NGO Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM Amsterdam, Netherlands.

 

Edition 02: 24 May, 2010

 

01. E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)

 

Quarter 1.

 

 

SECTION A :  DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS.

 

 

Study value : 04 points out of 18.

Indicative study time: 112 hours out of 504.

 

Study points are awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development Problems has been passed.

 

 

First block : Poverty and quality of life.

 

Study value : 02 points out of 18.

Indicative study time: 57 hours out of 504.

 

Study points are awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development Problems has been passed.

 

 

First block : Poverty and quality of life.  [57 hours]

 

First Block : Section 1. Analysis of the causes of poverty. [26.50 hours]

First Block : Section 2. Services needed for a good quality of life. [26.50 hours]

First Block : Exam. [ 4 hours each attempt]

 

 

First Block :  Section 2. Services needed for a good quality of life. [26.50 hours]

 

Part 1 : Introduction to the services needed for a good quality of life. [06.50 hours]

 

01. The bases of a good quality of life.

02. Physical safety.

03. Shelter.

04. Drinking water.

05. Typical drawing of a well/borehole area.

06. Typical water point.

07. Food security.

08. Health and sanitation.

09. Complete system for waste recycling.

10. Dry composting toilet.

11. Education for all.

12. Work for all.

13. Social security system.

 

 

Part 1 : Introduction to the services needed for a good quality of life. [06.50 hours]

 

06. Typical water point. (At least 30 minutes)

 

The Model for integrated development projects the subject of this course provides for transport of water from the borehole area to decentralised water tanks situated near users’ homes. In principle, high-pressure solar pumping systems exist which are capable of pumping water at deep levels from bore-holes and forcing it, if necessary, over several kilometres to fill water tanks situated close to users’ homes.

 

Look at slide :

 

16. Typical water point. 

 

During your analysis of the minimum amount of water needed, you noted that the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provides a definition of reasonable access to water as being at least 20 litres of water per person per day.

 

The Model for integrated development projects provides for water points serving  +/- 50 families each with 5 members, or 250 persons. There are anthropological  reasons for choosing local groups with +/- 250 members For more information on these aspects refer to Block 3 section 1. Three-tiered anthropological analysis.

 

The capacity of traditional hand-pumps used for the supply of drinking water in developing countries is also tuned to the minimum requirements of communities with 200-250 people. However, the size of the traditional hand-pump is limited to human muscular power and to muscle efficiency. Hand-pump capacity is in principle limited to the amount of water  (the weight) than one person can lift over a certain head (height) , let’s say, 30 meters.

 

For a detailed  discussion of typical human power, refer to the article Thermal Efficiency of Human beings  at the Public Services Projects website.

 

A person with a diet of  2500 (net food) kilocalories per day develops, in principle, a power over 24 hours of 121,5 Watts. Natural body functions absorb an important part of this power, so that the power of a human male left over for continuous work is to the order of 75 Watts, or 0.1 HP. The power developed by women is lower, about 60 Watts. Everyone is able to use more power than that over shorter or longer periods, according to his/her physical preparation and the length of time in question.

 

This is the practical limitation of the application of (single-person) hand-pumps. Most adult humans can use a hand pump for 2-3 minutes to lift 20 litres of water from a depth of  30 meters. They would have physical difficulty pumping  40 litres over 30 meters,, or 20 litres over 50 meters. In some cases, children would not be able to move the handles of traditional hand-pumps at all.

 

A 15m3 tank with 15.000 litres of water offers a reserve capacity of 60 litres for 250 persons, which is a minimum reserve of  20 litres per person over  3 days. Where necessary, in emergency situations, users can fetch water from the bore-hole serving the water tank. A third level of supply is rainwater collected at household level. Harvested rainwater needs to be purified through boiling or through the use of filters using Moringa diaphragms and sand.  In principle, locally produced spherical tanks made in segments from gypsum composites are foreseen.

 

Inlet and outlet feed pipes are placed towards the bottom of the tank to encourage the circulation of water in the tank. A small self-priming pump can be used to prime the outlet pipe. Two tap points are provided for, each equipped with two ball valves, one of which is a reserve valve to simplify maintenance on the external ball and assure continued use during maintenance. While an upper access cover is foreseen, the upper hemisphere of the tank can be removed for pump maintenance. The base support of the tank is simple, and produced locally. Platform drainage water is led through a feed pipe to a nearby vegetable garden. Users’ feet must always be kept dry.

 

1. Opinion.

 

On two pages, criticise the drawing and make suggestions for adapting the system to conditions in your chosen area. If you are technical, make a drawing of your preferred solution.

 

◄ ►

◄  First  block : Poverty and quality of life.

◄ Index : Diploma in Integrated Development  (Dip.Int.Dev)