NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM
Edition
03: 24 May, 2010.
Edition
04 : 22 December, 2013.
01. E-course : Diploma in
Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)
SECTION A : DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS.
Study value :
04 points out of 18.
Indicative
study time: 112 hours out of 504.
Study points
are awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development
Problems has been passed.
First block : Poverty and quality of life.
Study value :
02 points out of 18.
Indicative
study time: 57 hours out of 504.
Study points
are awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development
Problems has been passed.
First block : Poverty and quality of life. [57 hours]
First Block : Section 1. Analysis
of the causes of poverty. [26.50 hours]
First Block : Section 2. Services needed for a good quality of
life. [26.50 hours]
First Block : Exam. [ 4 hours each attempt]
First Block : Section 2. Services needed for a good quality of
life. [26.50 hours]
Part 1 :
Introduction to the services needed for a good quality of life. [06.50 hours]
01. The bases of a good
quality of life.
05. Typical drawing of a
well/borehole area.
09. Complete system for waste
recycling.
Part 1 :
Introduction to the services needed for a good quality of life. [06.50 hours]
04. Drinking water.
(At least 30 minutes)
Look at slide :
Lack of water and quality of water.
According to the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
«Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least
We are talking here
of domestic consumption. Human water needs vary according to climatic
conditions between
By way of comparison,
water consumption in
What kind of water?
In some industrialised
countries ALL the water distributed to homes is drinking water. This means that
water used to flush toilets and for use in bathrooms, and even water used for
gardens, is drinking water. Apart from water wastage in itself, this means that
most of the DRINKING water distributed is wasted. Fortunately, double systems
are now being introduced where drinking water is separated from water for
general use.
1.Sanitation
Traditional water toilets
(WC) in industrialised countries use
However, according to Gleick P., «Basic Water Requirements for
Human Activities: Meeting Basic Needs.» Water International
21: 83-92 (1996) “while effective disposal of human wastes can be
accomplished with little or no water when necessary, a minimum of
2. Personal hygiene
(washing).
A reasoned average for
personal hygiene (including baths and showers) in industrialised countries
would be about
3. Food preparation (in
the kitchen).
Calculations of the
amount of water needed for the preparation (in the kitchen) of foods in
industrialised countries are frustrated by the development of industrial foods (products
which are washed, pre-packed; products which are pre-cooked etc) which has led
to a revolution in the kitchens of most people in rich countries. For poor
countries, Peter Gleick (see above) arrives at a requirement of
Two qualities of water
can be used for the preparation of foods. Water used for washing foods which
are to be consumed raw must be potable. Drinking water is not needed to wash
foods which are to be (well) cooked. However, to avoid confusion between the
two applications, the use of clean drinking water is recommended for the
washing of all foods, provided enough drinking water is available for the
purpose.
Obviously water necessary for the cultivation of
foods is excluded from the above calculations.
4. Washing dishes.
In poor countries, dish-washing and the washing of
kitchen implements is an important problem which is often forgotten. It is also
overlooked by Gleick.
In industrialised
countries dish-washing machines are often used, with a water consumption of up
to
In poor countries it is
critical from the point of view of hygiene that all containers, kitchen
implements, and dishes be kept very clean. What is the point of supplying clean
drinking water to homes if the containers and the dishes are
contaminated ? Users therefore have the choice : either to boil water
for dish-washing or, assuming enough drinking water is available, use drinking
water. An amount of 5-
5.
Domestic cleaning.
This
is another application which is often forgotten. Especially, where applicable, bathrooms (with
or without toilet), kitchens, windows, floors, door-handles and other objects
small children come into contact with. Drinking water is not needed for this
purpose, but should be used if available where there are small children. About
6.
Washing of clothes.
In
industrialised countries most clothes are washed in washing machines. These machines have become more efficient
over time. Water consumption is to the order of
The
situation in developing countries is confused. Many women go once or twice a
week to an open source of water, for example a river, to wash their clothes.
The water flows ..........at least that is to be hoped.
Supposing the women were to
enjoy dedicated water sources, and that they wash their clothes one a week, and
that they need
Avoid water wastage.
Integrated development projects
cover the recycling of grey water.
Through the composting of faeces and the systematic recycling of urine,
100% (less, of course, any loss through
sweat) of the water drunk is recycled together with water used for anal
cleansing, personal hygiene and toilet use and for the cleaning of toilets,
urinals and bidets.
1. Research.
On one page, make an analysis of the quantities of water (per person)
under points 2-6 above which would be recoverable. How would you recover
them ?
Keep drinking water clean.
In point 4 above, the critical need to keep
recipients and dishes well-cleaned was stressed. Otherwise, what would be the
purpose of getting clean drinking water to homes only to conserve it in
contaminated containers ?
2. Research.
On one page, make notes on how you would solve this problem..
Back-up for the supply of clean drinking water.
Integrated development
projects under the Model provide for three levels of water supply :
- At a water point close to
users’ homes. (Drinking water). Solar water pumping system.
- At wells and boreholes
supplying the drinking water. (Drinking water). Hand pump systems for back-up
service.
- Rainwater harvesting.
(Non-potable). Direct harvesting from the roofs of homes. Possibility of treatment to drinking water level through the
use of locally built systems using Moringa diaphragms and sand filters).
3. Opinion.
On one page, write a paragraph explaining the purpose of the water distribution
system and how the three levels are integrated with each other.
Fair distribution of available drinking water.
The objective of the water
system is to guarantee that ALL INHABITANTS IN EACH PROJECT AREA WITHOUT EXCLUSION
have access to the clean drinking water they need.
The drinking water systems are
designed so that there is enough drinking water for all.
4. Opinion.
On one page, explain how would you stop some community members from taking
more than their fair share of drinking water at the cost of others who
might receive less or nothing at all ?
5. Opinion.
On one page, make notes on how, in case of lack of water due to a defect in the solar pumping system serving
your local water tank, or because of bad weather, or for some other cause,
would you guarantee the equitable distribution of clean drinking water for
all ?.
Elimination of the need to fetch water.
Elimination
of the need to search for water is one of the advantages women and girls would
have where a local source of drinking water is available near their homes.
6. Research.
On one page make a list of other
probable or possible advantages women and girls would have and give a short
description of them. Your list should contain at least 5 items.
Rain water harvesting.
One
of the water resources that projects under the Model would promote, is the
harvesting of rainwater.
7. Research.
On one page describe what rainwater
harvesting is. How is it done ? (Brief notes with two or three sentences
are enough)
Resource:
Thomas T.H. et Martinson D.B.,
Roofwater Harvesting : A handbook for Practioners, International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC),
Technical Paper 49,
8. Research.
On one page describe the hydrological
features of your chosen area. How much rain falls there ? In which
seasons ?
Maintenance of drinking water structures.
The
maintenance of drinking water structures is a basic problem for drinking water
projects in developing countries. One of the most important factors has been
the unreliability of the technologies used, often chosen for political,
ideological, reasons and favouritism
(corruption) . Hand pump technologies have been a good example of this over the
years.
In
the report Financing
Water for All, Winpenny J., World Panel
on Financing Water Infrastructure , presented at the Earth Summit at
“It is also true that some aspects of this sector are
unglamorous, practically invisible in electoral terms. With the mass of people
not serviced politically weak or disempowered, it is tempting to postpone
spending on maintenance and periodic replacements, likewise on investments with
a long gestation period. Nor is water a priority in the use of resources saved
from debt relief. Few Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers give priority to water,
and some omit it completely.” (p. 9)
“There is little political will to raise tariffs, even
to cover O & M [ Organisation and Maintenance] expenses, despite the
possibility of designing tariff structures that cushion the water bills of the
poorest and the use of the social security budget to subsidise deserving cases.
Many utilities are trapped in a vicious spiral of weak finances, under-spending
on essential maintenance, declining service quality and resistance to pay more
for a poor service. This process is particularly evident in public irrigation
agencies, where cost recovery is nearly everywhere very low, partly related to
the depressing effect on prices from farm subsidies in the OECD countries.”
(p.10)
Exclusion of irrigation from the
projects.
The Model for local integrated development projects
avoids recourse to large-scale irrigation projects. Integral recycling of
household water is alone sufficient for the production of most of the food
needed for the survival of the families. Large-scale irrigation using artesian
water can lead to a lowering of the ground water table, as in
Intelligent harvesting of rain-water for local agricultural
production is another thing, on condition that the structures in question are
guaranteed free from all possibility of infestation, cause of some of the
diseases integrated projects are trying to eliminate. Rainwater harvesting is
carried out at individual, cooperative or community level. Its purpose is to
allow a limited extension to growing periods, to benefit the food security of
the populations.
Hot
water.
Hot water is not seen as a priority issue by the Model.
However, voluntary interest-free purchasing cooperatives can be formed to buy
thermal solar home systems to encourage on-going installation of solar
water-heating systems in individual homes. In principle, part of the systems
could be produced locally. This part, together with installation and
maintenance services, would take place within the framework of the local money
systems set up in each project area.
◄ First block :
Poverty and quality of life.
◄ Index : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip.Int.Dev)
