
c)General financial supervision will be in line with section
2.14 of this project, on terms agreed with the lenders of the seed capital, but
with the elimination of unnecessary bureaucratic restraints.
d)Seed capital repaid by users in monthly instalments will be retained in the
local area until the end of the loan term. During that time, the repayments
will be used to grant revolving interest-free micro-credits for local
development.
e)Seed capital not required for short term use, will similarly be used to
grant interest-free revolving micro-credits.
f)Local
currency (LETS) systems set up within the framework of the project will form
the general method of payment for most local goods and services produced at
community level, including those provided for the project from within the local
community.
g)The
part of the maintenance money destined for long term replacement of capital
items will also be recycled as interest-free micro-credits until it is needed.
h)Users will be 100% responsible for on-going administration,
capital repayments, and maintenance costs. Each household will pay a monthly
contribution of US$3 per family of 5 sufficient to cover all on-going
maintenance and capital repayment costs. The instalments will be to a large
extent covered by savings on funds traditionally spent on fuel, water and waste
removal and by way of registration for Carbon Emission Reduction certificates
under the
i)The project encourages open competition and free enterprise within the
framework of a cooperative and non-profit-making global financial structure.
j)Administration, construction and maintenance work will be done by
local operators and villagers who will be paid mostly in local LETS currencies.
k)Local work will be paid for at current local pay rates
expressed in the local LETS currencies.
l)The on-going administration costs of the Project Coordinator are specified
in the project budget.
m)Users must make their first monthly contribution in
advance, as project structures are put into use.
n)The tank commissions will be paid a small monthly allowance in formal
currency, and receive an allowance in local LETS money for their work. The well
commissions will be paid a monthly allowance under the local LETS currencies
for their work.
o)Individual women or women's groups will, without payment, each
look after their own sanitation units.
p)Regular inspection of installations will be paid as necessary
in the local LETS currencies.
q)The operation of the local bank (The Mponua Cooperative Development Bank)
to be set up may be supported and supervised by a international Green Bank to
be named.
r)The Atwima District Council, the Ashanti Regional Government, and the
National Government (Departments of .....)have
undertaken not to intervene to impede the development of the local LETS
currencies either during or after the project period.
s)The Project Coordinator will reach a specific agreement with the (
applicable tax authorities) before the start of the project as to taxation of
activities under the Local Exchange Trading (LETS) systems.
t)Before the project starts, a formal agreement will be made
to ensure ownership of the project is vested in the beneficiary communities, subject
to formal handing over when the final instalment of the interest-free seed loan
is repaid.
u)The local people design, execute, install, run, maintain, own and pay for
all project structures.
v)All products and services supplied by the local people for the project will
be paid under the local money systems. Those supplying products or goods for
the project before the local money systems are set up will be paid from the
project funds in formal currency.
2.4 PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE PROJECT
2.4.1 The basic principles
behind the project are:
a)The enhancement of self-sufficiency in local economies.
b)Existing social traditions will not suffer.
c)Local expertise, labour and materials will be used.
d)Women will play an active role in the project.
e)The people of the Mponua area must be able and willing to take full responsibility
for all goods and services provided under the project and for its
administration.
f)The users must contribute financially to loan repayments, cover on-going
costs and accept the powers of the elected tank- and well commissions.
g)The project will be self-funding. Savings on traditional fuel costs for
cooking and services will cover most of the project costs.
h)The supply of traditional natural fertiliser for agricultural purposes will
not be compromised.
i)Each individual user will be enabled to meet his financial commitments
to the project.
Household
difficulties in meeting monthly quotas can be cushioned either from the monthly
allowances received by the tank commissions, or by creating a simple LETS
system safety net. Members temporarily in difficulty could be allowed to run up
a larger than usual debit balance. Members permanently in difficulty could
perform services within the LETS group in exchange for group payment of their
outstanding debts.
j)'Small is beautiful'. Small decentralized systems are to be preferred
wherever possible. This promotes close contact of the people of Atwima Nponua
with the installation and running of their own local infrastructure.
k)
Local LETS currencies will complement the use of formal money. They will make
up for the lack of formal money that would otherwise be needed to expand the
quantity of local goods and services. Economic development within the LETS
systems will also stimulate growth in the formal economy and increase its
formal tax base.
l)The seed loan capital will be systematically recycled to users as
interest-free micro-credits for productivity development. The micro-credits
will allow goods and services that cannot be locally produced to be bought with
formal currency outside the project area.
m)Leakage of formal currency out of the project area will be reduced. Seed
capital will be retained in the local area during the 10 year interest-free
loan period.
2.5 FIVE BASIC CONDITIONS
This project has been worked
out with the users, who execute, run, maintain, pay for and own all the
structures. Five basic conditions have been accepted by the users. Without
them, this integrated self-financing development project could not be executed.
They
are:
2.1
Acceptation of Health Clubs. These do not only serve the purposes of offering
basic hygiene education courses. They also serve as a platform for women, so
that they can organise themselves and participate and play an important role in
the various structures foreseen. The health clubs therefore constitute a means
of addressing the so-called "gender problem".
2.2
Willingness to pay at least US$3 per month per family of 5 into a Cooperative
Development Fund. This payment covers the entire package of basic services
foreseen including hygiene education, drinking water supply, sanitation, waste
removal, high efficiency stoves and fuel for them, and lighting for study
purposes.
2.3
Acceptance of the use of local exchange trading (LETS) systems, which enable
goods and services originating in the project area to be exchanged without the
need for formal money.
2.4
Acceptance of the GYPSUM COMPOSITES process which enables most of the items
required for local development to be made locally with 100% local value added
within the framework of the local LETS systems in local low cost labour
intensive production units.
2.5
Acceptance of dry composting toilet systems with the separation of urine and
faeces. Aspects relating to the form, the colour, the finish, privacy and similar will all be discussed with and decided
by the users. The dry toilet systems foreseen enable waste to be recycled at
household level so that problems connected with the pollution of surface and
ground water can be addressed at local level without the need for major
investments.
2.6 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES
FOR A DRAWING SHOWING THE PROJECT STRUCTURES SELECT:
DRAWING
OF STRUCTURES
The NGO "Poverty Reduction and Empowerment for
Development" (Predev) (file pending)
AUDITING STRUCTURES
CASH FLOW DIAGRAM.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
TANK COMMISSIONS - THE KEY STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS
The
responsibilities of the various parties which would presumably be involved in
the project are:
2.6.01
THE LOCAL NGO "PREDEV : NEW HORIZONS FOR ATWIMA
NPONUA"
The NGO PREDEV Poverty Reduction and Empowerment for Development
(file pending)
The
NGO "PREDEV" officially fronts for the project. Its constitution and
statutes are attached to this project as Schedule 15. The members of the board
of the NGO PREDEV are fully representative of the people in the Project area
and enjoy the full confidence and support of the people. Their functions are
honorary.
Financing
parties may nominate their representatives (eventually paid by the financing
parties themselves) to the board of the NGO, with the task of acting as
auditors and for the purpose of monitoring progress.
The
NGO approves the project and presents it for financing within the framework of
a country programme supported by a donor government.
The
NGO nominates the project coordinator and puts the project funds at the free and
unconditional disposal of the Project Coordinator in a bank account in the name
of the Project.
The
NGO does not interfere in the execution of the project, except to carry out its
auditing and monitoring duties. It is the counterpart of the project coordinator.
2.6.02
THE PROJECT COORDINATOR (Agyemang Koforobour Amo)
Agyemang
Koforobour is responsible, together with Terry Manning, for the project
preparation, for contacts with local authorities and banks and with the users,
for the actual implementation of the project. Mr Koforobour is also responsible
for all professional work or operations that cannot, at the time of the
project, be provided from within the local communities. He is also in charge of
the maintenance of the project, for collecting the monthly contributions of the
users (through the tank commissions) and for general supervision of payments
out of the project accounts. Mr Kofofobour will also coordinate the
establishment of the local Gypsum composites production units and the network
of recycling centres. Mr Koforobour's fees are in the public domain and
formalised in the Project budget.
2.6.03
TERRY MANNING
Terry
Manning is responsible for formulating the project, initial coordination with
the NGO Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D., initial contacts for setting up the Organizational
Workshops, for the organisation (through the Workshops) of the local money LETS
systems, setting up a Micro Credit system, coordinating with EOS Consult in
setting up local Gypsum composites production units, delivering pumps,
PV-panels and related materials needed to implement the project. He will act as
consultant to the Project Coordinator (through the Workshops) for the training
and supervision of water supply, water quality and hygiene control and
maintenance personnel identified during the Workshops.
2.6.04
ORGANISATIONAL WORKSHOPS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS
All
activities will be executed by the local people themselves. Organizational
workshops (mass capacitation workshops or OW's) following the method of the
Brazilian Clodomir Santos de Morais will be held for the various sectors of
activity involved. During the workshops the users will organise themselves
respecting the principles of the division of labour.
See
Schedule 2 for information on Organizational Workshops.
Amongst
the activities for which Organizational Workshops would be held are:
Setting
up Health Clubs
Setting up Tanks and Well commissions
Setting up the local money (LETS) systems
Setting up Gypsum composites production units
Setting up structures for the water supply systems
Setting up structures for the sanitation systems
Setting up structures for the growing of bio-mass to fuel high efficiency
stoves
Setting up the local bank and/or the Cooperative Development Fund
Setting up the waste recycling system
Setting up structures for rainwater harvesting
Setting up the local radio station
Setting up export-import cooperatives
Setting up a net-work of local agrarian consultants
The
costs of the Workshops are set out separately in the balance sheet.
The
Organizational workshops will typically directly involve about 5.000 users
representing some 15% of the adult population.
2.6.05
COUNTRY PRORAMME ADMINISTRATOR(S)
The
administrators of the country programme(s) who agree to supply external funds
will, on acceptance, make available its 75% share of the interest-free loan
necessary for the project and nominate structures and channels for supervising
the project expenditure and liaising with other parties.
2.6.06
KING ..... OF THE
King ..... of the
2.6.07
THE LOCAL FUNDING AUTHORITY (to be defined)
The
local funding Authority will be an enabling body only. It will guarantee the
continuity of the local currency (LETS) systems. Before the project begins, it
will guarantee transfer of ownership of the project to the local communities
when the seed loan is repaid. It will ensure, by agreement with the Central
Government, that goods imported for the project come into Ghana Duty Free. It
will authorise without creating unjustified obstacles the siting of boreholes,
wells, feed-pipes, tanks and others structures necessary to the execution of
the project.
It
may take full political credit for the project, but will agree not to otherwise
intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day running.
2.6.08
LOCALLY ELECTED MP(name him)
The
local MP has agreed to do everything in his power to guarantee respect by the
national, regional and local administrative authorities the continuity of the
local currency (LETS) systems, the importation of goods destined for the
project without the application of customs duties taxes or other formal levies,
and the transfer of the project structures to the users.
He
will act as liaison points between the Project Coordinator on the one hand and
the local funding authority and the local political institutions on the other.
He may take full political credit for the project, but will agree not to
otherwise intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day running.
2.6.09
THE ATWIMA DISTRICT COUNCIL
The
Atwima district council will formally approve the project. It will act as an
enabling body. It may take full political credit for the project implementation,
but will not otherwise intervene in the organisation, implementation or day to
day running of the project. It will guarantee and respect the decisions of the
Regional Authority in relation to ownership of the project goods and services,
and fully support the local currency (LETS) systems and the duty-free entry
into the project area of goods to be used in the project.
The
council will approve reasonable project proposals for laying and embedding
water pipelines to dedicated water tanks, drilling bore holes, digging wells,
locating and building sanitation facilities, siting of Gypsum composites
manufacturing units, siting of, and collection of rubbish by,
recycling centres.
2.6.10
THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH and THE WATER AND SANITATION COMMITTEES
The
Ministry of Health is directly responsible for health services in the project
area. It will respect the administrative decisions taken by the Ashanti
Regional Government and the Atwima district council relating to the Project and
will approve of the use of their own Health Workers within the framework of the
Community Health Clubs' hygiene education programme to be set up by Zimbabwe
A.H.E.A.D. Full advantage will be taken from existing initiatives.
The
health authorities and the water and sanitation committees operating under the
District Water and Sanitation Programmes (CWSP)will
approve that their workers be paid in the local LETS currencies for any work
not already covered under their existing salaries.
They
will approve that ownership of drinking water facilities, sanitation services
where supplied, PV lighting, PV refrigeration, and water testing equipment
placed in clinics within the project area be vested in the tank commissions in
whose areas the clinics are situated.
They
will support formal hygiene education courses in schools in the project area.
They
will reach an agreement with the project coordinator to ensure training of
(women) users at on-going checks of water quality, and systematic inspections
of the sanitation facilities built within the framework of the project. Testing
and inspection work not already included within the Health Workers' salaries
will be paid for in the local LETS currencies. The equipment for conducting
such systematic water quality tests will be made available under the project to
a local clinic or hospital and financed by testing work carried out by the
clinic for third parties outside of the project area.
PV
lighting, sanitation where needed and refrigeration for medicines for the
clinics in the project area which are not on the grid will be paid for by the
communities as they do for drinking water facilities dedicated to the clinics
and schools in the project area. Ownership would in this case be vested in the
tank commission in whose territory the clinic is located. PV
lighting and refrigeration installations in clinics outside the project
area serving users inside the project area need to be separately discussed. The
disposal, where required, of specialised waste from clinics will be addressed
separately.
The
health authorities will help train people to make regular hygiene inspections
of the local recycling centres.
2.6.11
THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
The
education authorities will approve that ownership of drinking water and
sanitation facilities and PV lighting placed in schools within the project area
be vested in the tank commissions where the schools are located. They will also
approve that the teachers' commissions nominated to operate water and
sanitation services and PV lighting report to the local tank commissions.
They
will support hygiene education courses in the schools in the project area and
approve the reasonable course curriculum presented by the Project Coordinator
and apply it during normal school hours.
2.6.12
THE LOCAL TAX AUTHORITIES
The
Project Coordinator will reach a binding agreement with the tax authorities,
before the Project gets under way, to ensure that the tax authorities are not
deprived of current tax revenue.
The
project is based on a tax moratorium of at least 20 years on all LETS
activities.
The
tax authorities will define LETS activities carried out in LETS currencies
under the project as non-commercial, and therefore non-taxable.
2.6.13
THE MPONUA COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT BANK
After
its institution, the Mponua Cooperative local development bank will administer
project funds actually deposited in the Mponua sub-district of the Atwima
District in
The
bank will autonomously finance and administer micro-loans for the installation
of solar home systems for individual non-productive household use.
2.6.14
THE EXTERNAL BANK (TO BE DEFINED)
The
external funding authority will pass its financial contribution through an
appropriate financial institution, where possible a Green Bank willing to act
as adviser to the Mponua Cooperative Development bank. The external Bank will,
on the instruction of the project coordinator, administer the project monies
deposited in
2.6.15
THE LOCAL GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTION UNITS
These
units will make, with a sanitary finish where necessary, ecological items such
as water tanks, water containers, well-linings, san-plats in low cost labour
intensive production units with up to 100% local value added. They will also
make the high efficiency stoves and solar cookers. The Project will finance
them on an interest-free basis with a pay-back period of 3-5 years. They will
operate autonomously and negotiate payment of any royalties directly with the
Technology Owner. They will usually sell their products within the project
areas in the local LETS currencies, and outside the Project areas in formal
currency. Precedence will be given to making items of top priority to the Project.
Ownership of the production units will pass to the factory owners when the
loans have been repaid. Until then the factory owners will be responsible to
the Project Coordinator.
2.6.16
TANK COMMISSIONS
TANK COMMISSIONS - THE KEY STRUCTURES.
Every
water tank supplies an area or group of households with water. A tank
commission, elected by the users, will supervise the use of the tank and its
associated works, the collection of the monthly contributions and the carrying
out of minor operations such as keeping tank areas clean. Each tank commission
will be paid a small monthly fee in formal currency, equivalent to perhaps US$
5 per month, which it is free to spend as it wishes. Since women enjoy the
greatest benefits from the execution and on-going management of the project,
they should provide most of the tank commission members.
Ownership
of a given tank and its associated works, of the dedicated solar pump, PV array
and array support, and of the dedicated pipeline from the pump to the tank is
vested in its respective tank commission. Passage of ownership of existing
structures to the tanks commissions to be decided by the people themselves.
The
tank commissions will nominate one of their members to liaise with the system
maintenance structures set up.
The
tank commissions would also be responsible for study rooms and PV lighting and
for coordination of recycling in their area.
The
tanks commissions will be set up using the Moraisian organisational workshop
method. Their form may vary from one area of the project to another.
They
will nominate a literate person to liaise with the local LETS system
coordinator.
The
drinking water installations and sanitation services dedicated to schools and
clinics will be supervised by commissions of respectively teachers and medical
staff who will report to the tank commissions where the schools and clinics are
located. Ownership of these installations will be vested in the local tank
commissions with the consent of the local Education and Health authorities. The
costs of loan repayment and maintenance of these installations are built into
the users' monthly payments.
PV
lighting, PV refrigeration, and water testing equipment supplied to clinics in
the project area will likewise be run by the medical commission supervising the
water supply. Ownership of these structures will be vested, with the consent of
the Health Authorities, in the tank commissions where the clinics located. The
medical commission will report to the local tank commission.
The
problem of specialist waste removal from clinics, where needed, will need to be
studied separately.
The
tank commissions will also convene regular meetings to discuss activities under
their local LETS system and priorities for micro-credits.
The
tank commissions will elect the well commissions.
The
tank commissions will nominate a female candidate from their own area to carry
out cooperative inspection of the sanitation, rainwater harvesting, and cooking
facilities installed, and arrange for her training.
2.6.17
WELL COMMISSIONS
Every
well/bore hole area comprises:
- The well or bore hole itself
- The backup hand pump installation
- The washing area
- The enclosure for PV systems and supports
- A guard system for the PV installations
Passage
of ownership of existing structures to the well commissions to be decided by
the people themselves.
The
well commission, elected by the tank commissions, supervises the use of the
structures common to the water supply system, and carries out minor maintenance
operations such as cleaning washing areas, well areas, and backup hand pump
systems. The well commission also regulates use of the well area in case of
crisis or calamity. It collectively receives a small monthly payment in the
local LETS currency (e.g. the equivalent of US$ 5 per month) which it is free
to spend as it wishes. Members can be awarded a salary paid out under the local
money LETS system. Since women enjoy the greatest benefits from the execution
and on-going management of the project, they should provide most of the well
commission members.
The
well commission will nominate one of its members to liaise with the system
maintenance structures set up and with those responsible at tank commission
level for maintenance.
The
well commissions will nominate a female candidate from their own area to
monitor the cooperative inspection of the sanitation, rainwater harvesting, and
cooking facilities carried out at tank commission level, and arrange for her
training.
2.6.18
This
NGO from
The
Community Health Clubs will be set up, and local health workers trained to lead
the hygiene education courses during a Moraisian organizational workshop.
A
hygiene education course for use in the schools in the project area will be
developed the same way, and health workers and teachers trained to apply it.
2.6.19
EOS CONSULT
This
Dutch company is the registered owner of the Gypsum composites process.
It
will act as consultant during the Organization Workshop during which the local
Gypsum composites production units
in the project area will be set up, and independently negotiate any conditions
for technology transfer.
2.6.20
MEDICAL COMMISSIONS
Medical
commissions will supervise installations supplied to clinics under the project.
They will report to the tank commission where the clinic is situated. They will
where required arrange with the Project Coordinator collection of special
medical waste products.
2.6.21
TEACHERS COMMISSIONS
Teachers commissions will supervise installations supplied to
schools under the project.
They
will support and apply the approved hygiene education courses in the schools.
They
will report to the tank commissions where the school is located.
2.6.22
THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR
Financing
parties may nominate an independent auditor to co-sign payment authorisations
made by the project. The independent auditor answers to the project NGO. See
par. 6.14 for more information.
2.7 THE QUESTION OF OWNERSHIP
As project structures are
completed, ownership in them will formally pass to the people of Mponua
(through the Tank Commissions). Until all debts have been repaid, the project
coordinator will retain the right to recover any installation supplied under
the project should the people not meet their financial obligations for them.
The interest free loans will be repaid over a period of 10 years. Until
repayment has been completed, the project coordinator will retain formal
responsibility towards the funding authorities for maintenance and
administration.
Before
the project starts, the project coordinator will offer to provide on-going maintenance,
training of maintenance operators, and administration for an agreed fee for at
least ten years. Pumps and structures have a life-span of more than 20 years.
Once the seed capital has been fully repaid at the end of ten years, on-going
monthly contributions will create a large surplus for future renewals and
extensions of the project facilities. Until it is needed, this money can be
re-invested interest free in micro-credit loans for local development.
Ownership
of drinking water installations, PV lighting and refrigeration and water
testing equipment installations in schools and clinics will be vested in the
tank commissions where the schools and clinics are located.
Ownership
of PV lighting sanitation services and refrigeration installations in clinics
outside the project area serving users inside the project area needs to be
separately discussed.
2.8 ASSURANCES AS TO PERFORMANCE
The project involves complex
on-going interaction amongst several parties. For the project to be finished on
time, each party must agree to meet his obligations within the prescribed time.
A penalty system may be used in case of late delivery of goods and services. If
any party feels unable to meet the proposed time line he must say so when the
project details are finalised at the start of phase
two. The time line can then be adjusted to suit his needs before work begins.
Financial
and political participants should each issue a written warranty that money,
permits, and guarantees they have agreed to provide will be forthcoming on
schedule.
As
the project is cooperative in nature, the participating parties, and in
particular those financing the project, are free to impose appropriate
reporting and verification procedures which should be simple and direct to
eliminate "red tape".
2.9 TAXATION UNDER THE LOCAL EXCHANGE TRADING (LETS) SYSTEMS
For a drawing of the proposed
LETS structures refer to:
DRAWING OF PROPOSED LETS STRUCTURES.
HOW A LETS TRANSACTION WORKS.
This project
is designed to create rapid, sustainable and durable local development.
The
project coordinator will reach a binding agreement with the (tax authorities
--- name them!!), before the project gets under way, to ensure that the tax
authorities are not deprived of current tax revenue.
The
tax authorities will define LETS activities carried out in LETS currencies
under the project as non-commercial, and therefore non-taxable.
The
project is based on a tax moratorium of at least 20 years on all LETS activities.
After
the moratorium, the following basic rules will apply:
-1. LETS exchanges where a user helps a friend, or performs a job on a
"one-off" basis are not taxable.
-2. LETS exchanges involving activities not part of the normal business activities
of the supplier are excluded.
-3. The expression "normal business activities" will be interpreted
in the manner most favourable to the users.
-4. Normal LETS exchanges by businesses are taxable.
-5. All costs and business expenses are tax deductible.
-6. Businesses will be taxed in respect of LETS exchanges on the net profits
they generate from them.
2.10 THE EFFECTS OF INFLATION ON SEED LOAN REPAYMENTS AND GIFT CONTENT
This project sets up a user
friendly interest-free financial environment based on the constructive
recycling of a ten year interest-free loan and the creation of local exchange
trading systems.
Users
repay the interest-free loan after ten years. At that point of time they will
have been repaying the loan at the rate of approximately US$3 per family of 5
per month for 120 months. Their repayments are, however, made in the local
(formal) currency. Should the local (formal) currency through inflation or
exchange measures have devalued against the
A
decision on how this risk is to be covered will therefore need to be made when the
project is being financed.
Is
the interest-free seed loan to be expressed in the local (formal) currency or
in US$?
LOAN
EXPRESSED IN LOCAL CURRENCY
If
the loan is expressed in the local (formal) currency, then the external bank
(working together with the local bank) will need to obtain the acceptance of
the lenders that the amount repaid, when reconverted into US$, may be lower
than the original US$ loan.
The
following are four possibilities:
1)
The lenders or their governments formally accept they are willing to run this
risk and write off the eventual difference as a gift.
2)
The lenders agree to extend repayment time until the total amount collected in
the fund is sufficient to repay the whole loan expressed in US$. This can lead
to a "win-win" situation in that the amount available for recycled
micro-loans would remain at a high level. In return for the extra monthly
payments, users have more money to recycle in micro-loans than would otherwise
have been the case.
3)
The lenders require payment of the available funds on expiry, and that the
difference be collected using the next following monthly payments, until such
time as the original amount expressed in US$ is balanced. This solution is
negative for users in that for a shorter or a longer period (depending on the
inflation which has taken place) users will not be able to benefit from
re-cycled micro-loans and on-going local development will slow down and could,
in some cases, even stop.
4)
The lenders require repayment of the available funds on expiry but reinvest any
difference for a further cycle of ten years. This will reduce users' funds for
renewing capital goods or extending services at the end of the second period of
ten years, but will not negatively affect recycling of micro-loans for on-going
local development under the project.
LOAN
EXPRESSED IN US$
If
the loan is to be expressed in US$, will users' monthly repayments be indexed
to the
If
repayments are to be indexed to the
2.11 INSURANCE AND FORFEIT IN THE FORM OF GIFT IN CASE OF LOSS OR DAMAGE
TO CAPITAL STRUCTURES
Long term political stability
in
While
capital structures installed within the framework of the project may, if
rarely, be insurable against loss or damage by Act of God such as lightning,
hurricanes, or earthquakes, it is not possible to insure them against loss or
damage deriving from causes such as Act of Political and Military Authorities,
civil war, commotion, rebellion, and strikes. Even if insurance against such
risks were to be available the cost would be so high that it would constitute a
major on-going financial leakage from the project area, which is just one of
the major problems applications under the Model are designed to stop.
What
happens in case of loss of or damage to the capital structures installed under
the project Model before repayment after ten years of the interest-free seed
loan must therefore be clearly addressed at the time the project application is
being financed.
The
beneficiaries of the project are by definition poor and the loss or damage in
question derives from causes entirely beyond their control. To require these
poor people to repay a loan after ten years for capital structures they have
lost for reasons beyond their control is in profound contradiction with the
short term and long term goals of the project. In some cases the lending
organisations may have forms of insurance available to cover funds at risk in
projects in developing countries. In such cases they would ensure, at their own
cost and by way of gift, that funds for the project are insured by such Funds.
Where, however, such insurance is not available, the lending organisations
should accept that in the case of loss of or damage to project structures
deriving from causes beyond the power and control of the users the interest
free loan be converted into a gift so that users are freed from their
contractual obligations.
Normally,
at the time the (uninsured) loss of or damage to the capital structures occurs,
users will have paid a part of the loan into the Cooperative Development Fund.
The
project must clearly whether the money which has already been collected in the
Cooperative Development Funds at the time the loss of or damage to the capital
structures occurs:
a) Must be used immediately to reinstate the capital goods lost or damaged
b) Has to be repaid to the lenders at the end of the original ten years'
interest free loan period.
c) Has to be repaid immediately
d) Will, subject to analysis of the current political
situation, be integrated by a further loan to enable complete reinstatement of
the capital structures so that the project application can make a re-start.
2.12 INFORMATION FLOW
The three main lines of
information flow foreseen under the project are:
a) Transfer of information within project applications
- Vertical, from project
coordinator (who would also liaise with external sources involved, such as
education authorities, schools, health authorities, clinics) to well commission
level to tank commission level to individual user and return back up the line
- Horizontal, for instance within the LETS groups and between LETS groups,
between tank commissions, and between well commissions
- Combination of both - through a project level radio station
- Project website mainly as a source for b) and for information sharing in
general for (c) below
b) Local consultants, activity groups, and schools
-Through local consultants
with small businesses set up under interest-free micro-loans under the project,
who help local people choose crops to grow, instruct on agricultural methods,
give professional advice on productivity questions etc
-Local translation bureaus set up under interest-free micro loans under the
projects to put material into a form the local people can understand
-Activity groups working under the LETS systems with any of the parties in a),
such as the Health Clubs foreseen, groups of actors etc
-Local schools, information and courses for children and, eventually, adults
c) Transfer of information from and to external sources
- Incoming through information
shops set up as private businesses (as in b) " local
consultants") under the project. These would have telephones, faxes, computers.
- Outgoing, through cultural and economic websites ( recent
experiments in
Communication and monitoring
Within each of the above
specific sectors, rather complex interdisciplinary relationships can arise.
Just to cite one typical example, to make the integrated sanitation system
foreseen work, users need to be advised on the benefits of better hygiene
(Health Clubs) then practise what they have learned and install their new
toilet (and, eventually, water harvesting) systems. A system of cooperative
inspection then needs to be put in place. A home inspection report has to be developed.
Local women nominated by the tank committees have to be trained to apply the
report system and to advise and help users where they are doing something
wrong. Women nominated by the well commissions have to be trained to monitor
the work of the local inspectors. A woman nominated by the (unified) well
commissions will have to check the work of the well commission monitors.
Information and experiences would need to be exchanged both vertically and
horizontally under a).
The
same users will at the same time need separate instruction on how best to
recycle their urine, and later, their composted faeces. Basic recommendations
will be developed under the projects for this, although single users, the local
tank commissions, or the project coordinator could also obtain consultancy
under b). Where the project supplies recommendations, cooperative structures
similar to those described for hygiene would need to be developed to make sure
they are applied properly.
2.13 RECYCLING OF FUNDS AND IMPORTATION OF CAPITAL GOODS
Purchases in formal money of
capital goods for production purposes will normally need to be imported into
The
first series of such purchases is usually made with the original loan funds.
Since the original loan funds are made available in US$ or other leading
international currency, and converted into the local currency for the purposes
of the project, their re-conversion where necessary from the local currency
into the international currency should not pose a problem.
The
amount of capital goods needed for local productivity increase under recycled
micro-loans could, however, amount to several times (5 or 6 times or more) the
amount of the original interest-free loan expressed in foreign currency.
A
condition for the granting of an interest-free loan under the project is,
normally, that the beneficiary be able initially to sell some of the goods or
services in question outside the project area for formal money to enable him to
repay the loan. The beneficiary therefore exports the goods or services outside
the project area for formal local currency, but not necessarily outside the
national borders. Since capital goods may often need to be imported into the
country where the project area is situated, a situation of financial leakage of
formal national currency occurs for the purpose of buying the foreign currency
necessary for the purchase of new capital goods for production purposes. This
financial leakage is not desirable but it may in part be offset by the increase
of local production tending towards a reduction in the need for imported goods.
The leakage can only be completely avoided where the project area succeeds with
time to export directly outside national boundaries enough of its production to
earn enough foreign currency to cover the costs of the imported goods. It is
unlikely this be possible at least in the early phases of a project
application. The local government must therefore when it approves a project
application under the Model accept that this (temporary) financial leakage is
going to take place during the initial stages of the project. Its Finance
Ministry must ensure flexibility in granting leave to convert local formal
money into the foreign currency necessary for the purchase of the capital
goods. Failure of the Ministry to do so would in practice lead to serious
delays in project execution. The more often the project funds are recycled the
more rapidly the project area will develop. The Project Coordinator, on the
other hand, is bound to endeavour to reduce the financial leakage of formal
currency in question by purchasing capital equipment, where available, which
has already been imported and is available on the local market.
The
following schedule will produce a zero national import/export balance for the
project during its execution and a long-term ongoing credit balance:
First two (executive) years : zero franchise
Third year, at least 35% of imported value exported
Fourth year, at least 50% of imported value exported
Fifth year, at least 75% of imported value exported
Sixth year, at least 100% of imported value exported
Seventh year, at least 125% of imported value exported
Eight and following years, at least 150% of imported value exported
2.14 AUDITING STRUCTURES
The
project is based on separation of powers between the controlling party (the NGO
PREDEV) and the project coordinator nominated by the NGO to execute the
project.
Financing
parties have, if they wish, two structures enabling them to carry out on-going
audits of the project works.
1.
The project NGO fronts for the project and maintains on-going auditing powers
to ensure correct project execution. The statute of the project NGO allows the
financing parties to nominate executive auditors to the Board of Directors. The
nominated auditors may be paid salaries by the financing parties. For practical
purposes they should be resident in or near the project area. The NGO does not
intervene directly in the execution of the project, as this is the
responsibility of its nominee project coordinator.
2.
Financing parties may also nominate an independent auditor to act the with
project coordinator to co-sign payment authorisations and conduct an on-going
audit of project out-go. The independent auditor answers to the Board of the
NGO, which includes executive audit nominees of the financing parties. His
salary is paid by the financing parties. The independent auditor may not
intervene in the running of the project itself. For practical purposes the independent
auditor must be resident in the project area.
To
avoid conflict of interest, neither the project coordinator nor the independent
auditor may be a member of the NGO. They both report, independently of each
other, to the NGO.
3. Planned works and results
3.1 Hygiene education structures
Voluntary Community Health
Clubs are set up within the project area. The members of each Health Club,
which can include men, follow a course normally lasting at least six months.
During the course, hygiene-related topics are discussed under the leadership of
a specially trained Health Worker.
The
structures, rules and administrative aspects of the Health Clubs will be
established during one or more Organisational Workshops, during which the
Health workers will also receive due training.
For
some indicative information on the courses, refer to Schedule 7. This material
is subject to adaptation according to the preferences expressed by the Workshop
participants.
The
Health Clubs will continue to meet regularly after the course has finished.
Their role is fundamental to the project. They serve as a forum for identifying
community needs, assisting with project planning and implementation, and
developing the sense of unity and cooperation on which the success of the
project depends.
A
system will be set up to provide on-going inspection of the individual
sanitation and water supply systems by local Health workers.
Water
quality will be systematically monitored by a local clinic or hospital using
testing equipment supplied under the project.
Hygiene
education courses will be established in the schools in the project area. They
will be supported and approved by the local Health and Education authorities. They
will be applied during normal schools hours under the supervision of the
teachers' commissions.
3.2 Sanitation facilities
For a diagram of the proposed
waste disposal system see:
DRAWING SHOWING PROPOSED WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM
COMPOSITES
These
are based on the separation of urine, faeces, and grey water.
In
urban areas, urine, grey water and fertiliser can be used in vertical gardens
made from Gypsum composites blocks under the LETS systems.
The
number of users for each toilet unit will be decided during phase 2 of the
project based on users' preferences and customs in accordance with the
decisions reached during the organisation workshops to be held. Units could be
for an individual or a group of related families.
A
typical unit will comprise a small toilet building containing three Gypsum
composites tanks. One tank will be used for urine. The other two tanks will be
used as aerobic composting toilets. Building support structures, san-plats for
urinals and toilet seats will also be supplied by the local Gypsum composites
production units. The toilet structures will be built by local builders or
cooperative groups and paid for using the LETS local currencies. Use of
improved evaporation systems could eliminate one of the composting toilets. For
health reasons we prefer the twin tank method.
Almost
the whole sanitation project can be done under local exchange trading (LETS)
systems, with nearly 100% local value added.
The
toilets will be supplied with appropriate washing and cleaning means for
personal hygiene.
A
small quantity of locally available lime, ash, sawdust or similar would be
added to the urine tank once or twice a day and to the faeces after use. The
contents of the urine tank can be emptied at any time. A mixture containing one
part urine and ten parts of water can be safely used for watering plants. This
high quality product has been known to more than double the productivity of a
household garden. An average family with 5 members can produce about 25m3 of
this fertiliser per year.
Users
not wishing to dispose of the urine themselves will hire local operators to do
it for them under the local LETS currency systems. The development using LETS
currencies of a collection system may be needed in poor urban areas where users
have no gardens or are unable to dispose of their urine.
With
the double composting dry toilet system, one properly aerated toilet tank is
used until it is more or less full. It is then sealed and allowed to compost
for at least 9-12 months while the second toilet tank is being used. The
contents need to be moved from time to time. During that time, the compost in
the sealed tank reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of soil per adult person
per year. After 9-12 months composting, the soil can be safely and profitably
used as soil conditioner.
Users
not able to dispose of the soil conditioner will hire local operators to do so
under the local LETS currency systems.
Organic
material other than urine and faeces will be composted in simple compost boxes
built and supplied under the local LETS currency systems. Alternatively it can
ussed for animals and/or collected under the local LETS currency waste
recycling structures.
In
rural project areas, grey household water from the kitchen and from household
cleaning can be collected in an appropriate closed container and spread on the
family vegetable plot once a day, avoiding the formation of open or stagnant
pools and concentrations of water. It can also be used to dilute urine. Users
not able to dispose of their grey water will hire local operators to do so
under the local LETS currency systems.
In
urban areas, grey water may need to be regularly collected, possibly together
with urine, and taken to the countryside nearby where it can be recycled. This
work would be done under the local LETS currency systems.
Non-organic
solid waste products will be recycled in recycling centres operating under the
local currency (LETS) systems, creating more local added value. In larger
communities the centres may be specialised to some extent. Collection charges
will depend on the kind of material being recycled. Environmentally harmful
materials will be charged for at a higher rate than other materials. Special
waste from clinics will be addressed separately.
Appropriate
sanitation services where needed for schools and clinics in the project area
will be included in the project.
Useful
references for further information on dry sanitation are:
a)Winblad Uno et al, "Ecological
Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency),
b)
c)Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop -
Ecological sanitation for food security",
3.3 Local Gypsum composites production facilities
The project requires the
supply of many water tanks, water containers, well-linings, san-plats, toilet
seats, and support structures. Many of these are traditionally made from
concrete, using materials that have to be paid for in formal currency and are
usually not available locally. Concrete and cement are environmentally
unfriendly and are difficult to dispose of after use. Concrete water tanks can
cost up to US$ 4000 per tank. Concrete products are also subject to production
faults and cannot always be repaired when damage damaged. They are heavy and
difficult to transport.
A
practical alternative to concrete, is to use a new-age
product like Gypsum composites. Gypsum composites production units can be
established wherever there are local deposits of cheap gypsum (CaSO4 + water)
or anhydrite (CaSO4 + 1/2 water) which are very common, occurring naturally in
most parts of the world. They can be used to make cheap, ecological, hygienic
tanks, well-linings, toilets and other products. Gypsum
composites is a state-of-the-art technology originating in the
Gypsum
composites production units are permanent industrial assets. They will be used
to make various load-bearing structures and other building materials. Gypsum composites can
even be used to weather-proof the mud walls of locally built houses and as a substitute
for construction timber, reducing de-forestation.
Gypsum
composites will
also be used to make high efficiency stoves. The stoves can stand temperatures
of up to 500 degrees C. They will recycle heat from smoke circulated around the
pot. The stoves can be safely carried by hand with boiling water in the pot and
fire in the stove. Although they will work with any sort of fuel,
mini-briquettes made from bio-mass will be produced locally under the project.
Gypsum
composites will
also be used to make solar cookers under the LETS systems in applications where
daytime cooking is not in contrast with local customs.
The
modest cost of Gypsum composites production units will be funded
within the project by interest-free green loans repayable over a period of 4
years. The initial casting moulds for Gypsum composites products can cost several
thousand US$. These costs will restrict the initial range of products any
single production unit can make. The top priority will be to service the needs
of the project itslef. Additional copies of the initial moulds are, however,
very cheap to make.
The
entire system for the production of items in Gypsum composites from cheap
gypsum or anhydrite, the management of the deposits of raw materials, the
construction of the factories, the production and installation on the items
manufactured will be organised during a series of Moraisian workshops for which
a separate allowance has been made in the budget.
While
the workshops will work out the details, it is foreseeable that the Gypsum
composites production be highly labour intensive calling for minimum capital
outlay. The products can be made manually without the need for any machinery,
with a western-level finish.
Refer
to Schedule 6 for more information on the Gypsum composites process.
3.4 Water supply structures
For a diagram of the water
supply structures refer to:
DRAWING OF WATER SUPPLY STRUCTURES.
Organised
drinking water supply systems in the Mponua project area are limited to (part
of) the larger towns. This project will be decentralised. Large diameter wells
will be dug using local labour, construction methods and materials supplied
under the local LETS systems.
About
6-9 solar submersible horizontal axis piston pumps (see Schedule 4 for a full
description) will be installed in each well. Each of the pumps will supply
water to a dedicated water tank serving a local community. The well is the hub
of the supply system. The water pipelines radiating from it are its spokes.
Schools
will each receive one dedicated tank. Clinics, for further safety, will be
served by two tanks each with its own pump.
Each
well will be equipped with back-up hand-pumps (see Schedule 5 for a complete
description of the hand-pumps).The hand-pumps will provide water during
unusually long periods of bad weather.
Where
culturally appropriate, there will be a communal washing area near each well so
that women used to doing their washing in groups can continue to do so. The
backup hand-pumps may also be used to service the washing areas and in cases of
emergency.
The
water supply is based on a water consumption of
Where
the water table is too deep for hand-dug wells, large diameter boreholes will
be drilled.
According
to the wishes of the people in each tank commission and/or well-commission
area, existing water supply structures can be upgraded to the requirements of
this project and possession in them handed over to the tank commissions and
well commissions who would then be responsible for their administration.
3.5 Institutional developments
For a drawing of the
institutional structures foreseen refer to:
DRAWING OF STRUCTURES.
CASH FLOW DIAGRAM.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE .
Permanent
on-going procedures to maintain and administer the system will be worked out
with the users themselves during Organization Workshops to be run for this
purpose, with the involvement of Terry Manning as consultant, the project
coordinator, the tanks and wells commissions, maintenance and inspection staff,
and the local private bank that administers the micro-credit loans.
The
purpose is to create a "maintenance culture".
Structures
to be created include the Health Clubs, the local money systems, the Gypsum
composites factories, systems for installation and maintenance of the drinking
water supply system, waste recycling structures, structures for the production
of bio-mass, the local banking and micro-credits system, the tank and well
commissions, not to forget the local radio station.
Multiple
re-cycled interest-free micro-credits will provide formal money needed to
develop local production capacity. The rest of the development will be done
with the LETS systems.
The
capital available for re-cycling in the form of micro-credits is made of:
a) Part of the initial seed money until it is needed for the project.
b) Seed loan repayments.
c) Micro-credit repayments.
d) The long term maintenance fund.
e) The system capital replacement fund which will be built up after the ten
years' seed loan has been fully repaid.
For
instance, a woman may need a sewing machine to be able to make clothes. She
will need "formal" currency to buy the sewing machine. That money
will be available in the form of an interest-free micro credit. She will sell
outside the local LETS system some of the clothes she makes to earn the
"formal" money she needs to repay her loan. The rest of the clothes
can be sold within the local currency LETS system.
As
she repays her loan, the repaid capital can be loaned again for another
interest free micro-credit project, so the available seed money repeatedly
re-circulates within the local economy.
Establishing
local exchange trading (LETS) systems to overcome the chronic lack of
"formal" money in the Mponua area is fundamental to the project. LETS
systems create local currency units to exchange goods and services. They
eliminate common complaints concerning the operation of development projects
such as:
"There's
no money to pay people to write out the water bills"
"There's no money to collect the monthly contributions"
"The people can't afford san-plats for their toilets"
Very
often, all that is needed is a way to transfer goods and services within the
community without having to use formal money.
We
propose to make participation in the LETS systems compulsory for all people in
the project area of working age because everybody will benefit from and
participate in some of the community level initiatives undertaken within the
project. For instance, PV lighting for study will be financed at local tank
commission level and its costs written off against the users in that tank area
only. Others, such as tree-planting or road building may benefit the whole
community and every member will be charged for his share. Compulsory membership
is also needed where common assets are being used or sold or when goods and
services for the project have to be supplied in the local currencies.
Nearly
all LETS transactions are open to normal "free market" negotiation
between the parties.
Many
goods and services like those provided by the Community Health Clubs, and those
needed to build the sanitation and water supply services can be paid for using
the LETS systems. We have included some formal currency estimates for these
goods and services so that enough micro-credit loan money is available to start
developing local production.
For
more information on the nature and organisation of LETS systems, refer to
Schedule 8.
LETS
systems will be set up in Mpasatia and Nyinahin.
3.6 PV lighting, television and refrigeration
A PV lighting system for study
can be installed in each tank area once a study area has been built there using
the local LETS currency. The cost of the study area would be equally debited to
all LETS members in the tank area.
Enough
money has been set aside in phase 4 of the project to cover
?????? PV lighting systems.
The
purchase of a PV operated TV set for each of study area is subject to
discussion and has been listed "pro-memorium" in the budget. We have
done this because:
- it is not known how much suitable educational material is available in the
local languages (??????)
- the TV set would need to be safely housed in a
weather-proof environment
- of maintenance and security problems
We
have also listed the purchase of PV lighting and refrigeration for clinics
outside the project area "pro-memorium" in the budget pending
complete information on the necessity, as it is understood most clinics are
already grid connected. This is because the willingness to share the onus of
payment will have to be discussed from case to case and consents to transfer of
ownership to the local tank commissions would have to be obtained.
PV
lighting for schools has also been listed as "pro-memorium" in the
budget pending more information on the schools and their needs with respect to
evening classes.
3.7 DOMESTIC SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS
Home lighting in the project
area is usually fuelled by paraffin and kerosene lamps and candles the average
cost of which (with batteries for radios) is about US$ 5 per family of 3 per
month. Kerosine costs about US$0.50 per litre, and an average family uses about
The
tank commissions will decide the social priorities for the gradual distribution
of these systems. They may for instance decide priorities by drawing lots. The
seed fund is purely to set an example, and cannot supply more than 150-200
systems to launch the system. The rest of the money must come from the
cooperative contributions made by the users participating.
The
speed of the distribution of the systems will depend on the time required to
reimburse the credits received by each family. A family accustomed to paying
US$12 a month for lighting and batteries will be able to repay a system from
savings within about 4 years. A poorer family would need more time.
Alternatively each family can pay an affordable amount into the Tank Commission
fund and new systems distributed by lot each time there is enough money in the
fund.
Distribution
of solar home systems is expected to commence in the last, phase
4, of the project. Various activities currently cause of financial leakage from
the project area will then be taking place under the local money (LETS)
systems, and it is conceivable that (some) users have more formal money
available than before. They can therefore form buying cooperatives for solar
home systems at tank commission level, whereby each family contributes an
amount (eg US$5) each month into its cooperative lighting fund. This would
allow one family out of 40 to install a system each 8 weeks. This would mean
that each family would have a solar home system installed within about 6 years
after the start of the cooperative and the elimination of financial leakage
from the project area due to lighting and radios within 6-7 years.
Financial
leakage through the use of inefficient battery-driven radios could be stopped
by the use of high efficiency radios and/or mechanical wind-up radios. It
should be possible to recover the cost of the new radios through savings on
batteries within one year.
3.8 Payments and on-going costs
The following drawings and
graphs form an integral part of this project proposal. To avoid long
downloading time they are not included in this document. They can be accessed
through website http://www.flowman.nl and will be transmitted as e-mail
attachments to any interested parties.
GRAPH SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS
.
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE .
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 1-21
of the budget)
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 22-58
of the budget)
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FOURTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIFTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SIXTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SEVENTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE NINTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE TENTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE ELEVENTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE TWELFTH QUARTER
The
people of the Mponua area in the Atwima district in
The
users will pay a monthly fee to be decided during phase 2 of the project. It is
expected to be approximately US$3 per month for a family of fivw. This sum will
be used:
- to repay the loan itself. This money will be re-cycled
interest-free for use as micro-credits to develop local production capacity.
- to pay on-going administration and maintenance costs. This
money pays the monthly fees of the project coordinator and the salaries and
transport costs of maintenance and inspection personnel and of the tank
commissions.
- to set up reserves for long term maintenance. These funds
will also be re-cycled for micro-credits but managed so that the capital is
available when it is needed.
Once
the original seed money has been repaid, the monthly payments will create a
large fund for use to extend the basic services provided under this project.
The
whole cost of the Gypsum composites production units will be covered by
interest-free loans repayable over 4 years. This capital can also be re-cycled
as it is repaid.
There
will be large savings in the traditional cost of fuel for cooking. The savings
will come from using high efficiency Gypsum composites stoves and local production of
bio-mass for fuel.
Provision
of drinking water under the project will help avoid health hazards, improve
productivity, and avoid the need to purchase expensive water from vendors in
the larger communities.
Waste
re-cycling under the project will produce savings by creating value added from
resources currently unused and because payments for collection and handling of
the waste will be kept inside the local economy.
4. Work Plan
4.1 First, initial, research phase
This can be completed prior to
the formal presentation of the project. All relevant details are collected and
a first, indicative budget developed. Contacts will be made with potential
suppliers and the basic project technologies selected. The project coordinator
will contact the local people to discuss their wishes and willingness and
ability to meet any net financial commitments under the project after taking
into account direct savings.
Users
must accept the five conditions precedent to the success of self-financing
development projects of the type here presented:
4.1.1
Acceptation of Health Clubs. These do not only serve the purposes of offering
basic hygiene education courses. They also serve as a platform for women, so
that they can organise themselves and participate and play an important role in
the various structures foreseen. The health clubs therefore constitute a means
of addressing the so-called "gender problem".
4.1.2
Willingness to pay at least US$3 per month per family of 5 into a Cooperative
Development Fund. This payment covers the entire package of basic services foreseen
(hygiene education, drinking water supply, sanitation, waste removal, high
efficiency stoves and fuel for them, and lighting for study purposes.
4.1.3
Acceptance of the use of local exchange trading (LETS) systems, which enable
goods and services originating in the project area to be exchanged without the
need for formal money.
4.1.4
Acceptance of the GYPSUM COMPOSITES process which enables most of the items
required for local development to be made locally with 100% local value added
within the framework of the local LETS systems in local low cost labour
intensive production units.
4.1.5
Acceptance of dry composting toilet systems to Western levels with the
separation of urine and excreta. Aspects relating to the form, the colour, the
finish, privacy and similar will all be discussed with
and decided by the users. The dry toilet systems foreseen enable waste to be
recycled at household level so that problems connected with the pollution of
surface and ground water can be addressed at local level without the need for
major investments.
The
key project sites including clinics and schools are shown on the map of the
project area and on the settlement schedules, all of which are included in
Schedule 3.
There
is no budget needed for the work during this first phase.
4.2 Second phase lasting about 9 months
The following graphs can be
downloaded from internet site www.flowman.nl or transmitted as attachments to
an e-mail message on request or posted on a CD..
GRAPH SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS
.
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE .
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 1-21
of the budget)
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 22-58
of the budget)
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
This
is the most critical phase during which the basic structures necessary for the
operation of the entire system are set up by way of a series of organizational
workshops following the method introduced by the Brazilian sociologist Clodomir
Santos de Morais.
Refer
to Schedule 2 for some material and a bibliography on Organisational Workshops.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS
The
sequential order of the workshops is very important. The first workshops are
the ones setting up the Health Clubs, which offer women a platform from which
they can organise themselves. After that, the tanks commissions, which are the
heart of the system, can be established. The third structure is the local money
LETS systems, followed by the micro-credit system, the Gypsum composites
factories, the water supply system, the recycling system and the radio station
(????? necessary???).
4.2.0 PAYMENT OF THE PROJECT FUNDS
A plan for the effective
payment of the project funds to the local NGO is prepared.
Since
the local Sekyere East Cooperative Development bank will be instituted later
on, if no suitable banking institution is present in the project area, the funds
will have to be paid into a temporary account in the name of the NGO in
4.2.1 HEALTH CLUBS AND HYGIENE EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS
4.2.1.1 Health clubs
The Health Clubs must form a
socially acceptable platform to get users, and especially women, to work
together as this is the base of the project. They will create a forum for
women, so that they can identify the needs of the community and participate
fully in the planning and execution of the structures to be set up.
Usually
at least two Moraisian workshops will be held (one in the Mpatasia area, and one in the Nyanahin area) during which draft
Health Clubs rules will be prepared and discussed with the local people so the
community fully "owns" the project. The Health Clubs will be a
socially acceptable method of getting people used to working together, the
cornerstone for a successful project. Local Health Workers will be trained to
lead Health Club discussions. Material for the Health Clubs and for hygiene
education courses in schools will be adapted, preferably using local artists.
Preference will be given to the use of traditional
Indicative
participation (all workshops together)
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
The Zimbabwe AHEAD Consultant
Representative of the ONG
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
20 qualified instructors indicated by the Ministry of Health to guide the
Health Club lessons
300 female initiative takers at the level of the future Tank Commissions
Duration
of each workshop: about three weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
system coordination structure for coordination:
- with the project coordinator
- amongst the main project areas
- with the Health ministry
- amongst the Health Ministry trainers and the women locally responsible
- the statues and rules for the running of the clubs
b) A
materials structure
- discussion with potential members of the Health Groups
- definition of the content of the courses according to local requirements
- adaptation of the material according to local customs (illustrations,
languages etc)
- actual physical preparation of the course
- distribution of the material
c) A
methodical structure
- how to use the material
- the role of the Health Ministry specialists
- the role of the local Health Club leaders
- practical exercises
- how to call meetings and lead the first lessons
- continuation of the Health Clubs after the termination of the courses
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, Health Clubs leaders, Health
ministry teachers)
- horizontal, amongst local Health Club leaders, (future) radio programme
e) A
structure at local Tank Commission level
-
Payment of the local Health Club leader once the local money systems have been
formed - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the (future)
Tank Commission - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the
Health ministry teacher responsible for the area - Discussion with persons
(women) interested in the (future) local Tank Commission - Registration of
Health Club members - Practical organisation of the lessons and later group
meetings
BASIC INDICATIVE COURSE FOR HEALTH CLUBS
4.2.1.2 Hygiene Education in the Schools
One
Moraisian workshop will be held during which Local Health Workers will be
trained to lead hygiene education courses in the schools. Material for the
courses in schools will be adapted, preferably using local artists. Preference
will be given to the use of traditional
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
The Zimbabwe AHEAD Consultant
Representative of the ONG
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Education Ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
20 qualified instructors indicated by the Ministry of Health to guide the
lessons
50 teachers from the schools
Duration
of each workshop: about three weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
system coordination structure for coordination: ABR>- with the project
coordinator
- with the Health ministry
- with the Education ministry
- amongst the Health Ministry trainers and the teachers' commissions
b) A
materials structure
- discussion of course content according to the different levels of the pupils
- definition of the content of the courses according to age groups
(illustrations, language etc)
- adaptation of the material according to local customs (illustrations,
languages etc)
- actual physical preparation of the course
- distribution of the material
c) A
methodical structure
- how to use the material
- the role of the Health Ministry specialists
- the role of the teachers
- planning the courses
- continuity
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, Health ministry specialists,
teachers' commissions)
- horizontal, amongst the teachers' commissions and the families, (future)
radio programme
e)
Formalities - Payment (in LETS) of the Health ministry specialists - Payment
(in LETS) for the teachers involved
4.2.2
LOCAL SOCIAL STRUCTURES
Two
Moraisian workshops will be held, one in Mpatasia, one in Nyinahin. The Tank
Commissions form the basic project structure and the workshops can involve up
to 1500 people.
Indicative
participation (both workshops together)
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Representative of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
1300 (mostly female) persons interested in participating with responsibility
for the management of projects structures as members of the Tank Commissions.
35% of these people might be indicated by the traditional chiefs, 65% by the
local Health Clubs.
Duration
of each workshop: about four weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the tanks commissions and the well commissions
- statutes
- rules
- financial aspects
- definition of the tasks
b)
Organisation
- meetings
- use of tanks and well areas
c)
Coordination
- with project coordinator
- (future) local SEL-LETS system
- between local tank commissions and the well commission
- with local schools
- with local clinics/hospitals
- with (future) recycling systems
- with (future) micro-credit structures
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator)
- horizontal, with the +/- 40 local families
e)
Individual initiatives
-
Payment of the local Health Club leaders once the local money systems have been
formed - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the (future)
Tank Commission - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the
Health ministry teacher responsible for the area - Discussion with persons
(women) interested in the (future) local Tank Commission - Registration of
Health Club members - Practical organisation of the lessons and later group
meetings
4.2.3
THE LETS LOCAL MONEY SYSTEMS
For detailed information on LETS systems refer to
appendix 8
Two
Moraisian workshops will be held, one in Mpasatia and one in Nyinahin, for each
local money LETS system.
Indicative
participation (both workshops together)
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
2 representatives of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
100 persons, indicated by the well commissions, who will have indicated their
interest in registering transactions
400 persons (men and women) indicated by the Tank Commissions interested in
taking responsibility for the management of the LETS systems at tank commission
level.
Duration
of each workshop: about six weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the LETS structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relationships with other non-formal local money systems
b)
Structure for the registration of transactions
- physical working space (offices)
- adaptation of environments against weather and dust
- safety and back-up procedures to protect information
- purchase of computers, printers, equipment for registration of members et
electrical connections eventually using PV
- distribution of physical structures: LETS boxes, notice boards
- preparation of cheques or other instruments of exchange to be used
- publication of the services available within the system
c)
Coordination with users
- preparatory meetings with users at tank commission level
- presentation of the local coordinator
- registration of members
- distribution of cheques or other instruments of exchange
- starting transactions
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (project coordinator, transaction registrars,
those responsible at tank commission level, users)
- horizontal, with the various persons responsible at the same level (amongst
transaction registrars, amongst tank commission level operators)
- horizontal, amongst local money systems
- commercial, radio, website
4.2.4
MICRO CREDIT SYSTEM STRUCTURES
The
Mponua Cooperative Development Bank will manage formal currency funds necessary
for running the project, acting on instructions of the project coordinator
given on receipt of the indications received from those responsible at tank
commission level. The funds do not belong to the bank, which will intervene
only in the practical management and transfer of the funds. The decisions are
taken by the users' structures set up under the project. The funds formally
belong to the users until the expiry of the 10 years' interest-free credit
term. The interests of the financing parties are protected by their
representatives nominated to the board of the ONG, who will be invited to
participate in the workshop.
The
services of the bank will be paid in local LETS monies at a fixed rate per
transaction to be set during the workshop. The bank can then use its LETS
credits to purchase goods and services inside the project area and sell them
for formal money outside the project area.
One
Moraisian workshop will be held to prepare the Bank structures.
Indicative
participation
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
2 Representatives of the ONG acting on behalf of the financing parties
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
At least 6 qualified persons, 3 indicated by the ONG and 3 by the project
coordinator
350 persons, indicated by the tank commissions, interested in participating
with responsibility for credit arrangements at tank commission level.
Duration
of the workshop: about six weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
4.2.4.1 The bank
a)
Definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relations with the LETS local money systems
b)
Physical aspects
- land
- office
- safety
- communications
c) Financial
aspects (Definition of initiatives at each structural level. How much money is
to be distributed at each level?)
- funding of initiatives at general project level (recycling structures,
important productivity initiatives, public works)
- funding of initiatives at intermediate, well commission, level
- funding of initiatives at local tank commission level
- funding of socially based initiatives (clubs, interest groups etc)
- traditional banking activities
4.2.4.2 Organisation of operations
a)
Central structure
b)
De-centralised structure
- Preparation operators
- Meetings at tank commission level
c)
Coordination
- With LETS structures
- With tank commissions
- With project coordinator
d)
Financing of specific projects
- Relations with financiers
e)
Communications structure
-Vertical, at project level (project coordinator, transactions operators, tank
commission level operators, end users)
Commercial, radio, website
4.2.5
GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTION UNITS
Three
Moraisian organisational workshops will be held, one for each production unit
planned. Localities to be decided, indicatively one might be in Ahyiresu, one
in Otaakrom, and one in Kwanfinfi.
Indicative
participation (all workshops together)
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant EOS Consult
At least one representative of the NGO
Representative of the Ministry of Health
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
150 persons (men and women), indicated during meetings held at Tank Commission
level, interested in participating in the activities of the factories. Where
opportune, according to local political structures and traditions, up to 25% of
the people could be indicated by the local chiefs.
Duration
of each workshop: about six weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the production units
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relationship with the local LETS systems
b) A
structure for the supply of materials
- geological research for gypsum and/or anhydrite deposits
- locations of gypsum/anhydrite quarries, permits
- activities preparatory to exploitation
- logistics
- coordination of materials depots with the factories
c)
Definition of the items to be made (tanks, toilets, stoves, solar cookers etc)
- coordination with the other production units (specialisation)
- contacts with families
- definition of requirements : articles and specifications
- definition of requirements : design, productive capacity
- definition of the necessary procedures
- preparation of moulds
- tests
- decision on priorities to be given to the various items
d) A
structure for the factories
- land and necessary structures
- design of factories
- construction of factories
- purchase of necessary equipment
e) A
production structure
- organisation of the production
- commercial organisation
f) A
structure for the installation of the items produced
- Relationship factory-installers
- Preparation of the installers
- Installation
- Siting of boreholes/wells
- After sales backup and service
g) A
structure for communications
- Vertical, at project level (project coordinator, factory manager, factory
commissions, installers, end users)
- Horizontal, between production units
- With the local money LETS systems
- Commercial, radio, website
4.2.6
THE RECYCLING STRUCTURES
A
special fund is included in the budget to cover the costs of setting up the
recycling structures, which have priority. The funds will be repaid by the
beneficiaries in the same way as those made available to the Gypsum composites
factories. They will take the form of interest-free credits repayable according
to the real possibilities of those involved as decided during the
organisational workshops during which the structures are set up. The repayments
will be financed by sale of materials such as fertilisers and compost outside
the project area and by the "exportation" of solid non-organic waste
which are not recyclable within the project area itself. For an illustration of
a possible general structure for the integrated recycling of waste in project
areas refer to:
DRAWING OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
The
work of the recycling structures will be carried out within the local money
LETS systems already set up. One of the more interesting features of LETS
systems is that, in contrast with what happens in the western monetised
economies, work considered as "dirty" and/or "heavy" is
usually better paid than "clean" and/or "light" work as the
rates charged will normally be related to the perceived value of an hour's work
in the foreseeable normal working situation.
Two
Moraisian workshops will be held, one for each LETS local money system.
Indicative
participation (both workshops together)
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
150 persons (male and female)indicated by the tank commissions, interested in
participating.
Duration
of each workshop: about six weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including relations with the Micro-credit institution
- relations with the local money LETS systems
b)
Analysis of requirements
c) A
structure for the recycling centres
- Definition of the land requirements and the physical structures necessary
- formalities and permits
- design of the centres
- construction of the centres
- purchase of the necessary equipment
d) A
structure for the collection/deposition of waste
- urine
- composted excreta
- waste water
- other organic waste
- non organic solids
- special industrial wastes
- medical wastes
- who will do what
- definition of individual zones
- definition of specialisations
e) A
commercial structures
- definition of the tariffs applicable to the various types of material
- distribution of urine and composted excreta
- direct recycling of certain materials
- contacts for the exportation of materials not recyclable locally
f) A
monitoring structure
- sanitary conditions
- ecological conditions
- safety conditions
g) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, centre managers, collection
structures, end users)
- horizontal, between centres
- relations with local money LETS systems
- commercial, radio, website
4.2.7
STRUCTURES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIO-MASSE FOR STOVES
For a
typical possible high efficiency stove design refer to:
DRAWING OF TYPICAL HIGH EFFICIENCY GYPSUM COMPOSITES STOVE.
The
structures foreseen are for the production of mini-briquettes for the stoves to
be made by the Gypsum composites production units and for the production of
bio-masse to make the mini-briquettes.
One
Moraisian workshop will be held.
Indicative
participation
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Consultant EOS advises
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
50 persons indicated by the tank commissions interested in the production of
mini-briquettes
150 persons indicated by the tank commissions, interested in producing
bio-masse for the mini-briquettes.
Duration
of the workshop: about four weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
coordination structure
- definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including payments
- relations with the local money LETS systems
b)
Analysis of requirements
- detailed analysis of the present systems
- demand in the project area
- demand outside the project area
c)
Analysis of the bio-masse resources available
d)
Definition of the recipes (mixtures) socially acceptable
e)
Creation of the physical structures for briquette production
f)
Logistics
- Assembly and stocking of materials
- distribution of mini-briquettes
g)
Organisation of the cultivation of bio-mass
h)
Commercial
- Availability of micro-credits for growers
- Availability of micro-credits for briquette makers
- Prices for briquette distribution according to the various mixtures
4.2.8 Structure for the radio station
The establishment of a local
radio station is an integral part of the project. The station is a part of the
management of communications concerning the project. Since most people in the
project areas possess a radio, radio is an excellent way to spread information
on the project developments and the management of the structures set up. It
also enables users to discuss initiatives taken and to be taken, and to express
their criticisms. It can also become a vehicle for local commerce.
The
station will be placed in Nyinahin in the centre of the project area so as to
limit the transmission radius. A PV operated station may be preferred to one
running on "imported" electricity, as this increases the autonomy of
the station and reduces long term financial leakage from the project area.
The
management of the station will be completely autonomous.
Without
influencing this independence in any way, the programme could indicatively comprise
the following elements:
(a)
Transmission of information on project activities (news bulletins)
- Convocation of meetings for structures (tanks commissions, LETS systems etc)
- Information on decisions taken during meetings
- Information on progress made with the installation/setting up of the various
structures
- Information of interest-free micro-credits conceded
(b)
Transmissions by interest groups
- Initiatives the groups wish to take
- Information on initiatives under way
(c)
Information on cultural and sporting activities in the project area
(d)
Emergency services
(e)
Promotion of the project towards the outside.
FINANCING
The
setting up of the station is covered by a separate item in the indicative
balance sheet.
The
workshop must decide how the station reimburse this
interest-free credit.
-
Work is carried out under the local LETS money systems - Expenses in formal
currency (electricity?, equipment and the costs of
running it) would need to be paid back over 3 or 4 years. How:
-a) Collection of a small (formal currency) contribution at household level?
-b) Payments for services rendered to people living in the areas surrounding
the project area
- c) Advertising by producers in the project area towards people living in the
surrounding areas Usually just one Moraisian workshop will be held in a given
project area.
Indicative
participation
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Ministry of Communications
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
20 persons indicated by the tank commissions interested in participating in the
management of the station.
50 persons indicated by the tank commissions, interested in producing
programmes for the station
Duration
of the workshop: about three weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
coordination structure
- definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including payments
- relations with the local money LETS systems
b)
Analysis of requirements
- detailed analysis of the communications needs of the individual structures
created under the project
- demand in the project area
- demand outside the project area
c)
Material structure
- Land
- Permits
- Office/studio
- Transmission equipment
- Equipment for production and storing of programmes
d)
Logistics
- Transport
- Storage of materials
- Organisation of network
4.2.9 STRUCTURES FOR THE DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
For
possible technical solutions for the drinking water distribution system refer
to:
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.
One
Moraisian workshop will be held.
Indicative
participation
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Consultant EOS Consult
At least one representative of the NGO
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
30 persons indicated by the tank commissions interested in the systematic
maintenance of the structures
80 persons indicated by the tank commissions, interested in drilling boreholes,
drilling wells and building the associated civil and associated works
Duration
of the workshop: about four weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
coordination structure
- definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including payments
- relations with the local money LETS systems
b) Analysis of requirements
(Refer to Schedule 1 for full details)
c)
Hydro-geological research
d)
Preparation of maps showing:
- sites of boreholes and wells
- tank sites
- feed-pipe installation lines
e)
Specifications
- Work bases/depots
- Boreholes/wells
- Solar pumps
- Hand pumps
- Washing areas
- Solar panels
- Panel supports
- Borehole/well surroundings
- Laying of pipelines
- Installation tanks
- Eventual installation of UV purification units
- Training of well commissions
- Training of tank commission
f)
Permits
g)
The civil works
- Base for storage of equipment and materials
- Formation of teams
- Planning of works
- Logistics
- Equipment and materials
h)
Installation of the structures
i)
Maintenance
- Creation of the maintenance structure
- Relations with suppliers
- Importation and management of spare parts
- Planning of preventive maintenance
- Maintenance kits
- Monitoring system
- System of statistics
f)
Logistics
- Assembly and stocking of materials
- distribution of mini-briquettes
g)
Organisation of the cultivation of bio-mass
h)
Commercial
- Availability of micro-credits for growers
- Availability of micro-credits for briquette makers
- Prices for briquette distribution according to the various mixtures
4.3 THIRD, IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
The structures created during
the second phase execute the works they have planned:
- On-going work in the Community Health Clubs
- On-going hygiene education in schools
- On-going operation of the local LETS currency systems
- Start-up of the Micro-credits
- Start-up of recycling
- Start-up of mini-briquette and bio-mass production
- Completion of Gypsum composites
production units
- Start-up production of Gypsum composites
items for the project, including stoves and solar cookers
- Digging and lining of the wells and boreholes
- Construction of platforms for backup hand-pumps
- Construction of washing places
- Laying of water pipelines to the tanks
- Installation of the tanks.
- Installation of purification devices at schools and clinics
- Start-up of waste collection networks
- Installation of solar panels and pumps
- Installation of hand pumps
- Production of sanitation units started
- Operation of radio station
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FOURTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIFTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SIXTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SEVENTH QUARTER
4.4 FOURTH, SECOND IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
On-going production of Gypsum
composites products
- PV lighting for study
- (Pro-memorium) PV television for study purposes
- (Pro-memorium) PV lighting in schools
- PV lighting and refrigeration in clinics in the project area
- Further PV water purification
- (Pro-memorium) Soil conservation and reforestation initiatives started
- (Pro-memorium) Rainwater harvesting begun
DETAILED EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE NINTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE TENTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE ELEVENTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE TWELFTH QUARTER
5. Short indicative budget
|
Outgo (Capital) |
Phase |
Estimate (US$) |
|
OW health clubs |
2 |
30.000 |
|
Formation of health clubs |
2 |
10.000 |
|
Material for health clubs |
2 |
5.000 |
|
Training of health workers |
2 |
10.000 |
|
OW health courses in schools |
2 |
10.000 |
|
Material for school courses |
2 |
2.500 |
|
OW social structures |
2 |
40.000 |
|
OW LETS systems |
2 |
60.000 |
|
Office and equipment LETS
systems |
2 |
30.000 |
|
OW Micro-credit system |
2 |
20.000 |
|
Office/equipment Micro-credit
system |
2 |
10.000 |
|
OW Gypsum composites
production units |
2 |
30.000 |
|
Shovel/preparation anhydrite
supply site |
2/3 |
10.000 |
|
Construction and equipping
anhydrite factory (*30000 FOR EACH FACTORY) ASSUMING 3 UNITS |
2/3 |
60.000 |
|
Moulds for anhydrite
products (*20000 FOR EACH FACTORY) ASSUMING 2 UNITS |
2/3 |
60.000 |
|
Location gypsum depots and
quality control |
2 |
3.000 |
|
OW recycling system |
2 |
30.000 |
|
Setting up recycling centre
network |
2 |
150.000 |
|
Setting up compost
collection network |
2 |
5.000 |
|
OW Bio-mass system |
2 |
15.000 |
|
OW Drinking water system |
2 |
25.000 |
|
Setting up of project
workplace |
2 |
32.000 |
|
Vehicles and materials for
wells |
3 |
150.000 |
|
Fuel and maintenance
vehicles |
3 |
26.000 |
|
Labour for wells - LETS
systems |
3 |
pro-memorium |
|
47 Washing places- LETS
systems |
3 |
pro-memorium |
|
47 Platforms for hand-pumps
- LETS systems |
3 |
pro-memorium |
|
315 Solar Pumps |
3 |
357.000 |
|
315 Supports for solar
panels |
3 |
50.000 |
|
Solar panels (97kW) |
3 |
560.000 |
|
Hand-pumps groups (158
pumps) |
3 |
68.000 |
|
Cables, feed-pipe for
pumps/wells |
3 |
65.000 |
|
Pipe lines from wells to
tanks - 150000m @ US$ 0.65 |
3 |
100.000 |
|
Labour for laying water
pipelines- LETS |
3 |
pro-memorium |
|
315 Water tanks (@ 2m *
1.7m)- mostly LETS |
3 |
50.000 |
|
315 Bases for water tanks -
mostly LETS |
3 |
25.000 |
|
Supervision of installation
and training maintenance operators |
3 |
15.000 |
|
Purchase spare parts
supplies |
3 |
20.000 |
|
Permits and formalities |
2 |
1.000 |
|
Preparation and formulation
of project specifications |
2 |
6.000 |
|
100 Solar water purification
installations for clinics and schools |
3 |
47.500 |
|
900 Solar water purification
installations (inc.15.000 Wp panels) |
4 |
128.500 |
|
315 PV lighting units for
study purposes |
4 |
255.000 |
|
PV television for study |
4 |
pro-memorium |
|
PV lighting for schools |
4 |
50.000 |
|
PV lighting for clinics
outside the project area |
4 |
pro-memorium |
|
PV lighting for clinics
inside the project area |
4 |
30.000 |
|
PV refrigeration for clinics
@ US$ 5000/clinic |
4 |
30.000 |
|
Water testing equipment |
4 |
5.000 |
|
Transport costs US$ to |
3 |
30.000 |
|
Transport costs internal to
Mponua |
3 |
22.500 |
|
Administration and
supervision at Mponua |
3/4 |
36.000 |
|
Fee Project coordinator @US$
50000/year |
1/5 |
100.000 |
|
General project consulting
Manning @US$ 50000/year |
1/5 |
100.000 |
|
Fund for PV lighting solar
home systems |
4 |
180.000 |
|
Sanitation facilities with
exception of some additives will be manufactured and installed within the
local LETS systems |
|
15.000 |
|
OW radio station |
4 |
25.000 |
|
Fund for radio station |
4 |
52.000 |
|
Reserves 18.825% of total |
5 |
753.000 |
|
General total |
5 |
4.000.000 |
SHORT ANALYSIS
|
Outgo (Capital) |
Phase |
Estimate (US$) |
|
Total first phase |
1 |
0 |
|
Total second phase |
2 |
589.500 |
|
Total phase 3 |
3 |
1.669.000 |
|
Total phase 4 |
4 |
788.5.500 |
|
Fees project coordinator |
1/5 |
100.000 |
|
Total supervision Manning |
1/5 |
100.000 |
|
General total all phases |
|
3.247.000 |
|
Reserves 18.825 |
5 |
753.000 |
|
Total 1+2+3+4+5 |
|
4.000.000 |
ON-GOING COSTS
|
On-going costs |
US$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Coordinator for
administration |
15.000 |
|
|
Maintenance operators |
5.000 |
|
|
Tank commissions (315*5 |
18.900 |
|
|
Spare parts |
15.000 |
|
|
Reserve for theft |
15.000 |
|
|
Unforeseen |
7.500 |
|
|
Total recurrent costs |
76.400 |
|
INCOME
|
Income |
US$ |
|
|
|
|
Annual contribution for use
of water (13.000 households @ US$ 3 p.m.) |
468.000 |
|
On-gong costs per year |
76.400 |
|
Net annual income for loan
repayment |
391.600 |
Comments
1. The above net income is
sufficient to finance and repay an interest free loan for US$ 4.000.000 over a
period of 10 years, taking the various reserves into account.
2. Interest-free loan for Gypsum composites each factory US$ 50.000, for
repayment over a period of 3-5 years is included in the above figures.
3. At the end of the ten years' period, on repayment of loan, large capital
reserves will be built up for use in Micro-credits and, subsequently, for the
extension and renewal of the capital goods.
4. Payments for water facilities for schools and clinics are included in the
users' monthly contributions.
5. Payments and financing for eventual PV lighting and refrigeration facilities
in clinics within the project area are covered in the users' contributions. Those for clinics and schools outside the project area partly
serving users within the project area to be discussed.
6. Payments for PV lighting installations for study purposes will be financed
by each tank commission area separately.
7. Savings on the purchasing of bio-mass for cooking and the costs of drinking
water will at least partly offset the costs of the project.
GRAPHS FORMING AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE PROJECT DOCUMENT
GRAPH
SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS .
CASH FLOW DIAGRAM.
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY
QUARTER - budget items 01-30.
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY
QUARTER - budget items 31-58.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIRST
QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SECOND
QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FOURTH
QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIFTH
QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SIXTH
QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SEVENTH
QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE EIGHTH
QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE NINTH
QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE TENTH
QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE ELEVENTH QUARTER.
DETAILED EXPENDITURE TWELFTH QUARTER.
RECYCLING OF FUNDS FOR MICRO-LOANS
GRAPH
SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS .
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
The
funds recycled are approximately 16.000.000
a)
Repayments of the interest-free seed loan itself. These are shown as horizontal
lines at the bottom of the micro-loans graph. They are constant. During
quarters 42-45 the amounts left for repayment UNDER THE PROJECT are reduced to
zero. However users continue to make monthly contributions on their own account,
so the recycling of funds will in practice continue. The capital fund will
build up again as shown in the micro-loans graph. It will drop again when
replacements of the original capital goods are made or the system services
extended. It will then build up for a third time to cover further collective
capital investments and so on for so long as the users continue making their
monthly contributions.
b)
Certain capital sums (e.g. repayments for the gypsum composites factories) and reserves.
c)
Repayments under the micro-loans. These are seen as diagonal lines in the
micro-loans graph. Towards the end of the project period, payback times are
shortened to ensure capital re-enters in time for repayment of the original
seed loan.
SCHEDULE 1
THE PROJECT IN DETAIL
1. Justification of the project
A clean healthy environment is
unthinkable without adequate hygiene education, good sanitation and clean
drinking water. Improving the health and quality of life of those living in
poor communities depends on improving their basic community infrastructure.
Better technology now allows users living far away from their traditional water
sources to have clean drinking water, sanitation, hygiene education, and
on-going local development at low cost.
Yet
much of the world's population is still without safe sanitation and drinking
water. Local economies have long since been "drained" of the formal
money needed to exchange goods and services in the present market economy.
In
the Mponua project area in the district of Atwima in
School
hygiene education lessons focus on cleanliness, environment and sanitation and
the relationship between diseases and sanitation, but specific on-going hygiene
courses for children are not held in the primary schools. The project aims at
incorporating the work already done within formal on-going hygiene education
courses in the schools.
There
are practically no sanitation structures at all. Most people use public
latrines, which, in the larger centres are sometimes pit-ventilated.
People
urinate in bathrooms or "in the bushes".
Many
users use collect water from open wells which are unprotected against the entry
of returning surface water, insects animals and other
contaminants. In most villages water is fetched from rivers and streams. Women
and children often have to carry water over several kilometres from
contaminated sources to their houses. Water quality is considered poor. Few
steps are taken to purify water. Water is kept in iron containers. Very little
use is made of rainwater harvesting techniques.
Open
surface water, insufficiently protected latrines, and poor water quality
spreads diseases such as malaria, schistosomiasis, guinea worm, onchocerciasis,
yaws and buruli ulcer.
The
cost of the fighting often deadly water-related diseases takes up a large slice
of the family incomes. Much time is wasted fetching dirty water which is then
usually drunk with all its pathogens without treatment and without being
boiled.
A
goal of the project is to support immunisation programmes in the project area
by helping to reduce water-borne disease so medical and financial resources can
be re-directed to other health objectives like vaccination programmes and
preventive medicines.
In
practical terms, this means giving the people throughout the Mponua area a
clean drinking water supply for household use.
The
project includes Gypsum composites production units whose first job
will be to make water storage tanks and well linings for the project. Following
that, they will also make tanks, san-plats and dry toilet pots for sanitation
facilities. Toilets and waste disposal units will be built for each family in
the project area as they may wish to install them,
and, where necessary in local schools and clinics. In principle, formal
currency investment will not be needed for this work as most of it can be done
using the local LETS currency systems to be set up as part of the project. Once
the needs of the project have been met, the Gypsum composites units can start making other
products, and "export" to other projects in the region and beyond.
From
the beginning Community Health Clubs will be set up to support on-going hygiene
education to optimise the benefit from the new water and sanitation services.
The clubs will also be the main forum for identifying community needs and
planning project implementation. Hygiene education courses will also be
implemented in the schools in the project area.
A
system to collect and recycle organic compost, urine, grey water and
non-organic solid waste will be set up where necessary. The local currency
(LETS) systems will be used for this work.
Students
wishing to study in the evenings must usually do so with the limited and
pollution given by kerosene lamps. Many schools also have evening classes for
up to four hours a day. PV lighting for study purposes will therefore be
provided where a collective study room is already available or built at tank
commission level using the local LETS currencies. The project also includes
solar powered refrigeration units for clinics which are not grid connected.
Users
(especially women) may obtain interest-free micro-credit loans if they need PV
lighting systems to increase their productivity in the evening. Families later
able to pay for their own PV Home Systems will do so individually under a
micro-credit scheme operated by the Mponua Cooperative Development Bank (to be
instituted) or under self-terminating interest-free credit groups at tank
commission level.
Cooking
is done in the project area by women and it takes at least 30-120 minutes per
meal. A support for the pot is erected, and firewood is placed under the pot
and the fire is lighted. This is an extremely inefficient use of energy. The
average use of biomass, nearly always wood, is 4kg per family per day. This
amounts to 9000-10000 tons of firewood per year in the project area, with the
consequential pollution of the living areas and villages environments and a
cost to the local community of US$ 500.000 per year. Upper
respiratory infections is the second most common health problem in the
project area. Smoky, polluted, living environments will be eliminated by the
use of energy efficient stoves made by the locale The Gypsum composites
production units.
The
stoves will be made for pot sizes commonly used in the community. Each family
may buy as many stoves as it needs. The stoves will burn most kinds of fuel
though the preferred fuel will be mini-briquettes hand pressed by individual
homeowners or made by local tradesmen. Some crops will be sustainably grown for
use as fuel. They will then be mixed with straw, twigs, leaves, dung and other
available materials without reducing the amount of fertilisers normally used
for agriculture.
Solar
cookers will also be made under the LETS systems from Gypsum composites where daytime cooking is not in
conflict with local customs
There
are no systems available for waste collection in the project area. Organic
waste other than urine and faeces is mostly household or food waste, which
amounts to about 2kg per family per day of 5000 tons per year. At best, this is
dumped at a site which becomes smelly and attracts vermin. There are no
arrangements at all for non-organic waste products.
Under
the project most organic waste, including urine and faeces, will be treated at
household and local level and transformed into high value-added products for
recycling for food production. A network of recycling centres will be set up
for to receive non-organic waste materials for recycling. The centres will also
provide a rubbish collection service where required. Collection of
environmentally harmful rubbish will be paid for by the users. The collectors
may pay for useful materials under the local LETS systems. The idea is to keep
as much residual and recyclable value as possible within the local economy. The
local systems can also earn some formal currency by exporting waste for
industrial recycling that cannot be recycled locally. Waste from clinics will
be addressed separately.
Standard
sanitation and waste removal services, where required, will also be supplied
for schools and clinics in the project area. Specialised waste removal from
clinics will be discussed separately.
2. Cooperation of the local people
The users themselves are
responsible for the creation of the project structures and their
the execution, running and maintenance. They pay for and own the
structures.
The
users will create the structures during a series of organisational workshops
following the method developed by the Brazilian sociologist Clodomir Santos de
Morais. A bibliography of the work of de Morais is set out in Schedule 2. The
project will try to put at the disposal of the often very large groups involved
in the workshops, but ONLY ON REQUEST, the consultants, materials and equipment
necessary for the services and structures in question. The groups organise
themselves (often which great difficulty), set up their administrative
structures, procure the necessary authorisations and permits, proceed with the
construction of factories, and to the production and sale of their products and
services as they consider fit.
Key
to the formation of the structures foreseen in the project is the order in which
the workshops are held. It is not possible to hold workshops to set up the tank
commissions (the key project structures) for instance until a suitable platform
has been created to enable women to organise themselves, express themselves at
meetings and actively participate in the project structures. This is done
during the organisation workshop setting up the health clubs. It is not
possible to set up structures for the manufacture of articles for sanitation
purposes if the local money LETS systems making their production, distribution,
sale and installation under local money LETS systems without the need for
formal money until the LETS systems have been established.
The
order of sequence indicated in section 4.2 of the main project document is the
following:
2.01
Health clubs
2.02 Social structures
2.03 LETS systems
2.04 Micro-credit systems
2.05 Gypsum composites units
2.06 Recycling systems
2.07 Bio-mass production
2.08 Radio station
2.09 Drinking water
2.10 Lighting etc
The
workshops represent a general mobilisation of the population, with an active
participation of at least 4000-5000 people out of total of 50.000, representing
about 15% of the active population.
2.1 HEALTH CLUBS AND HYGIENE EDUCATION
The Health clubs have two
tasks:
The
first is hygiene education itself tending to the improvement of health
standards pending the installation of the drinking water and sanitation
structures foreseen under the project. In this work, the health clubs will
support on-going initiatives of community health workers of the Ministry of
Health and that of the local Water and Sanitation Committees.
The
second is the formation of a socially acceptable platform enabling the
population, and in particular women, to work together, which is basic to the success
of the project. The health clubs constitute a forum for women, helping them to
identify the requirements of the community and to fully participate in the
planning and execution of successive phases.
Hygiene
education should become an integral part of the school curriculum at all levels
in the schools in the project area. The purpose of the courses is to reinforce
the work done by the Health Clubs. The cooperation of trained personnel of the
Ministry of Health is foreseen. This personnel will
participate in the Health Club workshops during which the courses will actually
be prepared and the Health Clubs organised. Teachers from the schools will also
participate in the workshop and in the preparation of the material for the
courses.
Where
necessary, schools will be supplied with appropriate quality clean drinking
water and proper sanitation systems under the project.
In
some cases children from poorer families may not have access to the schooling
system, especially where schooling is mostly funded by parents. This will put
extra responsibility on the Health Clubs which will in such cases be called
upon to cover hygiene education for the children not covered under the
arrangements made with the schools.
2.2 SOCIAL STRUCTURES
All activities will be carried
out by the users themselves. The structures are worked out during the
organisational workshops foreseen. The following is what might expect to result
from the workshops.
The
basic administrative structure foreseen by the project is the Tank Commission.
The
tasks of the Tank Commission are numerous and include, by way of example,:
- Analysis of the local situation (200 people - 30 families)
- Definition of the local issues and problems
- Liaison with the Health Clubs already established
- Liaison with the local currency LETS systems about to be formed
- Organisation of monthly users' meetings
- Identification of the best projects for Micro-credit development loans
- Setting priorities for Micro-credit loans
- Deciding the priorities for siting the wells and washing places, with special
input from women's groups
- Deciding the siting of tanks and water pipeline routes
- Deciding priorities for the siting and installation of sanitation units
- Deciding the pot sizes for stoves and solar cookers
- Liaison with the compost collection and recycling network
- Liaison with the grey water/urine collection and recycling network
- Planning what can be done by the local people themselves at the normal ruling
daily rate of pay and what can be done in the local LETS currency.
- Systematically monitoring project progress and on-going administration with
the users' commissions (comprising mostly women)
- Organising daily maintenance of the tank areas, rules of use
- Managing any local disputes relating to the project
- Collection of the monthly contributions to the Cooperative Development Fund
- Nomination of participants to various organisational workshops
- Proposals for the support of families with difficulty in making their
contributions
Refer
also to:
TANK COMMISSIONS - THE KEY STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS
2.3 LOCAL MONEY LETS STRUCTURES
The local exchange trading
(LETS) systems foreseen will be set up during Moraisian organisational
workshops.
The
following texts, drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project
proposal. They indicate the type of structure which can be expected to come out
of the workshops.
DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF LETS STRUCTURES.
HOW A LETS TRANSACTION WORKS.
Detailed information on LETS systems
In principle, two local LETS currency systems will be set up, according
to clearly definable operating areas.
All
adults within a system should be registered as members, but use of the system
with exceptions for goods and services necessary for the project itself, would
be voluntary. Any member may usually freely choose whether to conduct a given
transaction in the local currency system or within the formal currency system.
The
LETS groups will have some 15000 (Mpasatia) and 25000 (Nyinahin) registered adult
members. Children under the age of 14 will not be registered as they are not,
under the international convention on the rights of children, allowed to work.
They will become registered members of their local LETS systems upon reaching
the age of 14. The members of each group will be coded so that their
tank-commission and well areas can be identified and the cost of more local,
optional, initiatives such as PV lighting for study purposes debited to the
members directly involved rather than to the whole project area. In the same
way, the coding can allow for indentification of members of clubs, cooperatives
and other informal groups as they may be formed.
A
"catalogue" of goods and services is prepared periodically in a form
which can be understood/read by the group members. In
the Mponua area, what is available and who provides it will often be widely
known at local level. However, the range of activities is destined to increase
rapidly. All the local LETS currencies within the project will have the same
reference value, which will be decided with the local population.
The
reference value could be the Cedi, if the Cedi were considered stable
(=inflation free) enough. Or it could be based on the basis of the perceived
average value of an hour's work. Or on the basis of a kilo of
a local staple product. Since the local LETS currencies will have the
same reference value, they can be transferable from one to another. However,
not all goods and services will be transferable between the different systems,
as this could lead to a drain of resources from one system to another. LETS
systems work best when the financial resources remain balanced within each
system. The LETS coordinators and the members will decide which goods and
services are "exportable". Gypsum composites products made in group
A, for instance, could be exportable to group "B". Cloth made in
group "B" may be exportable to group A. Crops and vegetables not
grown in one group could be importable from the others.
Assume
that a Gypsum composites
product is sold by a group A member to a group B member. The
transaction would be in local currency A. The Gypsum composites producer would be credited in
local currency A. The coordinator of group A would advise his counterpart in
group B of the debit for the group B member and separately credit group A with
the same amount in group B currency. The group B coordinator would debit the
group B buyer in local currency B, and, separately, debit group B with the same
amount in group A currency. Goods and services
supplied by group B to group A would be registered the other way round. The
group A and B coordinators then simply eliminate the respective debits and
credits by pairing value units one for one.
The
processes broadly follow traditional balance of payments transactions but the
objective is to maintain a balance in imports and exports. A large debit
balance between one LETS group and another would show resources are being
transferred from one group to another. The coordinators would then have to take
steps to correct the imbalance. They could, for example, temporarily extend the
range of goods and services the debtor group can export to the creditor group,
such as by arranging a special market.
It is
a key to the success of the system that the imports and exports of each group
remain balanced, their sum tending to zero.
There
will be an elected local LETS coordinator in each tank commission area. The
LETS coordinator will need to be literate and will be responsible to the
general LETS systems coordinator. The local coordinators will help those
members unable to write/sign their cheques (or deal with other methods of
payment), arrange distribution of chequebooks (or other payment forms)to the
LETS users, collect the used cheques (or equivalent) deposited in the LETS POST
box near the local water tank and take them to the general LETS systems
coordinator for registration. The local coordinators will also display the
monthly or weekly reports on the LETS NOTICE BOARD near or above the LETS POST
box, advise illiterate members of their LETS balances, call a fortnightly or
monthly meeting where the users can discuss the operation of their LETS system,
make special requests (such as, for example, increasing the debt limit for sick
members or for those making special purchases), and discuss ways to use the
goods and services of those with high debts so as to help balance their trading
accounts. The local coordinators will also discuss with the members selected
proposals for allowing export and import of goods and services into the local
LETS system and report back to the general LETS coordinator.
The
first general LETS systems coordinator will be chosen by the Project
Coordinator. He and the locally elected LETS coordinators will make up the LETS
COMMISSION. The LETS COMMISSION will meet at least once a month to discuss
particular problems and to decide on actions needed to balance the
export/import accounts amongst the various local LETS currencies.
The
fortnightly/monthly reports for members in each tank commission area will be
published on the local LETS NOTICE board and discussed at a general meeting of
the local members. The report will show, for each member, the previous balance,
the current balance, the total number of plus transactions and minus
transactions conducted, and list each plus and minus transaction since the
previous report.
The
cheque (or other transaction form used)will have two
parts. Each part will have the member's name and LETS number pre-printed on it.
The SELLER'S cheque is used in each transaction. The BUYERS name and system
code are filled in on the cheque, with the assistance of the local coordinator
where necessary, as well as a description (with LETS code) of the goods or
services sold. Finally the cheque is signed by BOTH parties and deposited in
the LETS post box. The amount credited to the seller must be exactly the same
as that debited to the buyer.
Payments
for LETS services provided by members to their communities will be debited to a
special LETS code for the community. When the community debt reaches one LETS
currency unit (or other agreed amount) for each member, each member will be
debited with that amount. The community LETS code will then be credited by the
same total amount. This system allows collective communal property to be
involved in the LETS transactions. For example, the sale of wood from communal
land can be registered as a credit to the LETS group involved, and then
transferred from there to individual group members.
2.4 MICRO-CREDIT STRUCTURES
The following drawings and
graphs form an integral part of this project proposal. They give an idea of
what the results of the Moraisian organisational workshops setting the
structures up might produce.
DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
CHART ILLUSTRATING MICRO-LOANS
SCHEME
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
The
micro-credit system will be set up by the Moraisian organisation workshop
conducted for the purpose.
The
proposed micro-credit system will be different from those formed up till now.
The loan capital repayments and longer term reserves within the project itself
will be used to finance the micro-credit system. This is possible because the
money is already available for multiple re-cycling, interest-free. When, at the
close of the ten years' loan repayment period, the original project capital is
repaid, the users will continue their monthly contributions to build up capital
for system extensions and to replace the system hardware after 20-30 years.
This money, which will build up to a considerable sum, also becomes available
for interest-free micro-credits within the project area until it is needed.
Final
repayments of blocks of micro-credits will be coordinated so that money for
long term capital investment purposes (system replacement and extensions) will
be available when it is needed. This way, money for the micro-credits granted
is generated by the users themselves within the framework of the project and
those micro-credits belong to the users. They are interest-free to ensure they
continue to re-circulate within the local economy.
The
Mponua Cooperative Development Bank will charge a set fee in local LETS currency
for each transaction to cover its costs and make a socially acceptable profit.
Its fee will be set before the system starts working. The fee is expressed in
the local LETS currencies to stop leakage of formal money from the local
economy. In any case associated such as collection of payments and distribution
of information will all be paid for in the local LETS currencies.
The
Mponua Cooperative Development Bank would thus become a regular member of the
local LETS systems. It could, for instance, use the LETS credits it derives
from its banking services to buy local products and services and distribute
them outside the system in exchange for formal currency.
The
purpose of the planned interest-free Micro-Credit system is to ensure that
individuals or cooperatives wanting to expand their production who have no
access to formal currency to pay for their capital investment can get
interest-free micro-credit loans to boost the local economy. The Micro-credit
system is therefore applied only to micro-project investment which needs to be
made outside the local currency exchange (LETS) systems.
The
pay-back time for the interest free loans will vary from case to case. Some
investments will generate more goods and services that can be sold outside the
local LETS currency area than others. The formal currency so earned can then be
used to repay the loans. The sale of some production in the formal economy will
be a condition of the granting of the Micro-Credit loan. The speed at which the
formal loan currency can be recovered will determine the payback period, which
could therefore be anything between a few months and a few years. The loan
repayments must be realistically possible. The system is cooperative and
interest free and designed to enhance the general welfare within the
beneficiary communities. As with the Grameen bank systems, any person or
cooperative group wanting a Micro-Loan will be expected to produce four friends
who agree to be jointly and severally liable for the periodic loan repayments,
and to make sure they are made on time. Since the Micro-credits are essentially
self-financed by the communities through their communal funds, the funding
priorities must be left to the communities themselves. This is especially so
where potential conflicts of interest arise because there is not enough funding
immediately available to meet all requests for assistance. Meetings to discuss
members' proposals and further developments with on-going projects will become
a feature of the social life of the communities. Since it is
expected that many of the beneficiaries under the scheme will be women and
women's groups, women will need to have full representation during such
meetings. One of the basic goals of the formation of the Community
Health Clubs foreseen is to use them as a launching pad to create women's
groups. These groups will give women the chance to discuss their needs, develop
their priorities, and make submissions during the Micro-Credit meetings. The
Health Clubs should also be able to ensure that women participate en bloc at
the Micro-Credit meetings.
Rules
for the organisation of the Micro-Credit meetings will be set up during the
workshop with the full participation of the beneficiary communities. These
rules must lay down the general principles behind the system. These would, for
example, include:
1)
All loans are to enable the beneficiary to extend his/her income by producing
more goods and services
2) The goods and services must benefit the general interests of the community
and encourage exchanges under the local LETS systems.
3) Some of the goods and services must be saleable outside the LETS systems to
earn formal currency to repay the micro-loan.
4) The Micro-Credit loan must promote the rapid circulation of formal money
within the beneficiary communities. For example, using formal currency to build
a clinic or hospital would not qualify for micro-credits because the capital
invested cannot be re-circulated. On the other hand, buying equipment for
testing water quality (foreseen in the project) would qualify, as the formal
currency cost can be recovered by charging in formal currency for water
analyses conducted for users outside the project area.
5) Special priority will be given in the first instance to micro-loans to start
the collection and transport of compost, urine, and grey water, and establish
the recycling centres that will collect, store, and export non-organic waste
products from the project area.
2.5 THE GYPSUM COMPOSITES FACTORIES
The organisation workshops
foreseen will decide where the Gypsum composites production units will be
constructed.
Consideration
should be given to the distance of the sites from the gypsum or anhydrite
deposits which will feed them. These site will be
included on the maps in Schedule 3.
The
costs of locating gypsums/anhydrite deposits are covered as a separate item in
the budget.
For
more information on the Gypsum composites technology as such refer to Schedule
6.
GYPSUM COMPOSITES.
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES
PRODUCTS.
2.6 RECYCLING STRUCTURES
The system for the collection
of recycling of waste waters, urine, excreta, other organic solids, non-organic
solids will be set up during Moraisian organisation workshops held for the
purpose. The following is an indication of the type of structure which would be
expected to emerge during the workshops.
The
operations will take place under the local money LETS systems. A separate
interest-free credit fund is provided in the budget for purchase of equipment
which is not available locally and/or which has to be paid for in formal
currency.
In
principle, the equipment used should not require the consumption of imported
energy (electricity, diesel, petrol etc) which causes an on-going financial leakage
from the project area. Transport distances should be kept as short as possible.
The
following drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.
DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM
COMPOSITES
The sanitation and rubbish collection package includes the following
elements:
- 1)
Dry composting toilet tanks made from Gypsum composites
- 2) Toilet tanks for urine made from Gypsum composites
- 3) Grey water tanks made from Gypsum composites
- 4) Locally made compost bins for organic waste other than urine, faeces and
grey water.
- 5) A system to collect and where necessary store the compost from 1) and 4),
urine from 2) and grey water (from 3) of users who have no land or garden on
which to recycle their own waste.
- 6) A system to collect and recycle non-organic solid waste
through recycling centres.
The main principles behind the system are:
- (a)
Recycling should always be done at the lowest possible level, starting with the
individual user.
- (b) Recycling at a second level should also be done as late as possible
during the composting cycle to reduce the volume of material handled.
- (b) The whole system should be operated within the local (LETS) currencies.
- (b) Capital investment for recycling equipment, transport and storage under
5) and 6) will be a priority for Micro-credit loans.
- (e) "Dirty" work will be better paid than "clean" work in
the LETS systems, because the rate of pay will reflect the willingness of
workers to do the work. Those doing unpleasant work will have an above-average
income within the LETS systems so that there should be no difficulty finding
people to do the work.
- (f) Waste should, as far as possible, be recycled within the project area so
communities are self-sufficient and there is no leakage of formal money from
the system. In particular, materials like metals, paper, plastics
can often be treated at local level for use in local industries creating jobs
and local value added during both treatment and production. The principle also
promotes the export of re-cycled products for formal currency which will be
used to repay the interest free micro-credits loans.
- (g) Lucrative job possibilities are created within the system.
- (h) Export and sale of selected non-organic solid waste
through the recycling centres for formal currency so micro-credits for
re-cycling operation can be repaid.
- (i) Selected non-organic solid waste products will treated locally and
recycled as raw material for local artisan industries.
- (j) Interest free micro-loans for compost collectors under 5) above may need
to be for a longer term than other micro-credits as most of the compost will be
recycled within the local currency system. Some of the compost collection
charges may have to be in formal currency or the equipment may need to be used
part-time outside the LETS systems to help earn formal currency to repay the
micro-credit loans.
- (k) Recycling of special industrial and medical wastes to be addressed
separately.
Taking the above-mentioned 6 elements in turn:
1) DRY COMPOSTING TOILET TANKS
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET
TANK MADE FROM Gypsum composites
Two
Gypsum composites tanks will be needed to collect and compost faeces.
The
first properly aerated composting toilet tank is used until it is more or less
full. It is then sealed and allowed to compost for 9-12 months while the second
toilet tank is being used. The compost in the first tank reduces to about one
wheelbarrow full of soil per adult person per year, and after the 9-12 months
composting period it can be safely and profitably used as soil conditioner.
Were an improved evaporation system to be used, the faeces in the single tank
used would be evaporated by relatively warm air circulation in the system. This
process forms dry coagulated lumps that look like dry dogs' food. These
residues are light and greatly reduced in volume. They can be emptied at any
time over 2-3 year periods and used as soil conditioner. Users who do not want
to dispose of the resultant soil conditioner themselves will hire local
operators to do the work under the local LETS currency systems.
Only
one toilet seat/sanplat is required for double dry-tank installations. It is
simply re-installed over the empty tank when the tanks are changed.
The
second tank in the two-tank system can be bought at a later phase of the
project because it will not be needed for at least a year. This helps spread
purchases within the LETS systems over a wider time span.
The
small quantities of water in containers used by toilet users for toilet
cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the dry toilet tanks.
2. URINE TANKS
The urine tanks will have to
be emptied regularly unless evaporation systems are used. Wet systems are
preferred because they create more value added in terms of increased garden
production. Urine, with a little lime sawdust or equivalent added regularly,
can be used systematically for watering plants as long as it is diluted with 10
parts of water or grey water to one part of urine, substantially increasing the
productivity of the garden.
The
small quantities of water in containers used by urinal users for urinal
cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the urine tanks.
Users
unable to re-cycle the urine from their tanks and who do not use evaporation
systems will have to arrange for the urine tanks to be emptied periodically
under the local LETS systems for re-cycling within the project area.
3. GREY WATER TANKS
These Gypsum composites tanks
will usually be near the users houses to collect waste water from normal
household use. Ten parts of grey water mixed with one part of urine can also be
recycled for use on gardens. It can also be recycled as it is for use on
gardens.
Where appropriate, simple filter systems will be used to eliminate
grease, oils, and similar from the grey water. The filtered out solids will
be stored in the compost bin.
Users
unable to re-cycle the grey water from their tanks will need to arrange for the
tanks to be emptied periodically under the local LETS currency systems for
re-cycling within the project area.
4. COMPOST BINS FOR ORGANIC HOUSE WASTE OTHER THAN FAECES, URINE, AND
GREY WATER
Other organic household waste
is mostly made up from kitchen refuse that has to be outside the users' houses
without giving rise to unpleasant smells or attracting insects. It can usually
be mixed with soil and composted in an appropriate locally made bin or tank.
The compost can then be disposed of in the garden if there is one, or it can
collected periodically under the LETS systems and re-cycled elsewhere in the
project area.
Animals
such as chickens and goats are capable of productively recycling normal kitchen
refuse.
5. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND STORING COMPOST
The need for collection and
the amount of composting prior to collection will depend on the living space
available to users. It will therefore vary from project to project and from
zone to zone.
The
workers who collect, store, and re-cycle the compost will get priority
micro-credits to buy the equipment they need. They will be well paid within the
local currency systems to do the work which is likely to be considered less
attractive than other jobs.
6. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND DISPOSAL OF NON-ORGANIC SOLID WASTE THROUGH
RECYCLING CENTRES
. Recycling centres will be
established on a zone basis. Users will be required to take their non-organic
solid waste to their zone centre. They can also asks
the recycling centre to collect their waste and pay for the service in local
(LETS) currency.
The
recycling centres will sort the waste and store it until there is enough to
sell commercially. Some centres may specialise by buying some kinds of waste
collected by other centres so as to increase the commercial volume for export.
They may also treat the waste they specialise in and prepare it for use by
local industry, keeping the added value within the local system.
Re-cycling
centre owners will get priority for micro-credit loans to buy the equipment
they need to collect, store, and treat the waste.
Useful
references for composting systems and integrated recycling are:
Winblad Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency), Sotckholm, 1998. ISBN 91 586 76 12 0.
Del Porto D and Steinfeld C, "The composting toilet system book",
CEPP (Centre for Ecological Pollution Prevention), Massachusetts, 1999 ISBN
0-9666783-0-3
Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food
security", UNDP-SIDA, Mexico 2000, ISBN 91-586-8935-4
Foo Jacky, "Integrated bio-systems: a global perspective", InFoRM
(National Workshop on Integrated Food Production and Resource Management,
Brisbane, 2000.
2.7 ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES, LOCALLY SUSTAINABLE BIO-MASS PRODUCTION,
AND SOLAR COOKERS
DRAWING OF Gypsum composites STOVE.
Cooking
is the most energy-intensive activity in most developing countries. Nearly all
the fuel used for the comes from bio-mass, usually
wood. Population growth and migration of people from the countryside to densely
populated slums on the fringes of large cities have serious consequences,
including health dangers, air-pollution, de-forestation and poverty.
For
example, wood often has to be brought considerable distances, by trucks using
imported fuel. It then has to be distributed. This wood is expensive and the
money to buy it tends to leave the local economy creating a downward poverty
spiral. Fuel costs are often the biggest budget item of families in the
developing countries.
Local
production of highly efficient stoves under local LETS systems can eliminate or
at least substantially reduce the need to import wood into the project area.
Under the project proposals wood will not be needed at all. The benefits of
just this single project item are dramatic, including:
-
halting the depletion of forests
- helping to stop erosion
-reducing the CO2 emissions
- reducing smog formation in cities
- releasing users from an unsustainable financial burden
- using (some of) the financial saving to finance this whole development
project
The
proposed highly efficient Gypsum composites stoves will reduce the bio-mass
needed for cooking by up to 60%. The stoves will run with any kind of fuel.
Importantly, the reduced bio mass needed to fuel them can be 100% locally
produced, creating jobs to grow it, to make mini-briquettes for cooking and to
distribute the briquettes. The production of bio-mass for cooking must not
affect the production of local fertiliser for agriculture.
Gypsum
composites stoves
have been preferred to solar cookers (though these can always be offered as an
option) because the use of solar energy for cooking does not always coincide
with users' eating habits. The stoves also allow people to retain their
customary cooking methods and preferred pot and pan sizes, and are better
adapted to preparing traditional staple foods. They incorporate heat level
control, and will allow circulation of smoke so that the heat in the smoke is
utilised.
The
stoves will be locally sized to suit the two or three most commonly used pots
and pans. Each family will buy as many stoves as it needs and can afford using
the local LETS currencies.
BIO-MASS FOR THE ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES
The stoves burn any sort of
fuel. The project provides for locally manufactured mini-briquettes to be used.
The recipes for the mini-briquettes are expected to vary from one local LETS system
to another depending on the materials actually available and local cooking
customs. The burning speed will be controlled by adding water and/or vegetable
oils and/or animal fats and/or dung and/or salt. Several kinds of
mini-briquettes might be available to suit the different cooking jobs.
The
mini-briquettes will be made from local waste materials like straw, leaves,
sticks, paper, and dung. Suitable fast-growing crops will also be planted to
produce enough local bio-mass to make the mini-briquettes needed in the project
area. Using the LETS currency systems, the growers will either sell the crops
directly to mini-briquette manufacturers or to tradesmen equipped to treat the
bio-mass to make it suitable to use in briquettes.
SOLAR COOKER PRODUCTION
Where their use is not in
conflict with local eating habits, solar cookers will be built under the LETS
systems for daytime cooking.
The
solar cooker recipients will be made from Gypsum composites .
2.8 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY STRUCTURES
The structures necessary for
clean and sufficient drinking water supply are the ones calling for the
heaviest input in terms of formal capital. The structures will be set up during
the course of a Moraisain organisational workshop which will follow the
formation of most of the other structures foreseen. The following indications
will be subject to modifications, some of them substantial. They will, however,
give an idea of the dimensions of the project.
2.8.1 Siting of the boreholes/wells
The following drawings and graphs
form an integral part of this project proposal.
DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.
Refer
to map xxx, in Schedule 3) (file pending)
2.8.2 Basic project specifications
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.01
(Beposo)
Inhabitants : 140 family groups, 727 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 18175 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply : There is
already a borehole.
There
are also:
0
Primary schools
0 Intermediate schools
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
00 Convents and parish
Purpose:
Adaptation existing water supply?
From
one well or borehole in or around Ahwirewa, pump a total of 25m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about
250 users (+/- 50 families).
Triple unit reserve hand-pump system next to the well.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports placed in three locations in Beposo
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.02
(Kwame Dwaa) Inhabitants : 50 family groups, 257
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 25000 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply : None. People
get water from river
There
are also:
1
Primary school with:
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--The school is not supplied water
--The school is not connected to the electricity network?
0
Intermediate schools(xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
From
one well/borehole in Kwame Dwaa, pump a total of 10m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users (+/- 50 families).
School : one tank dedicated to the school.
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The
system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x 75Wp
panels) and supports with
Twon solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports, one near users' houses, one in the school premises
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.03
(Bedabour) Inhabitants : 165 family groups, 817
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 20425 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply . None. There is an open well. Otherwise people get their
water from a stream.
There
are also:
1
Primary school
--How many children?
--The school is not supplied with water?
--The school is not connected to the electricity network
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children?
--The school is not supplied with water?
--The school is not connected to the electricity network
0
Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
Supply drinking water to the people, to the schools.
From
one well in Bedabour, pump a total of 30m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Three pumps each dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users (+/- 5
families).
Schools : one tank for each school.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports, of which three in various parts of Bedabour, and
one in each of the school grounds
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.04
(Manasaso) Inhabitants : 150 family groups, 747
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 18645 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply . None. Water comes from an open well.
There
is also:
1
Primary school
--How many children?
--The school is not supplied with water.
--The school is not connected to the electricity network
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
Supply 25m3 of water to the population and the school.
The
well to be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Three pumps each dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users (+/- 50
families).
School : one tank for the school.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics, of which three sited in various
parts of Manasaso, and one in the primary school grounds
Four tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.05
(Kukuboso) Inhabitants : not listed - presumed small
(200???)
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 5000 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply . None
There
are also:
0 Primary
schools
0 Secondary schools
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Kukuboso pump a total of 8m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 1 Solar Spring solar pump
The pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 200
users (+/- 50 families).
Each
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 300Wp ( being 4 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
One solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank support
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.06(Mpasatia)
Inhabitants : 900 family groups, 4666 population
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 116650 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply : Some parts of the town are already
served with pipe bornes. There are one or more open wells without pumps.
There
are also:
6 ??Pre- and primary schools with 1500 children
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Are the schools already supplied with water? Give details
--Are the schools connected to the electricity grid?
2 ?? Intermediate schools with ?????
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Are the schools already supplied with water? Give details
--Are the schools connected to the electricity network?
1
Clinic
--Number of beds?
--Number of nurses and doctors
--Daily number of visitors?
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??
??
Private factories
--Number of persons present
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??
??
Tourist attractions
--Number of persons present
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??
1 Market place
--Number of persons present? How often? How long?
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??
??
Convents and parish (xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx)
Purpose:
Supporting the existing water supply by supplying clean drinking water to those
parts of the population who need it. The following is an estimate of
requirements to be adapted as required.
From
three wells in various parts of Mpasatia, pump a total of 150m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Four pumps from each well dedicated to a water tank supplying about 350 users
(+/- 70 families).
Schools : one tank for each school.
Clinic : one tank with TWO DEDICATED PUMPS (at least
10m3 per day)
Convents and parish: they fetch water from the nearest tank.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to each well.
Each
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports (six tanks for the well serving the clinic)
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.07
(Anyinamso no 1 and Anyinamso no. 2) Inhabitants : 550
family groups, 2797 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 69925 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. Anyinamso 2 has a borehole. Further
details are not given.
There
are also:
02??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well, in or around Anyinamso 2 or between Anyinamso 1 and 2 pump a
total of 40m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 9 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about
200 users (+/- 30 families).
Schools : one tank for each school.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2700Wp ( being 36
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Nine solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Nine tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.08
(Kwanfinfi) Inhabitants : 429 family groups, 2145
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 53625 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. Kwanfinfi has at least one borehole and
one well.
There
are also:
02??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
1 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Kwinfanfi pump of 40m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 9 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of five pumps dedicated to a water tank
supplying about 450 users (+/- 86 families).
Schools : one tank for each school. Market
: one tank for the market square
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2700Wp ( being 36
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Nine solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Nine tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.09
(Betinko) Inhabitants : 267 family groups, 1335
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 33375 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. Betinko has at least one well.
There
are also:
01??
Primary school
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Betinko pump of 35m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of five pumps dedicated to a water tank
supplying about 267 users (+/- 53 families).
Schools : one tank for the school. Market
: one tank for the market square
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.10
(Kofihiakrom) Inhabitants : 86 family groups, 429
population.
Water supply required @ 86l per day = 10725 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The people of Kofihiakrom fetch water
from river and steam.
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Kofihiakrom pump of 12m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about
250 users (+/- 43 families).
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.11
(Bontomuruso) Inhabitants : 210 family groups, 1050
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 26250 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. Bontomuruso has at least one well.
There
are also:
02??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Bontomuruso pump of 30m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of three pumps dedicated to a water tank
supplying about 350 users (+/- 70 families).
Schools : one tank for each school.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.12
(Adobwewura) Inhabitants : 295 family groups, 1477
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 36925 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. Adobewura has at least one well with
pump and one well without pump.
There
are also:
02??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Adobewura pump of 40m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of five pumps dedicated to a water tank
supplying about 295 users (+/- 59 families).
Schools : one tank for each school.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2400Wp ( being 32
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.13
(Ntobroso) Inhabitants : 385 family groups, 1924
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 48100 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. Ntoboroso already has a borehole and a
well. Some of the population gets its water from rivers and streams.
There
are also:
02??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
1 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
1 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From two well, in or near Ntobroso pump of 50m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of five pumps dedicated to a water tank
supplying about 385 users (+/- 77 families).
Schools : one tank for each school.
Market : one tank for the market square
Clinic : two tanks with dedicated pumps
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
Each
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.14
(Achiase-Atuntume) Inhabitants : 254 family groups,
1270 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 31750 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population gets its water from river
and streams.
There
are also:
01??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Atuntumo pump of 40m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of five pumps dedicated to a water tank
supplying about 254 users (+/- 51 families).
Schools : one tank for each school.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
Each
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying and schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.15
(Botreampa) Inhabitants : 429 family groups, 2145
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 53625 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population fetches its water from
river and streams.
There
are also:
02??
Primary school
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From two wells in Botreampa pump of 60m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of seven pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 306 users
(+/- 61 families)
Schools : one tank for each school.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
Each
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500 ( being 20 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.16
(Ahwiafutu) Inhabitants : 361 family groups, 1803
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 45075 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. Ahwiatfutu is not on the list supplied.
The information is therefore subject to review. It is through the population
gets its water from river and streams.
There
are also:
02??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1?
Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
1 Market place
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well, in Ahwiafutu pump of 50m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 9 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of five pumps dedicated to a water tank
supplying about 360 users (+/- 72 families).
Schools : one tank for each school.
Market : one tank for the market square
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2700Wp ( being 36
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Nine solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Nine tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1 LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.17
(Gogiokurom) Inhabitants : 97 family groups, 485
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 12125 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. None. The
population gets its water from rivers and streams.
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Gogoikrom pump of 15m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of two pumps dedicated to a water tank
supplying about 240 users (+/- 48 families).
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1 LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.18
(Saakrom) Inhabitants : 183 family groups, 913
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 22825 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. Saakrom is already equipped with a
borehole. Part of the population fetches its water from river and stream.
There
are also:
02??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
00 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
1 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Saakrom pump 25m3 water per day.
The
well to be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of three pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 304 users
(+/- 61 families).
One pump for each of the schools
One pump for the market
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1 LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.19
(Akonkye) Inhabitants : 145 family groups, 724
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 18100 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The people in Akonkye get their water
from a well and a dugout.
There
are also:
01??
Primary school
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Akonkye pump of 25m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of three pumps dedicated to a water tank
supplying about 241 users (+/- 48 families).
Schools : one tank for the school.
Single reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200 ( being 16 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying the school
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1 LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.20
(Kataakyiwa) Inhabitants : 75 family groups, 373
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 9325 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population gets its water from a
well and from river and streams.
There
are also:
01??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Kaatakyiwa pump 12m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 373 users (+/- 75 families).
Schools : one tank for each school.
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying schools
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1 LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.20
(Kotokuom) Inhabitants : 487 family groups, 2436
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 60900 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. Some people already get their water from
a borehole, others from river and streams.
There
are also:
02??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
1 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From two well in Kotokuom pump
Each
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Six solar pumps each dedicated to a water tank supplying about 406 users (+/-
81 families).
Schools : one tank for each school.
Market : one tank
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
Each
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1 LETS AREA: Mpasatia
2.8.2.1.22 (Aburokyire-Kofiabekurom) Information for Kofiabekruom not
available. Inhabitants : 125 family groups, 500
population assumed .
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 12500 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population gets its water from river
and streams.
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well (on the road from Kwanfinfi???) to pump 16m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 216 users (+/- 43 families)
in Aburokyire, one supplying about ??? users in
Kofiabekurom
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system on the roadside.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.01
(Akantansu) Inhabitants : 152 family groups, 761
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 19025 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population gets its water from a
well and from river and streams.
There
are also:
00
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Akantansu pump 25m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 253 users (+/- 50 families).
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.02
(Adiembra) Inhabitants : 361 family groups, 1803
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 45075 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. Some of the population of Adiembra gets
its water from a borehole, others from river and streams.
There
are also:
02??Primary
schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
1 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From two wells in Adiembra pump 50m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of six pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying
about 300 users (+/- 60 families).
Pump for each of the schools
Pump for the market
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
Filtering system for pumps at schools
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.03
(Nyinahin) Inhabitants : 1509 family groups, 7544
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 188600 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population gets its water from a
variety of sources ranging from a well with pump, a borehole, and wells.
There
are also:
10 ?? Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
2??
Junior secondary schools
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
1 Hospitals
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
1 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From four wells in Nyinahin pump 250m3 water per day.
Each
well to be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 17 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 444 users (+/- 89
families).
One pump for each school
Two pumps for the hospital
One pump for the market
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
Each
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2800Wp ( being 32
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.04
(Akorabuokurom) Inhabitants : 137 family groups, 686
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 17150 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population gets its water from river
and streams.
There
are also:
01
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Akorabuokurom to pump 20m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying
about 343 users (+/- 69 families).
One pump for the school
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.05
(Kyereyaase) Inhabitants : 136 family groups, 679
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 16975 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population gets its water from river
and streams.
There
are also:
01
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Kyereyaase pump 25m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying
about 339 users (+/- 68 families).
One pump for each of the schools
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.06
(Kasotie-Kyekyewere) Inhabitants : (Kasotie) 219
family groups, 1016 population. (Kyekyewere pop. unknown - presumed small)
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 31250 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population on Kasotie and Kyekyewere
gets its water from river and streams.
There
are also:
02??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Kasotie pump 35m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 5 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users (+/- 50
families); of which
One pump for each school
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.07
(Wansambire) Inhabitants : 426 family groups, 2128
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 53200 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Wansambire gets its
water from a well and from river and streams.
There
are also:
03
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
1 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From two wells in Wansambire pump 60m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of seven pumps dedicated to a water tank
supplying about 304 users (+/- 61 families).
One pump for each school
One pump for the market
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
Each
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
Purification system for each school
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.08
(Bofaso-Botraso) Inhabitants : Not given. Presumed small. 100 family groups, 500 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 12500 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population gets its water from a
well and from river and streams.
There
are also:
00
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well either in Bofaso or Botraso to pump 15m3 water
per day.
The
well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users (+/- 50 families).
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.09
(Otaakrom) Inhabitants : 378 family groups, 1891
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 47275 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. Some of the population of Otaakrom gets
its water from a well , the rest from river or streams
There
are also:
03??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 1 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
1 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From two wells in Otaakrom pump 60m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of six pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 315 users (+/- 63
families)
Each school gets one pump
Market place : one pump
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.10
(Banniekrom-Takoradi) Inhabitants : 182 family groups,
911 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 22775 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Banniekrom gets its
water from a well , the population of Takoradi get
theirs from a borehole.
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Banniekrom pump 25m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of four pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 228 users (+/- 46
families), of which two in Takoradi and
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.11
(Akotaa) Inhabitants : 184 family groups, 921
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 23025 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. Some of the population of Akotaa gets
its water from a borehole, the rest from river or streams.
There
are also:
01??
Primary school
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Akotaa pump 25m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of three pumps dedicated to a water tank
supplying about 307 users (+/- 61 families),
One pump for the primary school, with purification
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.12
(Nagoole) Inhabitants : 116 family groups, 579
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 14475 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Nagoole gets its water
from river and streams,
There
are also:
01??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Nagoole pump 16m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 289 users (+/- 58
families),
Pump for school, with purification
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.13
(Kensakrom) Inhabitants : 122 family groups, 611
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 15275 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Kensakrom gets its
water from a well.
There
are also:
01??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Kensakrom pump 20m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying
about 305 users (+/- 61 families)
On pump for the school, with purification
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.14
(Kufour camp) Inhabitants : 187 family groups, 943
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 23575 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Kufour Camp gets its
water from a borehole.
There
are also:
01?? Primary
schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
1 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Kufour Camp pump 25m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of three pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 314 users (+/- 63
families)
Schools one pump each with purification
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.15
(Abidiem) Inhabitants : Unknown - presumed small 250.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 6250 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Abidiem presumably
gets its water from river or stream.
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Abidiem pump 5m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 1 Solar Spring solar pump
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 300Wp ( being 4 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
The solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank support
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.15
(Mfantekuro-Kwabenakwa) Inhabitants : Unknown -
presumably small. Estimate 100 families, 500 users
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 12500 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population presumably gets its water
from river or stream.
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Kwabenakwa pump 15m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users (+/- 50
families) of which one in Kwabenakwa and one in Mfantekuro
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.16
(Anansu 2) Inhabitants : 345 family groups, 1726
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 43150 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Anansu 2 gets its
water from river and stream.
There
are also:
02??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
1 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From two wells in Anansu 2 to pump 50m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of six pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 288 users (+/- 57
families)
Schools one pump each with purification
Market one pump
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.18
(Anansu 1) Inhabitants : 86 family groups, 429
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 10725 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Anansu 2 gets its
water from river and streams.
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Anansu 1 pump 12m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 215 users (+/- 43
families)
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.19
(Owuokurom) Inhabitants : Unknown - presumed small 50 families 250 population
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 6250 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Owuokurom is believed
to get its water from river and streams
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Owuokruom to pump 7m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 1 Solar Spring solar pump
The pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users (+/- 50 families)
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 300Wp ( being 4 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
One solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.20
(Gyereso camp) Inhabitants : 186 family groups, 930
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 23250 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Gyereso gets its water
from a borehole and from river and streams.
There
are also:
01??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
1 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Gyereso pump 30m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of three pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 310 users (+/- 63
families)
School one pump each with purification
Clinic : two pumps with purification
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.21
(Tandodumasi) Inhabitants : 426 family groups, 2129
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 53325 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Tandodumasi gets its
water from a borehole and from river and streams.
There
are also:
02??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
1 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
1 Market place
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From two wells in Kufour Camp pump 60m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of six pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 355 users (+/- 71
families)
Schools one pump each with purification
Clinic two pumps with purification
Market : One pump
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
Each
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.22
(Nsuontem) Inhabitants : 77 family groups, 385
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 9625 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of
Nsuontem get their water from a well and from river and streams. Kufour
Camp gets its water from a borehole.
There
are also:
00
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Nsuontem to pump 10m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 192 users (+/- 38
families)
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.23
(Aboferem) Inhabitants : 291 family groups, 1456
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 36400 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Aboferem gets its
water from a well and from river and streams.
There
are also:
02?
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Aboferem pump 40m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of five pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 291 users (+/- 58
families)
Schools one pump each with purification
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.24
(Ahyiresu) Inhabitants : 356 family groups, 1782
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 44550 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Ahyiresu gets its
water from a borehole, a well, and from river and streams.
There
are also:
02??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Ahyiresu pump 45m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 9 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of six pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 297 users (+/- 59
families)
Schools one pump each with purification
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2800Wp ( being 36
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Nine solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Nine tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.25
(Asarekurom) Inhabitants : Population unknown -
presumed small 50 family groups, 250 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 6250 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Asarekurom is thought
to get its water from river and streams.
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Asarekurom pump 7m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 1 Solar Spring solar pumps
The pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users (+/- 50 families)
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 300Wp ( being 4 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
The solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.26
(Oseikurom) Inhabitants : 44 family groups, 220
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 5500 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Oseikurom gets its
water from river and streams.
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Asarekurom pump 6m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 1 Solar Spring solar pumps
The pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 220 users (+/- 44 families)
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 300Wp ( being 4 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
The solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.27
(Debra Camp) Inhabitants : 110 family groups, 552
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 13800 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Debra Camp gets its
water from a borehole and from river and streams.
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Debra Camp pump 15m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 275 users (+/- 55 families)
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.28(Sreso
Anyinasa) Inhabitants : 118 family groups, 592
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 14800 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Sreso Anyinasa gets
its water from river and streams.
There
are also:
01??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Sreso Anyinasa pump 18m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 296 users (+/- 59
families)
The school gets one pump with purification
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Three solar pump with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.29
(Jerusalem-Domiabra) Inhabitants : Population Domiabra
unknown - presumed small Presumed : 94 family groups, 470 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 11750 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in
The
well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users (+/- 50
families), of which one in Jerusalem and one in Domiabra
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Two solar pump with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.30
(Ankondmuron-Kusikurom) Inhabitants : Populations
unknown - presumed small Presumed : 100 family groups, 500 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 12500 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of the villages is
thought to gets its water from river and streams.
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in either Ankomdkuron or Kusikorum pump 15m3
water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users (+/- 50 families),
of which one in Amkondkurom and one in Kusikorum
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
Two solar pump with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.31
(Nsuontem north) Inhabitants : Population Nsuontem
unknown - presumed small Presumed : 50 family groups, 250 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 6250 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Nsuontem North is
assumed to get its water from river and streams.
There
are also:
00??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
0 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From one well in Nsuontem North pump 7m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 1 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users (+/- 50
families),
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 300Wp ( being 4 x
75Wp panels) and supports with
The solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Nyinahin
2.8.2.2.32
(Sreso Timpon) Inhabitants : 581 family groups, 2903
population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 72575 litres/day
Available clean drinking water supply. The population of Sreso Timpon gets its
water from river and streams.
There
are also:
03??
Primary schools
--How many children?
--Is the school already supplied with water?
--Is the school connected to the electricity grid?
1 Junior secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network? 0 Senior
secondary school
--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?
0 Hospitals/clinics
0 Private factories
0 Tourist attractions
0 Market places
0 Convents and parish
Purpose:
From two well in Sreso Timpon pump 80000m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 9 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 323 users (+/- 65
families)
Schools get a system each with purification
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-systems.
Each
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24
x 75Wp panels) and supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.3. Summary of water supply
|
Zone |
Place |
Population |
M3/day |
Wells |
Solar Pumps |
Hand Pumps |
|
|
01.01 |
Beposo |
00727 |
0025 |
01 |
003 |
003 |
00900 |
|
01.02 |
Kwame Dwaa |
00257 |
0010 |
01 |
002 |
001 |
00600 |
|
01.03 |
Bedabour |
00817 |
0030 |
01 |
005 |
003 |
01500 |
|
01.04 |
Manasaso |
00747 |
0025 |
01 |
004 |
003 |
01200 |
|
01.05 |
Kukuboso |
00200 |
0008 |
01 |
001 |
001 |
00300 |
|
01.06 |
Mpasatia |
04666 |
0150 |
03 |
018 |
009 |
06200 |
|
01.07 |
Anyinana 1 and 2 |
02797 |
0040 |
01 |
009 |
003 |
02700 |
|
01.08 |
Kwanfinfi |
02145 |
0040 |
01 |
009 |
003 |
02700 |
|
01.09 |
Betinko |
01335 |
0035 |
01 |
006 |
003 |
01800 |
|
01.10 |
Kofihiakrom |
00429 |
0012 |
01 |
002 |
001 |
00600 |
|
01.11 |
Bontomuruso |
01050 |
0030 |
01 |
005 |
003 |
01500 |
|
01.12 |
Adobewura |
014771 |
0040 |
01 |
008 |
003 |
02400 |
|
01.13 |
Ntobroso |
01924 |
0050 |
02 |
010 |
002 |
03000 |
|
01.14 |
Achiase Atuntuma |
01270 |
0040 |
01 |
007 |
003 |
02100 |
|
01.15 |
Botreampa |
02145 |
0060 |
02 |
010 |
006 |
03000 |
|
01.16 |
Ahwiafutu |
01803 |
0050 |
01 |
009 |
003 |
02700 |
|
01.17 |
Gogoikurom |
00485 |
0015 |
01 |
002 |
001 |
00600 |
|
01.18 |
Saakrom |
00913 |
0025 |
01 |
006 |
003 |
01800 |
|
01.19 |
Akonakye |
00724 |
0025 |
01 |
004 |
001 |
01200 |
|
01.20 |
Kataakyiwa |
00373 |
0006 |
01 |
003 |
001 |
00900 |
|
01.21 |
Kotokuom |
02436 |
0070 |
02 |
010 |
006 |
03000 |
|
01.22 |
Aburokyire-Kofi |
00500 |
0016 |
01 |
002 |
001 |
0600 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
01.00 |
|
29220 |
0808 |
27 |
135 |
063 |
41300 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
02.01 |
Akantansu |
00761 |
0025 |
01 |
003 |
003 |
00900 |
|
02.02 |
Adiembra |
01803 |
0050 |
02 |
010 |
006 |
03000 |
|
02.03 |
Nyinahin |
07544 |
0250 |
04 |
032 |
012 |
11200 |
|
02.04 |
Akorabuokkurom |
00686 |
0020 |
01 |
003 |
003 |
00900 |
|
02.05 |
Kyereyaase |
01200 |
0025 |
01 |
004 |
003 |
01200 |
|
02.06 |
Kasotie-Kyekye |
01016 |
0035 |
01 |
007 |
003 |
02100 |
|
02.07 |
Wansambire |
02128 |
0060 |
02 |
012 |
006 |
03600 |
|
02.08 |
Bofaso-Botroso |
00500 |
0015 |
01 |
002 |
001 |
00600 |
|
02.09 |
Otaakrom |
01891 |
0060 |
02 |
012 |
006 |
03600 |
|
02.10 |
Banniekrom-Tako |
00911 |
0025 |
01 |
004 |
003 |
01200 |
|
02.11 |
Akotaa |
00921 |
0025 |
01 |
004 |
003 |
01200 |
|
02.12 |
Nagoole |
00579 |
0016 |
01 |
003 |
001 |
00900 |
|
02.13 |
Kensakrom |
00611 |
0020 |
01 |
004 |
003 |
00900 |
|
02.14 |
Kufour Camp |
00943 |
0025 |
01 |
005 |
003 |
01500 |
|
02.15 |
Abidiem |
00250 |
0005 |
01 |
001 |
001 |
00300 |
|
02.16 |
Mfantekuro-Kwab |
00500 |
0015 |
01 |
002 |
001 |
00600 |
|
02.17 |
Anansu 2 |
01726 |
0050 |
02 |
010 |
006 |
03000 |
|
02.18 |
Anansu 1 |
00429 |
0012 |
01 |
002 |
001 |
00600 |
|
02.19 |
Owuokurom 2 |
00250 |
0007 |
01 |
001 |
001 |
00300 |
|
02.20 |
Geyereso |
00930 |
0030 |
01 |
006 |
003 |
01800 |
|
02.21 |
Tanodumasi |
02129 |
0060 |
02 |
012 |
006 |
03600 |
|
02.22 |
Nsuontem |
00385 |
0010 |
01 |
002 |
001 |
00600 |
|
02.23 |
Aboferem |
01456 |
0040 |
01 |
007 |
003 |
02100 |
|
02.24 |
Ahyiresu |
01782 |
0045 |
01 |
009 |
003 |
02800 |
|
02.25 |
Asarekurom |
00250 |
0007 |
01 |
001 |
001 |
00300 |
|
02.26 |
Oseikurom |
00220 |
0006 |
01 |
001 |
001 |
00300 |
|
02.27 |
Debra Camp |
00552 |
0015 |
01 |
002 |
001 |
00600 |
|
02.28 |
Sreso Anyinasa |
00592 |
0018 |
01 |
003 |
001 |
00900 |
|
02.29 |
Jerusalem-Dom |
00470 |
0012 |
01 |
002 |
001 |
00600 |
|
02.30 |
Andkomkuron-Kus |
00500 |
0012 |
01 |
002 |
001 |
00600 |
|
02.31 |
Nsuontem North |
00250 |
0007 |
01 |
001 |
001 |
00300 |
|
02.32 |
Sreso Timpon |
02903 |
0080 |
02 |
012 |
006 |
03600 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
02.00 |
|
36547 |
1037 |
41 |
180 |
041 |
55700 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
65767 |
1845 |
68 |
315 |
158 |
97000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inhabitants : 65767
Wells : 68
Litres/day : 1.845.000
Solar pumps : 315
Hand pumps : 158
Installed photovoltaic power: 97 KW
Water tanks with capacity 15m3 315
About 1500km water pipes.
2.8.4 Principles for siting water supply structures
The possibility of using some
existing wells in the villages will be studied during phase 2. New wells will
have to be dug and lined, or boreholes drilled and lined where necessary. The
wells should be sited as close as possible to the users. The water then has to
be pumped through pipelines from the wells to above-ground tanks situated near
the users' houses, so that no-one need go more than 150m from home to fetch
water.
The
solar pumps are capable of carrying water under pressure over several kilometres.
Multiple small high-efficiency pumps in place of larger (but much less
efficient) ones are proposed to guarantee a safe constant water supply. If one
pump needs maintenance, or if one water pipeline is accidentally damaged, the
other pumps continue working.
Taking
the Atwima Mponua project area into account, water should be found at a maximum
depth of +/-
Water
quality must be checked and water sourced from deeper aquifers if necessary.
2.8.5 Well linings
The wells will normally be 2m
outside diameter and 1.8m internal diameter.
Should
it be necessary to drill boreholes, their per person
costs may be higher than the figures shown for the wells in the indicative
budget. Extra funds will be taken from reserves.
The
wells must be well protected against soil instability, using linings locally
made in a Gypsum composites factory. Gypsum composites production units are an integral
part of the project. The wells must be sealed so that surface water cannot flow
back down the well. Hand-pumps and platforms must be built so that the users'
feet remain dry and never come in contact with water. Access to the
hand-pumps/wells must always be dry. For instance, shingle or similar materials
can be used so that users' feet always remain dry.
Refer
to Schedule 2 for an extended description of the works.
The
layout of a typical well installation is shown in:
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
2.8.6 Equipment at water points near the users' houses
The solar pumps pump water
from the wells to the various water points (tanks) near to the users' houses.
The chosen pumps can easily transport the water for several kilometres from the
wells to the water tanks through polyethylene pipelines.
The
above-ground tanks will each have a capacity large enough for three days' water
for the community to which they are dedicated. Back-up hand-pump systems will
also be available at the well sites in case of need.
The
water in the tanks at schools and clinics will be purified using ultraviolet
solar purification units. Water purification can be extended to other community
supply tanks at a later stage of the project. The water tanks will be fitted
with double stainless steel ball valve sets. The ground surface at the water
points will laid with shingle and kept dry so that the
users' feet always remain dry. A sink-pit with stones and shingle will be used
to drain any spill water. The tanks will be made locally from Gypsum composites
2.8.7 Budget items relating to the water supply structures
The final budget figure for
the drinking water supply structures will be prepared during the organisational
workshop.
The
indicative budget includes the following items, expressed in US$. Together they
generally represent about 46% of the project's formal currency capital goods
investments.
|
Description |
Amount in US$ |
|
Organisation workshop |
25.000 |
|
Setting up the basic
structures |
32.000 |
|
Vehicles and materials |
150.000 |
|
Work for boreholes/wells
(LETS) |
pro-memorium |
|
Washing places (LETS) |
pro-memorium |
|
Hand-pump platforms (LETS) |
pro-memorium |
|
Solar pumps (315) |
357.000 |
|
Panel supports (315)(LETS) |
50.000 |
|
PV panels (97kwp) |
560.000 |
|
Hand-pumps (158) partly from
Gypsum composites |
68.000 |
|
Cable and pipes for
pumps/wells |
65.000 |
|
Feed pipe to water tanks
(km150) |
100.000 |
|
Labour to lay feed pipes
(LETS) |
pro-memorium |
|
Water tanks 315 (mostly
LETS) |
50.000 |
|
Tank bases 315 (mostly LETS) |
25.000 |
|
Preparation maintenance
operators |
15.000 |
|
Initial stock of spare parts |
20.000 |
|
Permits and formalities |
1.000 |
|
Preparation of
specifications |
6.000 |
|
|
|
|
Total (about 38% of project
cost) |
1.524.000 |
Funds
eventually not used will be added to project reserves and circulated in the
form of interest-free micro-credits to increase local productivity. For
example, certain materials and equipment may be locally available.
The
workshop may take the following aspects into consideration:
2.8.7.1
Establishing base camp and stores
$ 32.000
2.8.7.2
Forming the supervisory team for wells and drilling
Personnel : team made up of 6 people
-Team leader brigade
-2 x drivers/mechanics
-3 x part-time workers
2.8.7.3
Assemble well work groups
Personnel : 4 teams each with 7 men:
-Group leader
-Lining worker
-5 labourers
2.8.7.4
Materials to be written off over the period of the interest-free loan
2.8.7.4.1.01
Truck 7 ton
4.1.02 (Toyota???) double cabin 4x4
4.1.03 Drilling equipment
4.1.04 generator
4.1.05 welding group
4.1.06 Compressor
4.1.07 air pressure pumps
4.1.08 hydraulic hammers
4.1.09 heads for hammers
4.1.10 lengths 20m pipe dia.25mm
4.1.11 lengths 20m pipe diam.19mm
4.1.12 Vibration head diam.
4.1.13 Motor for 4.12
4.1.14 winches
4.1.15 Containers
4.1.16 Forms
4.1.17 Tools
4.1.18 Cutting group
4.1.19 Form for platforms
Reserve
7.4.1 vehicles and equipment US$ 150.000
2.8.7.4.2
Cost materials
4.2.1
Gypsum composites/anhydrite
4.2.2 Steel (????)
4.2.3 Sand and shingle
4.2.4 Wood and various
Reserve
materials 7.4.2 US$ 60.000
2.8.7.5
WELL CONSTRUCTION (15 MONTHS)
2.8.7.5.1
Works
-Forages 8" internal diameter
-Hand dug wells indicatively diam.ext. 2m diam.int.1.8m.
-Linings
-Well platform 0.5m high as per drawings
2.8.7.5.2
Personnel and fuel
5.2.01 Head of brigade
5.2.02 4 x group leaders
5.2.03 4 x lining workers
5.2.04 20x labourers
5.2.05 2 x drivers/mechanics
5.2.06 3xpart-time labourers
5.2.07 Diesel for truck 100km/day
5.2.08 Diesel for compressor
5.2.09 Petrol for (Toyota???) 150km/day
5.2.10 Fuel for drilling equipment
5.2.11 Unforeseen
Forecast
group 7.5 US$ 26.000
2.8.7.6
BUILDING OF ABOUT 67 PLATFORMS FOR HAND-PUMPS
6.1
The platforms can be sited next to the wells since the chosen hand-pumps work
with bends in the feed pipe (See drawing in Schedule 5)
6.2
Material necessary :
-2.25m3 Gypsum composites
-Piece of polyethylene other pipe for drainage to sink pit.
-Stones for sink pit.
-Access to the hand-pumps and the platform areas shall be laid out with shingle
paths so that the users' feet do not get wet.
6.3
Both the platforms themselves and the labour will fall under the local money
LETS systems
2.8.7.7
BUILDING OF ABOUT 67 WASHING PLACES
7.1
The washing places will be placed near the wells. No decision has been taken as
to whether the water for the washing places is to come from the hand-pumps or
whether solar pumps with tanks be installed for the purpose. The washing places
must meet hygiene criteria with:
7.2
Hygienic drainage of water to a sink pit or to gardens
7.3 Surfaces hygienic and easy to keep clean
7.4 No contact between users' feet and water on the ground or water on or
around the washing place.
The
washing places will be built and installed under the local money LETS systems
2.8.7.8
AREAS AROUND THE WELLS
8.1
The area around the wells must be well protected against unauthorised access by
persons and access by animals.
8.2
The wells themselves must be completely sealed off against insects and anything
that could cause contamination of the water.
8.3 Access to the PV panels should not be permitted. Fences and/or other
protection must be used. In connection with the risk of theft, the panels
should always be under the supervision of members of the well commissions.
8.4 Individual PV panels will be fitted with a "chip" enabling
recovery in case of theft. The glass of the panels will be engraved in the
centre with the name of the project to further discourage theft.
2.8.7.9
LAYING OF PIPELINES TO THE TANK INSTALLATIONS
9.1
From each well, about 6-9 hygienic pipelines will be laid to the tanks situated
near the homes of the users. In some cases these pipelines may be several kilometres
long. The various separate pipelines will run through a common shallow trench
for as far as possible, and then branch off each pipeline in a separate shallow
trench over the last few hundred meters to its dedicated tank installation. A
few extra lengths of pipeline can be laid in the common sections of trench for
use should installations later be changed or in case of damage to a pipeline in
use. Obstacles such as roads and rivers are to be avoided. In case of risk that
a trench be crossed by vehicles, appropriate protection for the pipelines shall
be used.
9.2
The trenches can be dug by the users themselves against payment of the normal
standard daily rate for such work.
9.3
Costs
9.3.1 Pipelines
9.3.2 Double rapid couplings
9.3.3 Protection materials
Total
costs 7.9 of pipelines US$ 100.000
2.8.7.10
INSTALLATION OF TANKS(ABOUT 315 x
Cheaper
and better alternatives to concrete tanks will be used. These will be spherical
tanks made from (hygienic) Gypsum composites , made
locally in a factory to be set up within the project itself. The tanks will be
placed on solid supports. Each tank will be fitted with two sets of stainless
steel two ball valves. The combination of spherical tanks and supports will
offer resistance to all foreseeable weather conditions.
10.1
Costs of tanks
10.1 315 x
10.2 315 x tank supports reserve US$ 25.000
10.3 730 x 1" stainless steel ball valves US$ 15.000
10.4 A few drainage pipes
10.5 Shingle for sink pits and paths
Total
costs 7.10 tank installations US$ 75.000
2.8.7.11
INSTALLATION OF SOLAR- AND HAND-PUMPS
11.1
Costs
|
2.8.7.11.01 |
About 158 hand-pumps to be
built partially under LETS systems |
68.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.02 |
About 4000m polyethylene 1
1/4" 16 bar feed-pipe for hand-pumps |
14.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.03 |
About 13000m safety rope for
pumps |
4.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.04 |
Double rapid couplings |
1.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.05 |
Electric cable |
36.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.06 |
Reserve accessories |
10.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.07 |
Stock of spare parts for
hand pumps |
8.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.08 |
About 315 solar pumps |
357.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.09 |
About 150000m polyethylene
high pressure pipe diam. 26mm ext/19mm |
100.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.10 |
Spare parts for solar pumps |
12.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.11 |
External transport |
15.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.12 |
Inland transport |
10.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.12 |
Supervision installation |
15.000 |
Total
cost 11.1 Installation solar-and hand pumps US$ 650.000
2.8.7.12
INSTALLATION OF PV PANELS
7.12.1
About 315 panel arrays of 48V 4 x 75Wp in series
12.1.1 About 97000Wp US$ 560.000
12.1.2 Panel supports US$ 50.000
The
following aspects concerning panels supports have to be decided:
-a) can they be made locally?
-b) will each group have its own support?
-c) which type of support?
12.2
External transport panels US$ 15.000
12.3 Local transport panels US$ 12.500
Total
cost 2.8.7.12 Installation of panels US$ 637.500
2.8.7.13
INSTALLATION OF UV WATER PURIFICATION UNITS (SCHOOLS AND CLINICS)
13.1
The water is clean when it reaches the tank installations. The reason for the
tank installations is that the following must be taken into account:
-a) Users need water to be available 24 hours per day.
-b) A water reserve must slowly be built up in case of bad weather (three
days).
-c) The capacity of the tanks must be in line with the capacity of the pumps.
-d) If water is kept in the Atwima Nponua area in a tank for several days,
however well protected against infection it is, steps should be taken to ensure
it stays clean. UV purification systems are therefore foreseen for schools and
clinics within the framework of phase 3 of the project. If sufficient finance
is available, similar protection can be used in the other tank installations in
phase 3, otherwise it can be installed (under an
eventual phase 4) later on.
Reserve
2.8.7.13 during phase 4 (about 100 schools and clinics) US$ 47.500
2.8.7.14
TRAINING OF MAINTENANCE OPERATOR AND ASSISTANT
Training
will be carried out during the Water Supply workshop
2.8.7.15
COMMISSIONING OF WORKS
15.1
Every well group with associated +/- 6-9 tank installations will be handed over
to the well and tanks commissions after payment of the users' contributions for
the first month. The system remains the property of the project until the loans
have been repaid. On completion of loan repayment:
- property in the wells, hand-pumps, washing areas, and PV enclosures passes to
the well commissions.
- property in the dedicated PV arrays, PV pumps,
pipelines and tank installations pass to the tank commissions.
2.8.7.16
HEALTH ASPECTS CONCERNING USE OF WATER
The
organisational workshops will establish a network for the systematic control of
water quality. The following are some possible indications:
16.1
Organising systematic water sampling to keep a close check on water quality in
the wells and in the tank installations.
16.2 Hygiene education. Cooperation through the established Health Clubs with
locally operating health workers and the Regional Department of Health to
spread information and training of the users in the correct use of clean
household utensils, washing of hands before eating.
16.3 Equipment for water testing will be supplied to one of the local clinics
and paid for by the users on condition that water testing within the project
area be carried out free of charge.
16.4 Organisation of regular water sampling
16.5 Water testing programme
16.6 Hygiene education courses in schools
16.7 Rules concerning special industrial and medical waste products
2.9 PV LIGHTING, TELEVISION AND REFRIGERATION
2.9.1 INSTALLATION OF 315 PV LIGHTING SYSTEMS FOR STUDY
The project provides for PV
powered lighting for study purposes in each of the 200 or so tank localities
included in the project. Few of the areas will have a suitable study room so
suitable rooms will have to be built to qualify for the PV lighting. Study
rooms will be built under the LETS local currency system,
and each of the LETS members in that tank area would be debited for his/her
share of the building cost. As an incentive to build study rooms, the costs of
the PV lighting have been included in the general project costs. Over time, all
200 tank area groups may see fit to provide study areas for their students. The
tank commissions will be responsible for PV lighting in their area. Some may
wish to install a PV powered television set for educational use as well.
However, there are practical problems in managing TV sets, and these will need
further discussion when the project is being finalised.
PV
lighting and/or PV refrigeration facilities for clinics within the project area
would also be the responsibility of the tank commissions where the clinics are
located. The situation concerning schools or clinics outside the project area
serving in part users living within the project area presents practical
problems which will need to be discussed case by case when the project is
finalised.
PV
lighting or power sources needed for production will be financed on a case by
case basis using micro-credit loans.
Financing
PV lighting or power sources for (home) systems not used for production can be
negotiated between individual users and the Local Bank when those users have
enough income to meet the extra cost. The terms of the hire-purchase loan and
lease agreements for Solar Home Systems will be agreed with the local bank
before the project starts. Terry Manning will supply the SHS systems.
2.9.1
Cost of equipment
2.9.2 Cost of installation (will be done under the LETS systems)
Total
cost US$ 255.000
The
project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water
pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and
maintenance in the clinics under the local money LETS system.
2.9.2
INSTALLATION OF PV LIGHTING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS IN CLINICS
Six
clinics and health centres have been included within the project area, each
having one refrigerator for vaccines.
A
budget of US$ 5.000 has been allowed for lighting and another US$ 5.000 for
refrigeration in each clinic.
Total
budget 4.2 PV lighting and refrigeration in clinics: US$ 60.000
Cases
where clinics outside the project area serve users inside the project area are
mentioned pro-memorium and will need to be discussed on a case by case basis.
The
project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water
pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and
maintenance in the clinics under the local money LETS system.
2.9.3
INSTALLATION OF PV LIGHTING IN SCHOOLS
This
has been indicated pro-memorium. Whether PV lighting is needed in schools in
addition to the PV lighting already included at tank commission level for study
is unclear, but the possibility of beginning evening adult education classes
should not be overlooked.
2.9.4
INSTALLATION OF SOLAR UV WATER PURIFICATION IN EACH TANK
Up to
317 tanks could be involved. In case of contamination of water in a tank,
especially where this occurs systematically, supplementary steps will be needed
to ensure the purification of the water. Various technologies are currently
under development, from filtration systems susceptible to local manufacture to
more complex and relatively expensive systems operating with ultra-violet rays
which have to be imported into the project area.
In
cases of contamination, means must be found to keep the water safe. A reserve
for US$ 128.500 has been set aside in the budget. The purpose of the project is
to await the results of technological developments as long as possible before
acting. How this money will be spent will also depend on the outcome of the
tests conducted with the installations in schools and clinics. In the meantime
the funds will be made available for interest-free micro loans.
2.9.5
INSTALLATION OF PV TELEVISION SETS FOR STUDY
This
is listed pro-memorium for further discussion as there are some practical
problems with the use of TV sets.
In
principle the tank commission can approve the installation of a PV operated TV
system (FOR STUDY PURPOSES) provided:
a) A study room has been built and correctly protected against weather, dust,
and theft
b) Sufficient didactic material is available in the local language to justify
the installation of a TV set.
c) Warranty is given that the TV set not be "confiscated" for
purposes of "comfort" for group vision of commercial TV programmes.
The
funds necessary for the installation in good faith of TV equipment will be
transferred from the project reserves.
The
project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water
pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and
maintenance in the clinics under the local money LETS system.
2.10 REAFFORESTATION AND WATER HARVESTING
2.10.1 REAFFORESTATION AND EROSION PROBLEMS
These
will be analysed project by project. Measures needed to combat erosion in the
project area are expected to be taken within the local currency (LETS)systems. They can take the form of protection of forests by
way of reduction of wood requirements for cooking purposes. They can also take
the form of concerted management and repopulation of existing forests within
the framework of a separate organisational workshop.
In
most projects, nurseries for the cultivation of plants will be set up under the
interest-free micro-credits systems within the local money systems. Some of the
plants grown, especially those of local origin, could be made available for
anti-erosion campaigns which can be conducted entirely under the local money
systems.
2.10.2 NOTES ON RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS
This project does not cover
the many possibilities offered by efficient rain-water harvesting. Instead, it
assumes rainwater harvesting systems will be developed in each project as a
natural extension of economic activity in the area.
Rain-water
is harvested both for irrigation and for drinking water. Some form of
purification system is needed when it is used for drinking water as the water
may come into contact with dirty surfaces and may need to be stored for quite
long periods. Purification needs systematic technology application and careful
management. The effects can be disastrous if these things are overlooked. That
is why clean water from closed wells and boreholes has been preferred to
harvested rain-water in this project.
The
solar powered drinking water systems foreseen in this model project offer a
limited capacity suitable for human consumption, small animals and small scale
drip irrigation applied to high value cash crops. The project does not include
water for irrigation and general agriculture for which the use of solar energy,
taking into account the cost of PV panels and/or wind generators into account,
is still relatively uneconomic.
Rain-water
harvesting offers the possibility of providing a water supply suitable for
agriculture. The use of Gypsum composites water tanks and reservoirs made
under the (LETS) systems means that users do not actually need to have any
"money" to start and gradually expand their own rain-water harvesting
systems. The tanks can be gravity fed off roofs and/or slopes and/or road
surfaces. This water would also be used for personal hygiene such as showers,
and for the washing of clothes.
Sloping of surfaces
Surfaces such roofs, roads,
squares need to be gently sloped so that water can run along gutters or other
channelling material to one or more water collection points. The channelling
materials used should be locally made (from Gypsum composites or from clay) to
avoid financial leakage from the project area. In any case PVC must not be
used. The collection surface(s) should be kept as clean as possible.
Contamination of the surface by animals and waste products should where
possible be avoided. Green or "living" roofs are ideal for rainwater
harvesting. The number of water collection points will depend on the surface
being drained and the maximum intensity of the rainfall. Purely indicatively
one collection point should serve about 40m2 or 300 sq. feet.
Filtering
The harvested water is
intended for general household use and not for drinking. Should it be required
for drinking purposes it must be boiled. Chlorination and other types of water
treatment should be avoided except where the water in the rainwater tank is the
only source of water available and it is known to be, or there is a reasonable
risk that it be, bacterially infected. Even then treatment should only be
carried out by a specialist.
The
harvested water should however be filtered to keep organic materials, solids
and particles in suspension out. This can be done is two phases:
a) At the collection point, with a fine metal grate
together, eventually, with a suitable sponge-like material at the top of the
down-water pipe.
b) Above the water tank, where the water can pass through a Gypsum composites
or other container (but not PVC!) filled with (locally available) shingle,
sand, and charcoal.
The
size of the filters will depend from case to case according to the maximum
amount of flow reasonably foreseeable.
Down-water pipes
Their size will depend on the
maximum amount of flow reasonable foreseeable, but will typically have an
internal diameter from 3" to 6". Their length will depend on where
the water tank is situated. They should be as short as possible. Where they are
exposed to the sun's rays, the pipes must be resistant to them. Where possible
the pipes should be made from locally available materials and supplied within
the local LETS money systems. Do NOT use PVC material.
Water tanks
Where possible, the water
tanks should be sealed and placed just under the roof, from where they can be
gravity fed through pipes to outlet points in or around the house. Recipients
can also be placed on a stand between roof level and floor level, so that
gravity feeding is still possible. Where neither of these is feasible, ground
level recipients can be used. This usually involves the use of lids, ladles,
buckets and similar which may not be hygienic and the risk of infection and
access by animals and insects is increased. Ground level tanks also occupy
extra space.
The
water tanks will normally be spherical in shape and made locally under the LETS
systems from Gypsum composites. Where they are esthetical in appearance and
design, their position is irrelevant.
2.11 THE PROJECT AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES
It is not the purpose of this
Model that the various project applications substitute the state's obligations
for the supply of proper scholastic structures in the project areas, except for
safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, and, eventually PV lighting for
evening classes.
Formal
currency investments in school structures are not susceptible to the rapid
interest-free re-cycling at the basis of self-financing development projects.
Where,
however, local school systems are mostly to the charge of the parents and there
is an acute lack of:
a)
Building infrastructure
b) School furniture
c) Didactic material
d) Teachers
it may in some cases be possible to improve circumstances under the
project by taking advantage of the possibilities offered by:
a)
The local tank commissions
b) The local money LETS systems
c) The local Gypsum composites factories
In
practice any goods and services which are locally available can be paid for
under the local money systems. These goods and services can include:
a)
Gypsum composites elements, including load bearing structures, for school
buildings
b) Gypsum composites school furniture
c) Services of teachers willing to work under the local money systems with
salaries paid in the local LETS points
d) Reproduction of didactic material through PV television systems and/or
through documentary reproduction by local consultants set up under the
micro-credit systems.
Groups
of parents and or groups of tank commissions can take initiatives under the
local money systems and distribute their costs (expressed in LETS points)
amongst the groups directly involved. In this sense the groups involved can be
registered under the LETS systems in the same way as clubs or other social
groupings.
LIST OF SUPPORTING SCHEDULES
Schedule 1: The project in detail (see above).
Schedule 2: Information on Clodomir Santos
a) BIBLIOGRAPHY
Schedule 3: Project maps (file pending)
Schedule 4: Solar submersible horizontal axis
piston pumps
Schedule 5: Spring rebound inertia hand pumps.
Schedule 6: Gypsum composites technology
a) GENERAL NOTES ON GYPSUM COMPOSITES.
b) PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS
Schedule 7: Health Clubs courses
Schedule 8: Information on LETS local
money systems
Schedule 9: A list of 25 progressive
steps for development
Schedule 10: Material for presentations
using transparents or Powerpoint
LINKS
MATERIAL FOR PRESENTATIONS USING TRANSPARENTS OR
POWERPOINT
The Role of
Micro-credit in integrated self-financing development projects
Water supply issues in
self-financing integrated development projects for poverty alleviation
PV AND BIOMASS
ASPECTS AND THEIR FINANCING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors express their
thanks to the following persons have made very useful suggestions incorporated
in this model project: In alphabetical order:
Mr L.F.Manning,
Mr Taake Manning,
Mr Eric Meuleman, of EOS Advises,
Mrs Juliet Waterkeyn, of
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Some draft projects in English and French.