Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED
Wieringerwerf,
The
Tel:
0031-227-604128
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail:
(nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet
and
"Money is not
the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"
Gesell, Silvio The
Natural Economic Order
Revised English edition,
Peter Owen,
“Poverty is created scarcity”
Wahu Kaara, point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 58th
annual NGO Conference, United Nations,
06.27
: CREATION OF THE RECYCLING STRUCTURES
The system
for the collection of recycling of waste waters, urine, excreta, other organic
solids, non-organic solids will be set up during Moraisian organisation
workshops held for the purpose. This section refers to the planned recycling
network as a whole. For technical details on the recycling of organic waste,
please refer to The following is an indication of the type of structure which
would be expected to emerge during the workshops.
The operations will take place under the local
money LETS systems. A separate interest-free credit fund is provided in the
budget for purchase of equipment which is not available locally and/or which
has to be paid for in formal currency.
In principle, the equipment used should not
require the consumption of imported energy (electricity, diesel, petrol etc)
which causes an on-going financial leakage from the project area. Transport
distances should be kept as short as possible.
The following drawings and graphs form an
integral part of this project proposal.
DRAWING
OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE
FROM GYPSUM COMPOSITE(R)
Detailed technical information on the treatment
of grey water is included in
attachment 34.
The
main principles behind the proposed system are:
- (a) Recycling should always be done at the
lowest possible level, starting with the individual user.
- (b) Recycling at a second level should also be done as late as possible
during the composting cycle to reduce the volume of material handled.
- (b) The whole system should be operated within the local (LETS) currencies.
- (b) Capital investment for recycling equipment, transport and storage under
5) and 6) will be a priority for Micro-credit loans.
- (e) "Dirty" work will be better paid than "clean" work in
the LETS systems, because the rate of pay will reflect the willingness of
workers to do the work. Those doing unpleasant work will have an above-average
income within the LETS systems so that there should be no difficulty finding
people to do the work.
- (f) Waste should, as far as possible, be recycled within the project area so
communities are self-sufficient and there is no leakage of formal money from
the system. In particular, materials like metals, paper, plastics can often be
treated at local level for use in local industries creating jobs and local
value added during both treatment and production. The principle also promotes
the export of re-cycled products for formal currency which will be used to
repay the interest free micro-credits loans.
- (g) Lucrative job possibilities are created within the system.
- (h) Export and sale of selected non-organic solid waste through the recycling
centres for formal currency so micro-credits for re-cycling operation can be
repaid.
- (i) Selected non-organic solid waste products will treated locally and
recycled as raw material for local artisan industries.
- (j) Interest free micro-loans for compost collectors under 5) above may need
to be for a longer term than other micro-credits as most of the compost will be
recycled within the local currency system. Some of the compost collection
charges may have to be in formal currency or the equipment may need to be used
part-time outside the LETS systems to help earn formal currency to repay the
micro-credit loans.
- (k) Recycling of special industrial and medical wastes to be addressed
separately.
- (l) The use of throw-away waste products
without value added, such as product packaging, is discouraged.
- (m) Repairable goods will be repaired at
project level under the local money LETS system set up. Spare parts not locally
available will be charged in formal money at their original imported formal
money price.
The
sanitation and rubbish collection package includes the following elements:
- 1) Dry composting toilet tanks made from
gypsum composite.
- 2) Toilet tanks for urine made from gypsum composites.
- 3) Grey water tanks made from gypsum composites and basic grey water
treatment facilities.
- 4) Locally made compost bins for organic waste other than urine, faeces and
grey water.
- 5) A system to collect and where necessary store the compost from 1) and 4),
urine from 2) and grey water (from 3) of users who have no land or garden on
which to recycle their own waste.
- 6) A system to collect and recycle non-organic solid waste through recycling
centres.
The
above-mentioned 6 elements in now analysed in turn:
1.
DRY COMPOSTING TOILET TANKS
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM
GYPSUM COMPOSITES
Two gypsum composite tanks will be needed to collect
and compost faeces.
The first properly
aerated composting toilet tank is used until it is more or less full. It is
then sealed and allowed to compost for 9-12 months while the second toilet tank
is being used. The compost in the first tank reduces to about one wheelbarrow
full of soil per adult person per year, and after the 9-12 months composting
period it can be safely and profitably used as soil conditioner. Were an
improved evaporation system to be used, the faeces in the single tank used would
be evaporated by relatively warm air circulation in the system. This process
forms dry coagulated lumps that look like dry dogs' food. These residues are
light and greatly reduced in volume. They can be emptied at any time over 2-3
year periods and used as soil conditioner. Users who do not want to dispose of
the resultant soil conditioner themselves will hire local operators to do the
work under the local LETS currency systems.
Only one toilet seat/sanplat is required for
double dry-tank installations. It is simply re-installed over the empty tank
when the tanks are changed.
The second tank in the two-tank system can be
bought at a later phase of the project because it will not be needed for at
least a year. This helps spread purchases within the LETS systems over a wider
time span.
The small quantities of water in containers
used by toilet users for toilet cleaning, for personal hygiene after defecation
and for first cycle washing of fæcally soiled clothing such as babies’ napkins
will be added to the dry toilet tanks.
For technical information refer to in search of drivers for dry sanitation in the list of attachments.
2.
URINE TANKS
The urine tanks will have to be emptied regularly unless evaporation
systems are used. Wet systems are preferred because they create more value
added in terms of increased garden production. Urine, with a little lime
sawdust or equivalent added regularly, can in principle be used systematically for watering plants as
long as it is diluted with 10 parts of water or grey water to one part of
urine, substantially increasing the productivity of the garden.
The small quantities of water in containers
used by urinal users for urinal cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added
to the urine tanks.
Users unable to re-cycle the urine from their
tanks and who do not use evaporation systems will have to arrange for the urine
tanks to be emptied periodically under the local LETS systems for re-cycling
within the project area.
Urine is in principle sterile, but can contain
pathogens where users are ill. While risk of contamination is thought to be
low, users may wish to provide for a
double tank system offering temporary storage of urine for up to six months
when planning their systems. In that case larger storage tanks with a volume of
up to 0.75m3 would need to be used.
For technical information refer to in search of drivers for dry sanitation in the list of attachments.
3.
GREY WATER TANKS
These
Gypsum composite (R) tanks will usually be near the users houses to collect
waste water from normal household use.
Simple
filter systems will be used to eliminate grease, oils, and similar from the
grey water.
Where
it is separated from water with risk of fæcal infection (see point 1 above)
filtered grey water can also be recycled as it is for use on gardens provided
there is no risk of its leaching into ground water.
Ten
parts of grey water mixed with one part of (sterile) urine can also be recycled
for use on gardens.
Detailed technical information on the treatment
of grey water is included in
attachment 34.
Users unable to re-cycle the grey water from
their tanks will need to arrange for the tanks to be emptied periodically under
the local LETS currency systems for re-cycling within the project area.
4.
COMPOST BINS FOR ORGANIC HOUSE WASTE OTHER THAN FAECES, URINE, AND GREY WATER
Other organic household waste is mostly made up from kitchen refuse that
has to be outside the users' houses without giving rise to unpleasant smells or
attracting insects. It can usually be mixed with soil and composted in an
appropriate locally made bin or tank. The compost can then be disposed of in
the garden if there is one, or it can collected periodically under the LETS
systems and re-cycled elsewhere in the project area.
Animals such as chickens and goats are capable
of productively recycling normal kitchen refuse.
5.
SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND STORING COMPOST
The need for collection and the amount of composting prior to collection
will depend on the living space available to users. It will therefore vary from
project to project and from zone to zone.
The workers who
collect, store, and re-cycle the compost will get priority micro-credits to buy
the equipment they need. They will be well paid within the local currency
systems to do the work which is likely to be considered less attractive than
other jobs.
6. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND DISPOSAL OF NON-ORGANIC SOLID WASTE THROUGH
RECYCLING CENTRES
Recycling centres will be established on a zone basis. Users will be
required to take their non-organic solid waste to their zone centre. They can
also asks the recycling centre to collect their waste and pay for the service
in local (LETS) currency.
The recycling centres
will sort the waste and store it until there is enough to sell commercially.
Some centres may specialise by buying some kinds of waste collected by other
centres so as to increase the commercial volume for export. They may also treat
the waste they specialise in and prepare it for use by local industry, keeping
the added value within the local system.
Re-cycling centre
owners will get priority for micro-credit loans to buy the equipment they need
to collect, store, and treat the waste.
Useful references for composting systems and
integrated recycling are:
|
09.34
Grey water management in low- and middle-income countries. |
|
09.40
Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food
security", |
Other recommended sources are:
Del Porto D and Steinfeld C, "The
composting toilet system book", CEPP (Center for Ecological Pollution
Prevention),
Foo Jacky, "Integrated bio-systems: a global perspective", InFoRM
(National Workshop on Integrated Food Production and Resource Management,
Brisbane, 2000.
The work of the
recycling structures will be carried out within the local money LETS systems
already set up. One of the more interesting features of LETS systems is that,
in contrast with what happens in the western monetised economies, work
considered as "dirty" and/or "heavy" is usually better paid
than "clean" and/or "light" work as the rates charged will
normally be related to the perceived value of an hour's work in the foreseeable
normal working situation.
One Moraisian workshop will be held.
Indicative participation:
The Moraisian trainers
A member of the project coordination team
The General Consultant
At least one representative of the ONG Project New Horizons for Kiogoro
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
132 persone (male and female) indicated by the well commissions, interested in
participating
297 persons (male and female)indicated by the
tank commissions, interested in participating.
Duration of the workshop: about six weeks.
The Workshop will be expected to produce the
following structures:
a) Definition of the social form of the
structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including relations with the Micro-credit institution
- relations with the local money LETS systems
b) Analysis of requirements
c) A structure for the recycling centres
- Definition of the land requirements and the physical structures necessary
- formalities and permits
- design of the centres
- construction of the centres
- purchase of the necessary equipment
d) A structure for the collection/deposition of
waste
- urine
- composted excreta
- waste water
- other organic waste
- non organic solids
- special industrial wastes
- medical wastes
- who will do what
- definition of individual zones
- definition of specialisations
e) A commercial structures
- definition of the tariffs applicable to the various types of material
- distribution of urine and composted excreta
- direct recycling of certain materials
- contacts for the exportation of materials not recyclable locally
f) A monitoring structure
- sanitary conditions
- ecological conditions
- safety conditions
g) A communications structure
- vertical, at project level (project coordination team, NGO Cooperative New
Horizons for Kiogoro, centre managers, collection structures, end users)
- horizontal, between centres
- relations with local money LETS systems
- commercial, radio, website
Next file :
06.28
Creation of structures for bio-mass production.
Back to:
06.26 Creation of the gypsum composite production
units.
