STICHTING
BAKENS VERZET
1018
AM AMSTERDAM , THE NETHERLANDS
Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED
Wieringerwerf,
The
Tel:
0031-227-604128.
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail:
(nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet
"Money is not
the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them."
Gesell, Silvio The
Natural Economic Order.
Revised English
edition, Peter Owen,
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-Non commercial-Share Alike 3.0 License
SABOTI
INTEGRATED SELF-FINANCING RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
"NEW
HORIZONS FOR SABOTI"
TRANS
NZOIA DISTRICT, KITALE KENYA
INCORPORATING
LETS AND COMMUNITY BANKING
PREPARED
FOR THE NGO "SIMA COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATION", KITALE, KENYA
BY
JOHNSTONE
SIKULU WANJALA, OF KITALE, KENYA
AND
T.E.MANNING,
CONSULTANT, WIERINGERWERF, THE NETHERLANDS
Edition 05: 22 December 2004
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
LIST OF KEY WORDS
Anhydrite use of,
Banks role of in development, Bio-mass for cooking, Briquettes bio-mass,
Capacitation workshops, Chain control integral, Clodomir Santos de Morais, CO2
emissions reduction of, Communication flows in development projects, Compost
recycling, Composting toilets, Cookers high efficiency, Cooperation role in
development, Development projects structures for, Development sustainable,
Drinking water supply, Economy developing countries, Economy development
projects, Economy foreign aid, Economy industrial development, Economy
interest-free development, Economy Local Exchange Trading (LETS) systems,
Economy nominal local currencies development of, Economy micro credits, Economy
self-financed development, Economy taxation and development, Education hygiene,
Gender role of women, Gypsum cheap, Gypsum composites products, Hand pumps, Health Clubs
development projects, Hygiene education, Industrial development, Information
flow in development projects, Integral chain control, Integrated development
projects, Interest role of, Kenya development Saboti, LETS systems, Loans
interest-free, Local currency systems, Local Exchange Trading (LETS) systems,
Micro-credit systems, Morais Clodomir Santos de, Organizational workshops (OW),
Photovoltaic (PV) home systems, Photovoltaic (PV) lighting, Photovoltaic (PV)
pumps, Photovoltaic (PV) refrigeration, Poverty alleviation, Products
regeneration of, Pumps solar, Pumps hand, Rainwater harvesting, Recycling
compost, Recycling shops, Recycling waste, Regeneration of products, Rural
water supply, Saboti Kenya development, Sanitation developing countries,
Sanitation dry, Self-financing development projets, solar pumps submersible,
Stoves high efficiency, Sustainable development, Tanks Gypsum composites local manufacture, Toilet facilities
Gypsum composites , Toilets dry, Trans Nzoia district Kenya development, Urine
disposal, Washing places, Waste collection systems, Water purification UV,
Water supply projects, Water supply rural, Water tanks Gypsum composites ,
Women role of in development, Workshops Moraisian
INTRODUCTION
Terry Manning is a developer
of technologies and self-financing integrated development concepts for the
world's poor.
He also supports the promotion of the "Gypsum composites "
technology developed by the Dutch technology developer Eos Consult. Gypsum
composites technology enables many
items important to local development projects to be made in low cost
labour-intensive local production units with 100% local value added.
He supports hygiene training programmes based on the formation of
Community Health Clubs. These have been successfully developed and introduced
by the NGO Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D. Hygiene education will also be made available to
schools.
He supports the use of mass capacitation techniques, as introduced by
the Brazilian Clodomir Santos de Morais, through which the users themselves
organise, execute, run, maintain, pay for and own the structures set up under
the project.
The project "New Horizons for Saboti" will be financed using a
10 year interest-free development loan for US$ 4.500.000, local currency or
LETS (Local Exchange Trading) systems and a cooperative interest-free
Micro-credit system modelled on the successful Grameen banks in Bangladesh.
The financial proposals allow funds in both the local LETS currencies
and the formal, or ordinary, currency to be re-circulated - interest free- as
many times as possible within the participating communities. Financial leakage
from the project area is discouraged.
Real savings on present fuel costs for cooking alone go a long way
towards financing the entire project.
Johnstone Sikulu Wanjala is a local development expert who comes from
the project area. He has experience in local development in the Trans Nzoia
district in
A local cooperative bank (the Saboti Cooperative Development Bank)
dedicated to development in the project area will be set up to support the
project by pioneering the introduction of interest-free cooperative
micro-credits for productivity development in the Saboti Division area.
The project is founded on the idea that most people in the Saboti
project area are able and willing to pay for their own hygiene education, water
supply, sanitation, rubbish disposal and bio-mass production structures provided
they have the seed money necessary to get started. The seed money will be
interest-free.
There is ample potential to develop the production of goods and services
at community level in the project area where development is presently
restricted by a chronic lack of formal money. Leakage of financial resources
away from the project area makes the problem worse because it artificially
limits the people's basic right to produce and exchange goods and services.
Curriculum and photo of Johnstone Sikulu
Wanjala
SIMA is a non governmental, non profit making community based
organization based in Trans Nzoia district of Kenya. It was formed in 1993 and
registered with the government of
SCHEDULE 11 Constitution and Statutes of NGO
SIMA Community Based Organisation, Kitale.
The organization has 21 effective members and 600 volunteers. The 21
effective members are all professionals and tradesmen. Amongst them are 2
electricians, 4 teachers, 4 plumbers, 2 doctors, one nurse, 5 farmers, 2
accountants, and 1 social worker. For more information please refer to
This proposal is essentially self-financing, subject to certain aspects
involving interest payments, exchange rate variations and "insurance"
set out in detail in the project document.
THE FOLLOWING DRAWINGS AND GRAPHS FORM AN INTEGRAL PART OF THIS PROJECT
PROPOSAL
|
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER
(Items 1-30 of the budget) |
|
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER
(Items 31-58 of the budget) |
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED
|
Abbreviation |
Description |
|
CASO4 |
Calcium sulphate |
|
DIAM |
Diameter |
|
DIAM EXT |
External diameter |
|
DIAM INT |
Internal diameter |
|
EG |
For example |
|
H2O |
Water |
|
LETS |
Local exchange trading system |
|
NGO |
Non governmental organisation |
|
PV |
Photovoltaic |
|
SHS |
Solar home systems |
|
TV |
Television |
|
UV |
Ultra-violet |
|
V |
Volt |
|
Wp |
|
CONTENTS
|
Page |
Contents |
|
|
|
|
|
General cover |
|
|
Draft letter to Minister |
|
|
Cover page to executive summary |
|
|
Executive summary |
|
001 |
Cover page project document |
|
002 |
List of key words |
|
|
Introduction |
|
003 |
Drawings and graphs part of the project documents |
|
005 |
Contents |
|
|
|
|
008 |
1. Project background |
|
011 |
2. The project |
|
012 |
2.01 Immediate goals |
|
012 |
2.02 Long term goals |
|
013 |
2.03 General economic bases of the project |
|
014 |
2.04 Principles behind the project |
|
015 |
2.05 The five conditions precedent for a project applications |
|
016 |
2.06 Institutional structures |
|
023 |
2.07 The question of ownership |
|
|
2.08 Assurances as to performance |
|
|
2.09 Taxation under the local exchange trading (LETS) systems |
|
024 |
2.10 The effects of inflation on seed loan payments and gift content |
|
025 |
2.11 Insurance and gift content |
|
026 |
2.12 Information flow |
|
027 |
2.13 Recycling of funds and imported goods |
|
028 |
2.14 Project auditing |
|
|
|
|
028 |
3. Planned works and results |
|
029 |
3.1 Hygiene education structures |
|
029 |
3.2 Sanitation facilities |
|
031 |
3.3 Local Gypsum composites
production units |
|
032 |
3.4 Water supply structures |
|
032 |
3.5 Institutional developments |
|
034 |
3.6 PV lighting television and refrigeration |
|
034 |
3.7 Domestic solar home systems |
|
035 |
3.8 Payments and on-going costs |
|
|
|
|
036 |
4. Work plan |
|
|
4.1 First, initial research phase |
|
037 |
4.2 Second phase |
|
|
4.2.0 Payment of the project funds |
|
|
4.2.1 Health Clubs and Hygiene Education in schools |
|
040 |
4.2.2 Local social structures |
|
041 |
4.2.3 LETS local money systems |
|
042 |
4.2.4 Micro-credit system structures |
|
043 |
4.2.5 Gypsum composites production units |
|
045 |
4.2.6 Recycling structures |
|
046 |
4.2.7 Structures for the production of bio-mass for stoves |
|
047 |
4.2.8 Structures for radio station |
|
049 |
4.2.9 Structures for drinking water distribution |
|
051 |
4.3 Third, implementation phase |
|
|
4.4 Fourth, second implementation phase |
|
|
|
|
052 |
5. Short indicative budget |
|
053 |
Outgo (capital) |
|
054 |
On-going costs and income |
|
|
Comments |
|
055 |
Recycling of funds for micro-loans |
|
|
|
|
055 |
SCHEDULE 1 - The project in detail |
|
|
|
|
|
01. Justification of the project |
|
057 |
02.0 Cooperation of the local people |
|
058 |
02.1 Health clubs and hygiene education |
|
059 |
02.2 Social structures |
|
060 |
02.3 Local money LETS structures |
|
062 |
02.4 Micro-credit structures |
|
063 |
02.5 Gypsum composites
production units |
|
064 |
02.6 Recycling structures |
|
067 |
02.7 Energy efficient stoves and bio-mass production |
|
068 |
02.8 Drinking water supply |
|
|
02.8.1 Siting of boreholes and wells |
|
069 |
02.8.2. Basic project specifications |
|
|
02.8.2.1 Lets area Saboti |
|
089 |
02.8.2.2 Lets area Sikhendu |
|
119 |
02.8.3. Summary of water supply |
|
120 |
02.8.4. Principles for siting water supply structures |
|
121 |
02.8.5. Well linings |
|
121 |
02.8.6. Equipment of water points near the users' houses |
|
122 |
02.8.7 Budget items relating to the water supply systems |
|
127 |
02.9. PV lighting, television and refrigeration |
|
129 |
02.10. Reforestation and water harvesting |
|
131 |
02.11. The project and educational structures |
|
|
List of supporting schedules |
|
|
Schedule 01 : The project in detail |
|
|
Schedule 02 : Information on Clodomir Santos de Morais and the
Organisational Workshops |
|
: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
SCHEDULE 03 Project maps |
|
|
SCHEDULE 04 Technical information on solar
pumps |
|
|
SCHEDULE 05 Technical information on
hand-pumps |
|
|
SCHEDULE 06 Technical information on the
Gypsum composites process |
|
|
SCHEDULE 07 The hygiene education
programme |
|
|
SCHEDULE 08 Operation of the local
currency (LETS) systems |
|
|
SCHEDULE 09 25 progressive steps
for local development |
|
|
SCHEDULE 10 MATERIAL FOR
PRESENTATIONS USING TRANSPARENTS OR POWERPOINT |
|
|
SCHEDULE 11 Constitution and Statutes of
NGO SIMA Community Based Organisation, Kitale |
|
|
The Role of Micro-credit in integrated
self-financing development projects |
|
|
Water supply issues in self-financing
integrated development projects for poverty alleviation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PV, a cornerstone of self-financing development
projects for poverty alleviation in developing countries |
|
|
New horizons for RE technologies in
poverty alleviation projects |
|
81 |
Acknowledgements |
|
|
|
1. PROJECT BACKGROUND
1.01 Introduction
Basic hygiene
education, sanitation, waste recycling, and clean drinking water are fundamental
to healthy life. A third of the world's population still lacks access to clean
drinking water. An even larger number lack reasonable sanitation.
Supplying such basic life needs warrants top priority within the
framework of foreign aid programmes for the benefit of the poor in developing
countries, including
Development of local production and services is hindered by a chronic
lack of formal money. The little formal money there is leaks from the local
economy to national, or more often, international, havens.
The project will permanently improve the quality of life and stimulate
on-going local economic development of the people in the project area. It will
establish local exchange trading (LETS) systems for the exchange of local goods
and services and provide interest-free seed money to fund micro-credit loans.
It includes hygiene education, sanitation, clean drinking water, lighting for
study, efficient cooking equipment and means of producing bio-mass to fuel the
stoves as well as a system for recycling non-organic solid waste. Services may
be extended in a later phase to rainwater harvesting and Solar Home Systems. A
project radio station will be set up. The project will also encourage local
contribution to improved primary and junior secondary education structures.
The proposed hygiene training, sanitation, and drinking water systems
take the social structures of the communities into account. All structures are
self-financing and remain financially viable and sustainable without the need
for further seed money once the initial interest free seed loan has been
repaid.
1.02 The Trans Nzoia district
Trans Nzoia is one
of the 17 districts in Rift valley province it is bordered by the
The district consists of 6 administrative divisions. These divisions are
further divided into 25 locations and 50 sub-locations. Saboti, Cherengany ,
The
Boreholes in the district in total are 90 wells are 100,and springs are
50.The total number of clinics are 22 total number of primary Schools is 239
the number of secondary schools in the district is 40. The land is the major
source of income in the district and a bout 82% of land in the district is used
for agricultural and livestock production.
1.03 The Saboti project area
The Saboti Division
is one of the six administrative divisions of the Trans Nzoia district. It is
divided into five locations and six sub-locations. The Division covers and area
of about 200 km2, being about
The Saboti area is "cosmopolitan" the major groups present
being Bantus (Luyhias, Kikuyus, Marama, Meru, Embu, and Akamba) and Nilotes
(Elgon Maasai, Nandi, Marakwet, Turkana, Pokoto, Leiyo, Luo, and Teso).
Most of the people are Christians, both Catholics and protestants. Other
traditional sects such as Musambwa and a few Muslims are also present.
Extended family groups are large and each household can have from 8 to
15 members.
The literacy level of the area is about 67%. There are some 35 primary
schools, 7 secondary schools, and one tertiary school in the project area. In
all the sub-locations in the Saboti area there is a severe shortage of
secondary schools.
The reason for low enrolment in secondary schools is the high drop out
rate mainly caused by lack of money to cover school fees and lack of basic
facilities in the schools. Students from wealthier families seek admission in
schools outside the project area which better facilities.
There is a severe lack of facilities in primary schools, and for evening
classes and vocational training centres, to cater for the growing educational
needs of the population.
The major constraints inhibiting the industrial development of project
area especially in places such as Machewa, Lukhome, Saboti, and Sikhendu,
include inadequate infrastructural facilities, underdeveloped human resources,
inadequate and poorly developed local raw materials, inaccessibility to credit
facilities and poor marketing systems. Lack basic education and skills are
inhibit chances for gainful employment in the formal economy.
Maps
of the area are available in SCHEDULE 03 - Project
maps.
1.04 Political and social structures
The local authorities are the
Kitale District Assembly and village councils. (description)
1.05 Basic economic information
The Saboti area is
one of the poorest areas in
The average annual income is about Ksh 135050 (US$ 1731.41) per person
per year. This means that a typical extended family of 10 controls an annual
income of US$ 1731.
Local production the area is mainly derived from mixed farming, i.e.
crop production and animals. The crops mainly planted are maize, beans,
potatoes, horticulture, tea coffee and milk production. Annual individual
income depends on the agricultural land one owns. Most producers are
small-scale farmers who depend solely on their farms. Income is spent on
subsistence; family upkeep; school fees; medical care and the remaining income
has to go back into the farm for more production.
The income earned varies as it depends on farm output and casual jobs
that are carried out by the families involved. The earnings depend on the type
of work one does e.g. teachers earn more because they have a consistent income
from their employment. Casual labourers, especially if they are landless, earn
less. The rural poor in the project area comprises landless squatters and those
owning less than half an acre of land. This group constitutes the agricultural
wage labour force.
General quality of life is low because of the poverty in the area and
the limited resources available.
Some traditional occupations still carried out in the area are those
geared towards life. They include traditional birth attendants and herbal
medicine dispensing.
There are practically no "modern" or tertiary economic
activities. Some self-help groups such as merry go round income generating
projects have been formed. Bicycle taxis, known as “Boda boda”, are
very common.
There
is no electricity supply network in the project area, not even in the larger
villages. Rural communities depend on other sources of fuel, mostly Kerosene.
Over 90% of the people in the District, in both the urban and rural areas, use
wood fuel. The total lack of electrification in rural areas is perceived to be
a major handicap to their development.
1.06 Water
Water is perceived as a major
problem especially in rural market centres and isolated rural areas.
The
average annual precipitation in the area is
There are two rainy seasons, long rain season goes from March to August.
The short rain season is between October and November. These seasons are
appropriate for agricultural growth. Both crop planting and harvests are done
during these two seasons.
Current sources of drinking water are piped water, boreholes, springs,
dams, wells and rainwater from roof catchment.
The supply of water is inadequate to sustain both the domestic and
industrial needs, because the available water sources have not been fully
harnessed. Springs are protected by various agencies dealing with water and
sanitations.
In the project area there at present just 11 boreholes, and about 37
wells. The piped schemes are too expensive for the area because they are diesel
operated. Some farmers have sunk their own private boreholes.(???)
Average amount of drinking water currently available is only
The water resources in the District are mainly, surface and sub-surface
sources. The surface water is obtained from Rivers flowing from Mt Elgon and
Cherangani hills.The main river is the Nzoia, which is joined by anumber of
streams on its way to lake Victoria. From Mt Elgon the Kabewire and Kisawai
feed the Nzoia river. The Koitobos and Suam rivers drain into
The cost of water depends on the availability of the water and the
degree of treatment if any it has undergone. The average distance from the
homesteads to the water source is about ????? kilometres, and water collection
is very time consuming. Typically women and children walk for ???? hours to
fetch water. This takes a good deal of their time and effort which could
otherwise be used to improve the living conditions of their families. Supply of
readily accessible clean drinking water should improve the health of the whole
population and ease the pressure of work on women.
Where water is purchased or where carriers are hired to fetch it, the
average cost can be as much as US$5 per person per month, which alone is more
than the total monthly contribution of a family of five to this integrated
development project. Very few people, even in Saboti town, have piped water in
their homes.
Water is stored in pots, tins and tanks.
Water
from open wells and from rivers and streams is contaminated and is usually
consumed without further treatment for drinking, cooking and personal needs.
Water-borne diseases such as malaria, typhoid, dysentery, gastroenteritis, and
skin diseases are endemic. They affect the quality of life and the productivity
of the people, and medicines consume vital parts of the incomes of those
affected.
Rain
water harvesting is done by a few people who have large storage facilities. The
rainwater is collected scale in ferro-cement tanks, large plastic tanks, and
dams. Water tanks are cleaned at least once a year before the rains.
Hot
water is not common and is practically limited to hotels. The amount of hot
water used by the population is very low. Hot water must be heated using wood
fuel. It is expensive and not cost effective.
Of
the 40 villages in the project area, 20 have wells, 11 have boreholes, 5 have
boreholes AND wells, and 14 have neither wells nor boreholes. The presence of
wells in at least 60% of the villages indicates that the water table in those
villages is not very deep, so that new water sources for the project could
probably be hand-dug rather than drilled. Where no wells are present, it is
thought that water can be found at depths between 40 and
1.07 Diet
The main sources of
staple food are farm produce, hence the district is a zone with a high
agricultural potential. Food production comes from the local farms, which are a
major source of food in the district. Local production is mainly maize and
beans. Horticultural products such as vegetables, flowers, potatoes, onions,
and carrots are also grown. Local consumption depends on these products and the
consumption costs depend on the availability, season and demand.
Some traditional storage methods are also used.
Some foodstuffs, such as wheat, tea, sugar, coffee, but even maize and
meat are imported into the area to meet the demand for food.
The size and nature of landholdings vary from small-scale to large-scale
farms. Rural houses are usually built on the farm or land holding. Both men and
women do farm work. This often depends on whether family members also have
other jobs.
Farm surpluses are usually sold to the government so that they can be
directed to other areas in need of the type of food in question.
Malnutrition has been increasing in the district. Diet-related diseases
as Marasmus, Kwashiorkor are manifest. Cases of malnutrition are highest among
the landless population who, because of lack of ownership of land, cannot
diversify their food production and intake. They therefore consume the
available food with total disregard to its nutritional value.
Cases of malnutrition are highest among the landless population who,
because of lack of ownership of land, can not diversify their food production
and intake. They therefore consume the available food with total disregard to
its nutritional value.
Local
food processing includes milling, the preparation of seeds for future use,
animals feed, and milk packaging.
1.08 Cooking
Cooking is the most
energy intensive activity in the project area.
Cooking is currently done over an open fire, leading to intense air
pollution both inside the houses and in the community.
Fuels used for cooking are wood and petroleum products such as kerosene
and gas. Of these wood fuel is the predominant fuel in both rural and urban
areas, and it is very expensive. The cost of a bundle of wood for fuel is US$2.
Kerosene costs 0.50 US$ per litre and a bag of charcoal 5
Each family typically uses 4kg (???) of wood per day or about 1.5 tons
per year. The typical cost of this fuel is US$ ??? per family per month. The
total consumption is 10,000 (???) tons of wood per annum in the project area
with 6500 (???) thousand families at a global cost of some US468.000 (???).
This amount alone over a period of ten years is sufficient to pay for the
entire project costs.
All staple foods are cooked usually by women. Each meal takes between 30
minutes and 1 hour to prepare, depending on the available fuel and the type of
foodstuffs. Large parts of meagre family incomes are therefore spent on fuel
for cooking. The unsustainable use of wood leads to de-forestation and erosion,
air pollution and health hazards. Moreover, the traditional cooking methods
used are inefficient. The project therefore introduces highly efficient stoves.
They will be locally manufactured within local currency LETS systems.
Bio-mass needed to fuel the stoves will also be locally produced and
treated, without limiting the use of the natural fertilisers in local
agricultural production.
Locally manufactured solar cookers will also be introduced where daytime
cooking does not contrast with local customs. An important part of all loan
repayments and expenditure under this project will be funded by introducing
energy efficient stoves and growing bio-mass for fuel.
The project will bring major savings in the costs of cooking. These
savings alone will cover most if not all of the monthly contributions made by
the families to the project.
1.09 Lighting and study
Kerosene lamps are
mostly used for lighting especially in rural areas. Kerosene and electricity
are used in urban areas. An average of
1.10 Transport
The kinds of
transport available include bicycles, taxi and public service vehicles for easy
communication to various destinations. The means chosen depends on the distance
and where the person is going and the type of transport used. Bicycle taxis are
the most characteristic means of transport in the area. They charge a minimum
0.25 US$ per kilometre. The wet seasons restrict the use of the bicycle taxis
which used more during dry season. A vehicle costs passengers 0.50 US$ per km.
They tend to be used on the better roads, though some operate on bad roads as
well.
The roads in the rural areas some are seasonal and murram roads.
During the wet seasons, most of the roads in the project area are
impassable due to the mud etc. and people have to walk long distances. Donkeys
are also widely used for transportation. During the rainy seasons the
transportation of farm produce becomes difficult if not impossible.
1.11 Communication
The means of
communication in rural areas are scarce. Minimal telephone services are
available. Some people have mobile phone. Postal services are also poor and
centralized in the larger centres. Few ordinary people use these forms of
communication which tend to be limited to business, security, and leisure. The
telephone services are expensive. Land line charges are about US$ 0.10 per 3
minutes. The cheapest mobile handset is US $ 100.
Infrastructural development with improved means of communication are
perceived to be very important in the project area. Even trading centres in the
various sub-locations lack telephone services.
1.12 Hygiene education and health
Basic hygienic
principles such as washing hands before meals and after visiting the toilets,
boiling of drinking water, building of pit latrines and personal cleanliness
are commonly applied. There are no courses available for training women. School
courses include a basic introduction to personal and environmental hygiene.
Universal basic hygiene aspects are followed by most of the households.
The health facilities in all the sub-locations in the Saboti area are
inadequate to serve the populations. The health facilities are ill equipped and
often experience shortage of drugs, necessitating patients to travel to the
district hospital in Kitale for treatment, thus causing congestion there. This
imbalance can be only partly addressed under this project, which cannot
substitute the basic obligations of the state.
The major causes of infant mortality throughout the project area are
malaria, diarrhoea, typhoid, HIV/AIDS and intestinal worms. The project can
make an important contribution in the fight against these diseases by providing
clean water sanitation and improved drainage, and by eliminating smoke hazards,
stagnant waters, and ensuring a more varied diet.
1.13 Sanitation
The people have generally no
private sanitation facilities.
Toilet structures (mostly in the towns) are made by use of locally
available materials such as bricks, wood and stones. They mostly take the form
of the VIP-ventilated improved pit latrine. Urine and excreta are disposed in
the same latrine. The cost of building one of these VIP latrines is US$200 per
latrine. People use leaves, papers and water to clean their bottoms. There are
no specific cultural taboos concerning urine and excreta. Customs related to
privacy have, however, to be observed at all times. This means that one should
not be seen disposing of waste.
Rural areas in the project area in general lack proper latrines
altogether.
1.14 Rubbish collection
Rubbish in the
project area is mostly domestic. The amount reflects the size of the family.
Rubbish is put in a compost pit and later used as farm manure. In rural areas
there are therefore no costs involved.
In urban areas rubbish is collected by the sewerage department for
disposal by the municipal council. A fee for rubbish collection up to 20 US$
per month is charged.
Rubbish in the project area which is not disposed of properly poses a
health hazard and allows flies, rats and other pests to breed. It also causes
bad smells.
The project includes setting up local recycling centres to add value to
waste products. It enables recycling of some materials within the local
currency systems. Export of residual waste materials will provide formal
currency income to repay micro-credit loans advanced to the recycling centres.
1.15 Housing
Most houses in the
project area are made of wood, grass, mud (thatched houses) bricks, blocks,
stones and iron sheets. The size of the houses depends on the size of the
family and income of the person. Some houses are big and others are small.
Locally available building materials include bricks, blocks, wood, mud, grass,
sand, and leaves. The quality of the house depends on the type of material used
and architectural techniques applied. Seasonal heating is not required here.
2. THE PROJECT
The project is centred
on basic hygiene education, on the installation of sustainable sanitation,
distributed clean drinking water, PV lighting for study, for the people of the
Saboti area in the Trans Nzoia district near Kitale in Kenya, and on the supply
of efficient stoves for cooking, the production of bio-mass to fuel them, and
recycling at local level and disposal of non-organic waste.
The project includes setting up Community Health Clubs for hygiene
education and hygiene education courses in schools; provides sustainable toilet
and wastewater facilities, wells (wherever necessary), pumps, and water tanks;
establishes local exchange trading (LETS) systems to promote local exchange of
goods and services; and implements an interest-free revolving micro-credit
system to pay in formal currency for items and services originating outside the
local communities.
The project also refers to PV (photovoltaic) lighting for study and in
clinics, and PV refrigeration for medicines. Any PV lighting needed for
separate local production initiatives would be included within their respected
micro-credit schemes. PV operated TV sets for education can be included.
Private Solar Home Systems (SHS) may be financed by the Local Bank where users
are able to sustain their obligations under a hire purchase agreement for the
SHS as well as meet their obligations under the project itself.
High efficiency stoves for cooking will be produced with 100% local
value added as will the bio-mass necessary to fuel them.
Where daytime cooking is not in conflict with local customs, local
manufacture of Gypsum composites
solar cookers will be set up under the LETS systems.
Recycling centres will be set up to recycle non-organic refuse within
the local currency systems.
Harvesting rain-water to increase agricultural production and the
general quality of life is promoted.
The project cost is US$ 4,500,000, which can be 100% financed through an
interest free loan with a 10 year repayment time. Of the interest-free loan,
75% is expected to be made available within the framework of the country
programme of one or more aid partners, and 25% by the Kitale district council
and/or the Government of Kenya.
A detailed indicative budget is set out on page ???.
The
project will be continued for at least a further 8 years beyond the initial two
years' start-up period. After the initial two years, further development will
be generated by the communities themselves under the supervision of the Project
Coordinator.
The
initial project will take 24 months from the date funding is approved, more
particularly:
- Phase 1 : preparation and submission of the basic project.
- Phase 2 : final project preparation, arrangements with tax authorities,
formation of Health Clubs and starting hygiene education, starting organisation
of Gypsum composites production units, setting up of local currency LETS
groups; final project approval : 6 months
- Phase 3 : continuing hygiene education, building the sanitation services,
installing wells, pumps and tanks, starting cooker production, organising
bio-mass production, setting up the recycling centres : 18 months
- Phase 4 : installing water purification units and PV lighting systems for
study purposes. Continued production of cookers and of bio-mass to fuel them.
Rain-water harvesting.
From
the third year onwards local development will be continued and extended to
phase 5.
-
Phase 5 : Extension to Solar Home Systems, water harvesting, and soil
conservation and reforestation projects.
2.1 IMMEDIATE GOALS
The immediate goals of the
project are:
a) To
extend existing hygiene education activities by establishing Community Health
Clubs in the Saboti division area and promoting formal hygiene education
courses in schools.
b) To
install technically appropriate sanitation for the people in the Saboti
division.
c) To
provide a permanent safe drinking water supply in the project area in all
foreseeable circumstances.
d) To
make safe drinking water available within a radius of 150-200m from users'
homes.
e) To
contribute to the fight against water-related diseases through hygiene
education, the supply of appropriate sanitation and clean drinking water
systems.
f) To
reduce the work load on women
g) To
provide for the continuity of health, sanitation and drinking water systems by
establishing appropriate institutional structures.
h) To
enable students and others who wish to study in the evening to do so.
i) To
reduce the use of wood and promote reforestation.
j) To
introduce efficient bio-mass fuelled means of cooking and solar cookers for
daytime applications.
k) To
create added value through recycling of non-organic waste.
l) To
keep available financial resources (LETS money and formal money) revolving
within the beneficiary communities.
m) To
stimulate on-going local industrial and agricultural development through the
use of local currency (LETS) and micro-credit systems.
n) To
create large-scale job opportunities
2.2 LONG TERM GOALS
The long term goals of the
project are:
a)To
sustain on-going improvement of the general quality of life wellbeing and
health of the local people.
b)To
free more human resources for local production and development.
c)To
reduce water-borne diseases so that medical staff and financial resources can
be re-directed to other health objectives such as vaccination programmes and
preventive medicine.
d)To
decrease infant mortality and promote family planning.
e)To
increase literacy levels.
f)To
eliminate dependency on fuels imported from outside the project area.
g)To
help reduce deforestation and global warming.
h)To
create value added from locally recycled non-organic solid waste.
i)To
create a "maintenance culture" to conserve the investments made.
j)To
increase the local pool of expertise so that local people can improve their
sustainable well-being and development by identifying and solving problems,
including erosion, with a minimum of outside help.
k)To
create full employment in the project area.
2.3 GENERAL ECONOMIC BASES OF THE PROJECT
a)The project will be financed
by interest-free seed capital in the form of a 'green' loan repayable over a
period of 10 years.
b)75%
of this capital will be contributed within the framework of the "country
programme" of one or more of
c)General
financial supervision will be in line with section 2.14 of this project, on
terms agreed with the lenders of the seed capital, but with the elimination of
unnecessary bureaucratic restraints.
d)Seed
capital repaid by users in monthly instalments will be retained in the local
area until the end of the loan term. During that time, the repayments will be
used to grant revolving interest-free micro-credits for local development.
e)Seed
capital not required for short term use, will similarly be used to grant
interest-free revolving micro-credits.
f)Local
currency (LETS) systems set up within the framework of the project will form
the general method of payment for most local goods and services produced at
community level, including those provided for the project from within the local
community.
g)The
part of the maintenance money destined for long term replacement of capital
items will also be recycled as interest-free micro-credits until it is needed.
h)Users
will be 100% responsible for on-going administration, capital repayments, and
maintenance costs. Each household will pay a monthly contribution of US$0.75
per family member (US$ 7.50 per family of 10) to cover all on-going maintenance
and capital repayment costs. The instalments will be to a large extent covered
by savings on funds traditionally spent on fuel, water and waste removal and by
way of registration for Carbon Emission Reduction certificates under the
i)The
project encourages open competition and free enterprise within the framework of
a cooperative and non-profit-making global financial structure.
j)Administration,
construction and maintenance work will be done by local operators and villagers
who will be paid mostly in local LETS currencies.
k)Local
work will be paid for at current local pay rates expressed in the local LETS
currencies.
l)The
on-going administration costs of the Project Coordinator are specified in the
project budget.
m)Users
must make their first monthly contribution in advance, as project structures
are put into use.
n)The
tank commissions will be paid a small monthly allowance in formal currency, and
receive an allowance in local LETS money for their work. The well commissions
will be paid a monthly allowance under the local LETS currencies for their
work.
o)Individual
women or women's groups will, without payment, each look after their own
sanitation units.
p)Regular
inspection of installations will be paid as necessary in the local LETS
currencies.
q)The
operation of the local bank (The Saboti Cooperative Development Bank) to be set
up may be supported and supervised by a international Green Bank to be named.
r)The
Trans Mzoia District Council, the Saboti Division Council, and the National
Government (Departments of .....)have undertaken not to intervene to impede the
development of the local LETS currencies either during or after the project
period.
s)The
Project Coordinator will reach a specific agreement with the ( applicable tax
authorities) before the start of the project as to taxation of activities under
the Local Exchange Trading (LETS) systems.
t)Before
the project starts, a formal agreement will be made to ensure ownership of the
project is vested in the beneficiary communities, suject to formal handing over
when the final instalment of the interest-free seed loan is repaid.
u)The
local people design, execute, install, run, maintain, own and pay for all project
structures.
v)All
products and services supplied by the local people for the project will be paid
under the local money systems. Those supplying products or goods for the
project before the local money systems are set up will be paid from the project
funds in formal currency.
2.4 PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE PROJECT
2.4.1 The basic principles
behind the project are:
a)The
enhancement of self-sufficiency in local economies.
b)Existing
social traditions will not suffer.
c)Local
expertise, labour and materials will be used.
d)Women
will play an active role in the project.
e)The
people of the Saboti area must be able and willing to take full responsibility
for all goods and services provided under the project and for its administration.
f)The
users must contribute financially to loan repayments, cover on-going costs and
accept the powers of the elected tank- and well commissions.
g)The
project will be self-funding. Savings on traditional fuel costs for cooking and
services will cover most of the project costs.
h)The
supply of traditional natural fertiliser for agricultural purposes will not be
compromised.
i)Each
individual user will be enabled to meet his financial commitments to the
project.
Household
difficulties in meeting monthly quotas can be cushioned either from the monthly
allowances received by the tank commissions, or by creating a simple LETS
system safety net. Members temporarily in difficulty could be allowed to run up
a larger than usual debit balance. Members permanently in difficulty could
perform services within the LETS group in exchange for group payment of their
outstanding debts.
j)'Small
is beautiful'. Small decentralized systems are to be preferred wherever
possible. This promotes close contact of the people of the Saboti Division with
the installation and running of their own local infrastructure.
k)
Local LETS currencies will complement the use of formal money. They will make
up for the lack of formal money that would otherwise be needed to expand the quantity
of local goods and services. Economic development within the LETS systems will
also stimulate growth in the formal economy and increase its formal tax base.
l)The
seed loan capital will be systematically recycled to users as interest-free
micro-credits for productivity development. The micro-credits will allow goods
and services that cannot be locally produced to be bought with formal currency
outside the project area.
m)Leakage
of formal currency out of the project area will be reduced. Seed capital will
be retained in the local area during the 10 year interest-free loan period.
2.5 FIVE BASIC CONDITIONS
This project has been worked
out with the users, who execute, run, maintain, pay for and own all the
structures. Five basic conditions have been accepted by the users. Without
them, this integrated self-financing development project could not be executed.
They
are:
2.1
Acceptation of Health Clubs. These do not only serve the purposes of offering
basic hygiene education courses. They also serve as a platform for women, so
that they can organise themselves and participate and play an important role in
the various structures foreseen. The health clubs therefore constitute a means
of addressing the so-called "gender problem".
2.2
Willingness to pay at least the equivalent in Kenyan Shillings of US$0.75 per
month per extended family of 10 (the equivalent in Kenyan shillings of US$7.50
per family of 10) into a Cooperative Development Fund. This payment covers the
entire package of basic services foreseen including hygiene education, drinking
water supply, sanitation, waste removal, high efficiency stoves and fuel for
them, and lighting for study purposes.
2.3
Acceptance of the use of local exchange trading (LETS) systems, which enable
goods and services originating in the project area to be exchanged without the
need for formal money.
2.4
Acceptance of the GYPSUM COMPOSITES process which enables most of the items
required for local development to be made locally with 100% local value added
within the framework of the local LETS systems in local low cost labour
intensive production units.
2.5
Acceptance of dry composting toilet systems with the separation of urine and
faeces. Aspects relating to the form, the colour, the finish, privacy and
similar will all be discussed with and decided by the users. The dry toilet
systems foreseen enable waste to be recycled at household level so that
problems connected with the pollution of surface and ground water can be
addressed at local level without the need for major investments.
2.6 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES
FOR A DRAWING SHOWING THE PROJECT STRUCTURES SELECT:
DRAWING
OF STRUCTURES
The NGO "SIMA COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATION”,
Kitale, Kenya
AUDITING STRUCTURES
CASH FLOW DIAGRAM
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
TANK COMMISSIONS - THE KEY STRUCTURES
WELL COMMISSIONS
The
responsibilities of the various parties which would presumably be involved in
the project are:
2.6.01
THE LOCAL NGO "SIMA Community based organisation",
THE LOCAL NGO "SIMA COMMUNITY BASED
ORGANISATION"
The
NGO "SIMA" officially fronts for the project. Its constitution and
statutes are attached to this project as Schedule 11. The members of the board
of the NGO SIMA are fully representative of the people in the Project area and
enjoy the full confidence and support of the people. Their functions are
honorary.
Financing
parties may nominate their representatives (eventually paid by the financing
parties themselves) to the board of the NGO, with the task of acting as
auditors and for the purpose of monitoring progress.
The
NGO approves the project and presents it for financing within the framework of
a country programme supported by a donor government.
The
NGO nominates the project coordinator and puts the project funds at the free
and unconditional disposal of the Project Coordinator in a bank account in the
name of the Project.
The
NGO does not interfere in the execution of the project, except to carry out its
auditing and monitoring duties. It is the counterpart of the project
coordinator.
2.6.02
THE PROJECT COORDINATOR (Johnstone Sikulu Wanjala)
Johnstone
Sikulu Wanajala is responsible, together with Terry Manning, for the project
preparation, for contacts with local authorities and banks and with the users,
for the actual implementation of the project. Mr Wanjala is also responsible
for all professional work or operations that cannot, at the time of the
project, be provided from within the local communities. He is also in charge of
the maintenance of the project, for collecting the monthly contributions of the
users (through the tank commissions) and for general supervision of payments
out of the project accounts. Mr Wanjala will also coordinate the establishment
of the local Gypsum composites
production units and the network of recycling centres. Mr Wanjala's fees
are in the public domain and formalised in the Project budget.
2.6.03
TERRY MANNING
Terry
Manning is responsible for formulating the project, initial coordination with
the NGO Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D., initial contacts for setting up the Organizational
Workshops, for the organisation (through the Workshops) of the local money LETS
systems, setting up a Micro Credit system, coordinating with EOS Consult in
setting up local Gypsum composites production units, delivering pumps,
PV-panels and related materials needed to implement the project. He will act as
consultant to the Project Coordinator (through the Workshops) for the training
and supervision of water supply, water quality and hygiene control and
maintenance personnel identified during the Workshops.
2.6.04
ORGANISATIONAL WORKSHOPS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS
All activities
will be executed by the local people themselves. Organizational workshops (mass
capacitation workshops or OW's) following the method of the Brazilian Clodomir
Santos de Morais will be held for the various sectors of activity involved.
During the workshops the users will organise themselves respecting the
principles of the division of labour.
See
Schedule 2 for information on Organizational Workshops.
Amongst
the activities for which Organizational Workshops would be held are:
Setting
up Health Clubs
Setting up Tanks and Well commissions
Setting up the local money (LETS) systems
Setting up Gypsum composites production units
Setting up structures for the water supply systems
Setting up structures for the sanitation systems
Setting up structures for the growing of bio-mass to fuel high efficiency
stoves
Setting up the local bank and/or the Cooperative Development Fund
Setting up the waste recycling system
Setting up structures for rainwater harvesting
Setting up the local radio station
Setting up export-import cooperatives
Setting up a net-work of local agrarian consultants
The
costs of the Workshops are set out separately in the balance sheet.
The
Organizational workshops will typically directly involve about 5.000 users
representing some 15% of the adult population.
2.6.05
COUNTRY PRORAMME ADMINISTRATOR(S)
The administrators of the country programme(s) who agree to supply
external funds will, on acceptance, make available its 75% share of the
interest-free loan necessary for the project and nominate structures and
channels for supervising the project expenditure and liaising with other
parties.
2.6.06 THE LOCAL FUNDING AUTHORITY (to be defined)
The local funding Authority will be an enabling body only. It will
guarantee the continuity of the local currency (LETS) systems. Before the
project begins, it will guarantee transfer of ownership of the project to the
local communities when the seed loan is repaid. It will ensure, by agreement
with the Central Government, that goods imported for the project come into
Kenya Duty Free. It will authorise without creating unjustified obstacles the
siting of boreholes, wells, feed-pipes, tanks and others structures necessary
to the execution of the project.
It may take full political credit for the project, but will agree not to
otherwise intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day running.
2.6.07 LOCALLY ELECTED MP(name him)
The local MP has agreed to do everything in his power to guarantee
respect by the national, regional and local administrative authorities the
continuity of the local currency (LETS) systems, the importation of goods
destined for the project without the application of customs duties taxes or
other formal levies, and the transfer of the project structures to the users.
He will act as liaison points between the Project Coordinator on the one
hand and the local funding authority and the local political institutions on
the other. He may take full political credit for the project, but will agree
not to otherwise intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day
running.
2.6.08 THE KITALE DISTRICT COUNCIL
The Kitale district council will formally approve the project. It will
act as an enabling body. It may take full political credit for the project
implementation, but will not otherwise intervene in the organisation,
implementation or day to day running of the project. It will guarantee and
respect decisions of the vested authorities in relation to ownership of the
project goods and services, and fully support the local currency (LETS) systems
and the duty-free entry into the project area of goods to be used in the
project.
The council will approve reasonable project proposals for laying and
embedding water pipelines to dedicated water tanks, drilling bore holes,
digging wells, locating and building sanitation facilities, siting of Gypsum
composites manufacturing units,
siting of, and collection of rubbish by, recycling centres.
2.6.09
THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH and (THE WATER AND SANITATION COMMITTEES)
The Ministry of Health is directly responsible for health services in
the project area. It will respect the administrative decisions taken by the
Kitale district council relating to the Project and will approve of the use of
its own Health Workers within the framework of the Community Health Clubs'
hygiene education programme to be set up by Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D. Full advantage
will be taken from existing initiatives.
The health authorities and the water and sanitation committees operating
under the District Water and Sanitation Programmes (WASP)will approve that
their workers be paid in the local LETS currencies for any work not already
covered under their existing salaries.
They will approve that ownership of drinking water facilities, sanitation
services where supplied, PV lighting, PV refrigeration, and water testing
equipment placed in clinics within the project area be vested in the tank
commissions in whose areas the clinics are situated.
They will support formal hygiene education courses in schools in the
project area.
They will reach an agreement with the project coordinator to ensure
training of (women) users at on-going checks of water quality, and systematic
inspections of the sanitation facilities built within the framework of the project.
Testing and inspection work not already included within the Health Workers'
salaries will be paid for in the local LETS currencies. The equipment for
conducting such systematic water quality tests will be made available under the
project to a local clinic or hospital and financed by testing work carried out
by the clinic for third parties outside of the project area.
PV lighting, sanitation where needed and refrigeration for medicines for
the clinics in the project area which are not on the grid will be paid for by
the communities as they do for drinking water facilities dedicated to the
clinics and schools in the project area. Ownership would in this case be vested
in the tank commission in whose territory the clinic is located. PV lighting
and refrigeration installations in clinics outside the project area serving
users inside the project area need to be separately discussed. The disposal,
where required, of specialised waste from clinics will be addressed separately.
The
health authorities will help train people to make regular hygiene inspections
of the local recycling centres.
2.6.10
THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
The education authorities will approve that ownership of drinking water
and sanitation facilities and PV lighting placed in schools within the project
area be vested in the tank commissions where the schools are located. They will
also approve that the teachers' commissions nominated to operate water and
sanitation services and PV lighting report to the local tank commissions.
They will support hygiene education courses in the schools in the
project area and approve the reasonable course curriculum presented by the
Project Coordinator and apply it during normal school hours.
2.6.11 THE LOCAL TAX AUTHORITIES
The Project Coordinator will reach a binding agreement with the tax
authorities, before the Project gets under way, to ensure that the tax
authorities are not deprived of current tax revenue.
The project is based on a tax moratorium of at least 20 years on all
LETS activities.
The tax authorities will define LETS activities carried out in LETS
currencies under the project as non-commercial, and therefore non-taxable.
2.6.12 THE SABOTI COOPERATIVE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BANK
After its institution, the Saboti Cooperative local development bank
will administer project funds actually deposited in the Saboti Division of the
Trans Nzoia District in
The bank will autonomously finance and administer micro-loans for the
installation of solar home systems for individual non-productive household use.
2.6.13
THE EXTERNAL BANK (TO BE DEFINED)
The external funding authority will pass its financial contribution
through an appropriate financial institution, where possible a Green Bank
willing to act as adviser to the Saboti Local Cooperative Development bank. The
external Bank will, on the instruction of the project coordinator, administer
the project monies deposited in
2.6.14 THE LOCAL GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTION UNITS
These units will make, with a sanitary finish where necessary,
ecological items such as water tanks, water containers, well-linings, san-plats
in low cost labour intensive production units with up to 100% local value
added. They will also make the high efficiency stoves and solar cookers. The
Project will finance them on an interest-free basis with a pay-back period of
3-5 years. They will operate autonomously and negotiate payment of any royalties
directly with the Technology Owner. They will usually sell their products
within the project areas in the local LETS currencies, and outside the Project
areas in formal currency. Precedence will be given to making items of top
priority to the Project. Ownership of the production units will pass to the
factory owners when the loans have been repaid. Until then the factory owners
will be responsible to the Project Coordinator.
2.6.15 TANK COMMISSIONS
TANK COMMISSIONS - THE KEY STRUCTURES.
Every water tank supplies an area or group of households with water. A
tank commission, elected by the users, will supervise the use of the tank and
its associated works, the collection of the monthly contributions and the
carrying out of minor operations such as keeping tank areas clean. Each tank
commission will be paid a small monthly fee in formal currency, equivalent to
perhaps US$ 5 per month, which it is free to spend as it wishes. Since women
enjoy the greatest benefits from the execution and on-going management of the
project, they should provide most of the tank commission members.
Ownership of a given tank and its associated works, of the dedicated
solar pump, PV array and array support, and of the dedicated pipeline from the
pump to the tank is vested in its respective tank commission. Passage of
ownership of existing structures to the tanks commissions to be decided by the
people themselves.
The
tank commissions will nominate one of their members to liaise with the system
maintenance structures set up.
The
tank commissions would also be responsible for study rooms and PV lighting and
for coordination of recycling in their area.
The
tanks commissions will be set up using the Moraisian organisational workshop
method. Their form may vary from one area of the project to another.
They
will nominate a literate person to liaise with the local LETS system
coordinator.
The drinking water installations and sanitation services dedicated to
schools and clinics will be supervised by commissions of respectively teachers
and medical staff who will report to the tank commissions where the schools and
clinics are located. Ownership of these installations will be vested in the
local tank commissions with the consent of the local Education and Health
authorities. The costs of loan repayment and maintenance of these installations
are built into the users' monthly payments.
PV lighting, PV refrigeration, and water testing equipment supplied to
clinics in the project area will likewise be run by the medical commission
supervising the water supply. Ownership of these structures will be vested,
with the consent of the Health Authorities, in the tank commissions where the
clinics located. The medical commission will report to the local tank
commission.
The
problem of specialist waste removal from clinics, where needed, will need to be
studied separately.
The
tank commissions will also convene regular meetings to discuss activities under
their local LETS system and priorities for micro-credits.
The
tank commissions will elect the well commissions.
The
tank commissions will nominate a female candidate from their own area to carry
out cooperative inspection of the sanitation, rainwater harvesting, and cooking
facilities installed, and arrange for her training.
2.6.16
WELL COMMISSIONS
Every
well/bore hole area comprises:
- The well or bore hole itself
- The backup hand pump installation
- The washing area
- The enclosure for PV systems and supports
- A guard system for the PV installations
Passage
of ownership of existing structures to the well commissions to be decided by
the people themselves.
The well commission, elected by the tank commissions, supervises the use
of the structures common to the water supply system, and carries out minor
maintenance operations such as cleaning washing areas, well areas, and backup
hand pump systems. The well commission also regulates use of the well area in
case of crisis or calamity. It collectively receives a small monthly payment in
the local LETS currency (e.g. the equivalent of US$ 5 per month) which it is
free to spend as it wishes. Members can be awarded a salary paid out under the
local money LETS system. Since women enjoy the greatest benefits from the
execution and on-going management of the project, they should provide most of
the well commission members.
The well commission will nominate one of its members to liaise with the
system maintenance structures set up and with those responsible at tank
commission level for maintenance.
The well commissions will nominate a female candidate from their own
area to monitor the cooperative inspection of the sanitation, rainwater
harvesting, and cooking facilities carried out at tank commission level, and
arrange for her training.
2.6.17
This
NGO from
The
Community Health Clubs will be set up, and local health workers trained to lead
the hygiene education courses during a Moraisian organizational workshop.
A
hygiene education course for use in the schools in the project area will be
developed the same way, and health workers and teachers trained to apply it.
2.6.18
EOS CONSULT
This
Dutch company is the registered owner of the gypsum composites process.
It
will act as consultant during the Organization Workshop during which the local
gypsum composites production units
in the project area will be set up, and independently negotiate any conditions
for technology transfer.
2.6.19
MEDICAL COMMISSIONS
Medical
commissions will supervise installations supplied to clinics under the project.
They will report to the tank commission where the clinic is situated. They will
where required arrange with the Project Coordinator collection of special
medical waste products.
2.6.20
TEACHERS COMMISSIONS
Teachers
commissions will supervise installations supplied to schools under the project.
They
will support and apply the approved hygiene education courses in the schools.
They
will report to the tank commissions where the school is located.
2.6.21
THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR
Financing
parties may nominate an independent auditor to co-sign payment authorisations
made by the project. The independent auditor answers to the project NGO. See
par. 6.14 for more information.
2.7 THE QUESTION OF OWNERSHIP
As project
structures are completed, ownership in them will formally pass to the people of
the Saboti Division (through the Tank Commissions). Until all debts have been
repaid, the project coordinator will retain the right to recover any
installation supplied under the project should the people not meet their
financial obligations for them. The interest free loans will be repaid over a
period of 10 years. Until repayment has been completed, the project coordinator
will retain formal responsibility towards the funding authorities for
maintenance and administration.
Before the project starts, the project coordinator will offer to provide
on-going maintenance, training of maintenance operators, and administration for
an agreed fee for at least ten years. Pumps and structures have a life-span of
more than 20 years. Once the seed capital has been fully repaid at the end of
ten years, on-going monthly contributions will create a large surplus for
future renewals and extensions of the project facilities. Until it is needed,
this money can be re-invested interest free in micro-credit loans for local
development.
Ownership of drinking water installations, PV lighting and refrigeration
and water testing equipment installations in schools and clinics will be vested
in the tank commissions where the schools and clinics are located.
Ownership of PV lighting sanitation services and refrigeration
installations in clinics outside the project area serving users inside the
project area needs to be separately discussed.
2.8 ASSURANCES AS TO PERFORMANCE
The project
involves complex on-going interaction amongst several parties. For the project
to be finished on time, each party must agree to meet his obligations within
the prescribed time. A penalty system may be used in case of late delivery of
goods and services. If any party feels unable to meet the proposed time line he
must say so when the project details are finalised at the start of phase two.
The time line can then be adjusted to suit his needs before work begins.
Financial and political participants should each issue a written
warranty that money, permits, and guarantees they have agreed to provide will
be forthcoming on schedule.
As the project is cooperative in nature, the participating parties, and
in particular those financing the project, are free to impose appropriate
reporting and verification procedures which should be simple and direct to
eliminate "red tape".
2.9 TAXATION UNDER THE LOCAL EXCHANGE TRADING (LETS) SYSTEMS
For a drawing of the proposed
LETS structures refer to:
DRAWING
OF PROPOSED LETS STRUCTURES.
HOW A LETS TRANSACTION WORKS.
This
project is designed to create rapid, sustainable and durable local development.
The
project coordinator will reach a binding agreement with the (tax authorities ---
name them!!), before the project gets under way, to ensure that the tax
authorities are not deprived of current tax revenue.
The
tax authorities will define LETS activities carried out in LETS currencies
under the project as non-commercial, and therefore non-taxable.
The
project is based on a tax moratorium of at least 20 years on all LETS
activities.
After
the moratorium, the following basic rules will apply:
-1. LETS exchanges where a user helps a friend, or performs a job on a
"one-off" basis are not taxable.
-2. LETS exchanges involving activities not part of the normal business
activities of the supplier are excluded.
-3. The expression "normal business activities" will be interpreted
in the manner most favourable to the users.
-4. Normal LETS exchanges by businesses are taxable.
-5. All costs and business expenses are tax deductible.
-6. Businesses will be taxed in respect of LETS exchanges on the net profits
they generate from them.
2.10 THE EFFECTS OF INFLATION ON SEED LOAN REPAYMENTS AND GIFT CONTENT
This project sets up a user
friendly interest-free financial environment based on the constructive
recycling of a ten year interest-free loan and the creation of local exchange
trading systems.
Users
repay the interest-free loan after ten years. At that point of time they will
have been repaying the loan at the rate of the equivalent in Kenyan shillings
of approximately US$0.75 per family member (or the equivalent in Kenyan
shillings of US$ 7.50 per family of 10 per month) for 120 months. Their
repayments are, however, made in the local (formal) currency. Should the local
(formal) currency through inflation or exchange measures have devalued against
the
A
decision on how this risk is to be covered will therefore need to be made when
the project is being financed.
Is
the interest-free seed loan to be expressed in the local (formal) currency or
in US$?
LOAN
EXPRESSED IN LOCAL CURRENCY
If
the loan is expressed in the local (formal) currency, then the external bank
(working together with the local bank) will need to obtain the acceptance of
the lenders that the amount repaid, when reconverted into US$, may be lower
than the original US$ loan.
The
following are four possibilities:
1)
The lenders or their governments formally accept they are willing to run this
risk and write off the eventual difference as a gift.
2) The lenders agree to extend repayment time until the total amount
collected in the fund is sufficient to repay the whole loan expressed in US$.
This can lead to a "win-win" situation in that the amount available
for recycled micro-loans would remain at a high level. In return for the extra
monthly payments, users have more money to recycle in micro-loans than would
otherwise have been the case.
3) The lenders require payment of the available funds on expiry, and
that the difference be collected using the next following monthly payments,
until such time as the original amount expressed in US$ is balanced. This
solution is negative for users in that for a shorter or a longer period
(depending on the inflation which has taken place) users will not be able to
benefit from re-cycled micro-loans and on-going local development will slow
down and could, in some cases, even stop.
4) The lenders require repayment of the available funds on expiry but
reinvest any difference for a further cycle of ten years. This will reduce
users' funds for renewing capital goods or extending services at the end of the
second period of ten years, but will not negatively affect recycling of
micro-loans for on-going local development under the project.
LOAN
EXPRESSED IN US$
If
the loan is to be expressed in US$, will users' monthly repayments be indexed
to the
If
repayments are to be indexed to the
2.11 INSURANCE AND FORFEIT IN THE FORM OF GIFT IN CASE OF LOSS OR DAMAGE
TO CAPITAL STRUCTURES
Long term political
stability in
While capital structures installed within the framework of the project
may, if rarely, be insurable against loss or damage by Act of God such as
lightning, hurricanes, or earthquakes, it is not possible to insure them
against loss or damage deriving from causes such as Act of Political and
Military Authorities, civil war, commotion, rebellion, and strikes. Even if
insurance against such risks were to be available the cost would be so high
that it would constitute a major on-going financial leakage from the project
area, which is just one of the major problems applications under the Model are
designed to stop.
What happens in case of loss of or damage to the capital structures
installed under the project Model before repayment after ten years of the
interest-free seed loan must therefore be clearly addressed at the time the
project application is being financed.
The beneficiaries of the project are by definition poor and the loss or
damage in question derives from causes entirely beyond their control. To
require these poor people to repay a loan after ten years for capital
structures they have lost for reasons beyond their control is in profound
contradiction with the short term and long term goals of the project. In some
cases the lending organisations may have forms of insurance available to cover
funds at risk in projects in developing countries. In such cases they would
ensure, at their own cost and by way of gift, that funds for the project are
insured by such Funds. Where, however, such insurance is not available, the
lending organisations should accept that in the case of loss of or damage to
project structures deriving from causes beyond the power and control of the
users the interest free loan be converted into a gift so that users are freed
from their contractual obligations.
Normally, at the time the (uninsured) loss of or damage to the capital
structures occurs, users will have paid a part of the loan into the Cooperative
Development Fund.
The
project must clearly whether the money which has already been collected in the
Cooperative Development Funds at the time the loss of or damage to the capital
structures occurs:
a) Must be used immediately to reinstate the capital goods lost or damaged
b) Has to be repaid to the lenders at the end of the original ten years'
interest free loan period.
c) Has to be repaid immediately
d) Will, subject to analysis of the current political situation, be integrated
by a further loan to enable complete reinstatement of the capital structures so
that the project application can make a re-start.
2.12 INFORMATION FLOW
The three main lines of
information flow foreseen under the project are:
a) Transfer of information within project applications
- Vertical, from project
coordinator (who would also liaise with external sources involved, such as
education authorities, schools, health authorities, clinics) to well commission
level to tank commission level to individual user and return back up the line
- Horizontal, for instance within the LETS groups and between LETS groups,
between tank commissions, and between well commissions
- Combination of both - through a project level radio station
- Project website mainly as a source for b) and for information sharing in
general for (c) below
b) Local consultants, activity groups, and schools
-Through local consultants
with small businesses set up under interest-free micro-loans under the project,
who help local people choose crops to grow, instruct on agricultural methods,
give professional advice on productivity questions etc
-Local translation bureaus set up under interest-free micro loans under the
projects to put material into a form the local people can understand
-Activity groups working under the LETS systems with any of the parties in a),
such as the Health Clubs foreseen, groups of actors etc
-Local schools, information and courses for children and, eventually, adults
c) Transfer of information from and to external sources
- Incoming through information
shops set up as private businesses (as in b) " local consultants")
under the project. These would have telephones, faxes, computers.
- Outgoing, through cultural and economic websites ( recent experiments in
Communication and monitoring
Within each of the
above specific sectors, rather complex interdisciplinary relationships can
arise. Just to cite one typical example, to make the integrated sanitation
system foreseen work, users need to be advised on the benefits of better
hygiene (Health Clubs) then practise what they have learned and install their
new toilet (and, eventually, water harvesting) systems. A system of cooperative
inspection then needs to be put in place. A home inspection report has to be
developed. Local women nominated by the tank committees have to be trained to
apply the report system and to advise and help users where they are doing
something wrong. Women nominated by the well commissions have to be trained to
monitor the work of the local inspectors. A woman nominated by the (unified)
well commissions will have to check the work of the well commission monitors.
Information and experiences would need to be exchanged both vertically and
horizontally under a).
The same users will at the same time need separate instruction on how
best to recycle their urine, and later, their composted faeces. Basic
recommendations will be developed under the projects for this, although single
users, the local tank commissions, or the project coordinator could also obtain
consultancy under b). Where the project supplies recommendations, cooperative
structures similar to those described for hygiene would need to be developed to
make sure they are applied properly.
2.13 RECYCLING OF FUNDS AND IMPORTATION OF CAPITAL GOODS
Purchases in formal money of
capital goods for production purposes will normally need to be imported into
The first series of such purchases is usually made with the original
loan funds. Since the original loan funds are made available in US$ or other
leading international currency, and converted into the local currency for the
purposes of the project, their re-conversion where necessary from the local
currency into the international currency should not pose a problem.
The amount of capital goods needed for local productivity increase under
recycled micro-loans could, however, amount to several times (5 or 6 times or
more) the amount of the original interest-free loan expressed in foreign
currency.
A condition for the granting of an interest-free loan under the project
is, normally, that the beneficiary be able initially to sell some of the goods
or services in question outside the project area for formal money to enable him
to repay the loan. The beneficiary therefore exports the goods or services outside
the project area for formal local currency, but not necessarily outside the
national borders. Since capital goods may often need to be imported into the
country where the project area is situated, a situation of financial leakage of
formal national currency occurs for the purpose of buying the foreign currency
necessary for the purchase of new capital goods for production purposes. This
financial leakage is not desirable but it may in part be offset by the increase
of local production tending towards a reduction in the need for imported goods.
The leakage can only be completely avoided where the project area succeeds with
time to export directly outside national boundaries enough of its production to
earn enough foreign currency to cover the costs of the imported goods. It is
unlikely this be possible at least in the early phases of a project
application. The local government must therefore when it approves a project
application under the Model accept that this (temporary) financial leakage is
going to take place during the initial stages of the project. Its Finance
Ministry must ensure flexibility in granting leave to convert local formal
money into the foreign currency necessary for the purchase of the capital
goods. Failure of the Ministry to do so would in practice lead to serious
delays in project execution. The more often the project funds are recycled the
more rapidly the project area will develop. The Project Coordinator, on the
other hand, is bound to endeavour to reduce the financial leakage of formal
currency in question by purchasing capital equipment, where available, which
has already been imported and is available on the local market.
The
following schedule will produce a zero national import/export balance for the
project during its execution and a long-term ongoing credit balance:
First two (executive) years : zero franchise
Third year, at least 35% of imported value exported
Fourth year, at least 50% of imported value exported
Fifth year, at least 75% of imported value exported
Sixth year, at least 100% of imported value exported
Seventh year, at least 125% of imported value exported
Eight and following years, at least 150% of imported value exported
2.14 AUDITING STRUCTURES
AUDITING STRUCTURES
The
project is based on separation of powers between the controlling party (the NGO
SIMA) and the project coordinator nominated by the NGO to execute the project.
Financing
parties have, if they wish, two structures enabling them to carry out on-going
audits of the project works.
1. The project NGO fronts for the project and maintains on-going
auditing powers to ensure correct project execution. The statute of the project
NGO allows the financing parties to nominate executive auditors to the Board of
Directors. The nominated auditors may be paid salaries by the financing
parties. For practical purposes they should be resident in or near the project
area. The NGO does not intervene directly in the execution of the project, as
this is the responsibility of its nominee project coordinator.
2. Financing parties may also nominate an independent auditor to act the
with project coordinator to co-sign payment authorisations and conduct an
on-going audit of project out-go. The independent auditor answers to the Board
of the NGO, which includes executive audit nominees of the financing parties.
His salary is paid by the financing parties. The independent auditor may not
intervene in the running of the project itself. For practical purposes the
independent auditor must be resident in the project area.
To avoid conflict of interest, neither the project coordinator nor the
independent auditor may be a member of the NGO. They both report, independently
of each other, to the NGO.
3. Planned works and results
3.1 Hygiene education structures
Voluntary Community Health
Clubs are set up within the project area. The members of each Health Club,
which can include men, follow a course normally lasting at least six months.
During the course, hygiene-related topics are discussed under the leadership of
a specially trained Health Worker.
The
structures, rules and administrative aspects of the Health Clubs will be
established during one or more Organisational Workshops, during which the
Health workers will also receive due training.
For
some indicative information on the courses, refer to Schedule 7. This material
is subject to adaptation according to the preferences expressed by the Workshop
participants.
The
Health Clubs will continue to meet regularly after the course has finished.
Their role is fundamental to the project. They serve as a forum for identifying
community needs, assisting with project planning and implementation, and
developing the sense of unity and cooperation on which the success of the
project depends.
A
system will be set up to provide on-going inspection of the individual
sanitation and water supply systems by local Health workers.
Water
quality will be systematically monitored by a local clinic or hospital using testing
equipment supplied under the project.
Hygiene
education courses will be established in the schools in the project area. They
will be supported and approved by the local Health and Education authorities.
They will be applied during normal schools hours under the supervision of the
teachers' commissions.
3.2 Sanitation facilities
For a diagram of the proposed
waste disposal system see:
DRAWING SHOWING PROPOSED WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM
COMPOSITES
These
are based on the separation of urine, faeces, and grey water.
In
urban areas, urine, grey water and fertiliser can be used in vertical gardens
made from Gypsum composites blocks
under the LETS systems.
The
number of users for each toilet unit will be decided during phase 2 of the
project based on users' preferences and customs in accordance with the
decisions reached during the organisation workshops to be held. Units could be
for an individual or a group of related families.
A
typical unit will comprise a small toilet building containing three Gypsum
composites tanks. One tank will be used for urine. The other two tanks will be
used as aerobic composting toilets. Building support structures, san-plats for
urinals and toilet seats will also be supplied by the local Gypsum composites
production units. The toilet structures will be built by local builders or
cooperative groups and paid for using the LETS local currencies. Use of
improved evaporation systems could eliminate one of the composting toilets. For
health reasons we prefer the twin tank method.
Almost
the whole sanitation project can be done under local exchange trading (LETS)
systems, with nearly 100% local value added.
The
toilets will be supplied with appropriate washing and cleaning means for
personal hygiene.
A small quantity of locally available lime, ash, sawdust or similar
would be added to the urine tank once or twice a day and to the faeces after
use. The contents of the urine tank can be emptied at any time. A mixture
containing one part urine and ten parts of water can be safely used for
watering plants. This high quality product has been known to more than double
the productivity of a household garden. An average family with 5 members can
produce about 25m3 of this fertiliser per year.
Users not wishing to dispose of the urine themselves will hire local
operators to do it for them under the local LETS currency systems. The
development using LETS currencies of a collection system may be needed in poor
urban areas where users have no gardens or are unable to dispose of their
urine.
With the double composting dry toilet system, one properly aerated
toilet tank is used until it is more or less full. It is then sealed and allowed
to compost for at least 9-12 months while the second toilet tank is being used.
The contents need to be moved from time to time. During that time, the compost
in the sealed tank reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of soil per adult
person per year. After 9-12 months composting, the soil can be safely and
profitably used as soil conditioner.
Users not able to dispose of the soil conditioner will hire local
operators to do so under the local LETS currency systems.
Organic material other than urine and faeces will be composted in simple
compost boxes built and supplied under the local LETS currency systems.
Alternatively it can ussed for animals and/or collected under the local LETS
currency waste recycling structures.
In rural project areas, grey household water from the kitchen and from
household cleaning can be collected in an appropriate closed container and
spread on the family vegetable plot once a day, avoiding the formation of open
or stagnant pools and concentrations of water. It can also be used to dilute
urine. Users not able to dispose of their grey water will hire local operators
to do so under the local LETS currency systems.
In urban areas, grey water may need to be regularly collected, possibly
together with urine, and taken to the countryside nearby where it can be
recycled. This work would be done under the local LETS currency systems.
Non-organic solid waste products will be recycled in recycling centres
operating under the local currency (LETS) systems, creating more local added
value. In larger communities the centres may be specialised to some extent.
Collection charges will depend on the kind of material being recycled.
Environmentally harmful materials will be charged for at a higher rate than
other materials. Special waste from clinics will be addressed separately.
Appropriate
sanitation services where needed for schools and clinics in the project area
will be included in the project.
Useful
references for further information on dry sanitation are:
a)Winblad Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency),
b)
c)Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food
security",
3.3 Local Gypsum composites production facilities
The project
requires the supply of many water tanks, water containers, well-linings,
san-plats, toilet seats, and support structures. Many of these are
traditionally made from concrete, using materials that have to be paid for in
formal currency and are usually not available locally. Concrete and cement are
environmentally unfriendly and are difficult to dispose of after use. Concrete
water tanks can cost up to US$ 4000 per tank. Concrete products are also
subject to production faults and cannot always be repaired when damage damaged.
They are heavy and difficult to transport.
A practical alternative to concrete, is to use a new-age product like
Gypsum composites. Gypsum composites production units can be established
wherever there are local deposits of cheap gypsum (CaSO4 + water) or anhydrite
(CaSO4 + 1/2 water) which are very common, occurring naturally in most parts of
the world. They can be used to make cheap, ecological, hygienic tanks,
well-linings, toilets and other products. Gypsum composites is a
state-of-the-art technology originating in the
Gypsum composites production units are permanent industrial assets. They
will be used to make various load-bearing structures and other building
materials. Gypsum composites can
even be used to weather-proof the mud walls of locally built houses and as a
substitute for construction timber, reducing de-forestation.
Gypsum composites will also
be used to make high efficiency stoves. The stoves can stand temperatures of up
to 500 degrees C. They will recycle heat from smoke circulated around the pot.
The stoves can be safely carried by hand with boiling water in the pot and fire
in the stove. Although they will work with any sort of fuel, mini-briquettes
made from bio-mass will be produced locally under the project.
Gypsum composites will also
be used to make solar cookers under the LETS systems in applications where
daytime cooking is not in contrast with local customs.
The modest cost of Gypsum composites production units will be funded within
the project by interest-free green loans repayable over a period of 4 years.
The initial casting moulds for Gypsum composites products can cost several thousand US$.
These costs will restrict the initial range of products any single production
unit can make. The top priority will be to service the needs of the project
itself. Additional copies of the initial moulds are, however, very cheap to
make.
The entire system for the production of items in Gypsum composites from
cheap gypsum or anhydrite, the management of the deposits of raw materials, the
construction of the factories, the production and installation on the items
manufactured will be organised during a series of Moraisian workshops for which
a separate allowance has been made in the budget.
While the workshops will work out the details, it is foreseeable that
the Gypsum composites production be highly labour intensive calling for minimum
capital outlay. The products can be made manually without the need for any
machinery, with a western-level finish.
Refer
to Schedule 6 for more information on the Gypsum composites process:
NOTES ON GYPSUM COMPOSITES for a general description of
the Gypsum composites technology.
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS for some
information and an example of a more advanced application.
3.4 Water supply structures
For a diagram of the water
supply structures refer to:
DRAWING OF WATER SUPPLY STRUCTURES
Organised drinking water supply systems in the Saboti Division project
area are limited to (part of) the larger towns. This project will be
decentralised. Large diameter boreholes will be drilled using local labour,
construction methods and materials supplied under the local LETS systems.
About 6-9 solar submersible horizontal axis piston pumps (see Schedule 4
for a full description) will be installed in each borehole. Each of the pumps
will supply water to a dedicated water tank serving a local community. The well
is the hub of the supply system. The water pipelines radiating from it are its
spokes.
Schools will each receive one dedicated tank. Clinics, for further
safety, will be served by two tanks each with its own pump.
Each borehole will be equipped with back-up hand-pumps (see Schedule 5
for a complete description of the hand-pumps).The hand-pumps will provide water
during unusually long periods of bad weather.
Where culturally appropriate, there will be a communal washing area near
each well so that women used to doing their washing in groups can continue to
do so. The backup hand-pumps may also be used to service the washing areas and
in cases of emergency.
The water supply is based on a water consumption of
Where the water table is not deep, hand-dug wells instead of drilled
boreholes will be prepared.
According to the wishes of the people in each tank commission and/or
well-commission area, existing water supply structures can be upgraded to the
requirements of this project and possession in them handed over to the tank
commissions and well commissions who would then be responsible for their
administration.
3.5 Institutional developments
For a drawing of the
institutional structures foreseen refer to:
DRAWING
OF STRUCTURES
CASH FLOW DIAGRAM
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE
Permanent on-going procedures to maintain and administer the system will
be worked out with the users themselves during Organization Workshops to be run
for this purpose, with the involvement of Terry Manning as consultant, the
project coordinator, the tanks and wells commissions, maintenance and
inspection staff, and the local private bank that administers the micro-credit
loans.
The purpose is to create a "maintenance culture".
Structures to be created include the Health Clubs, the local money
systems, the Gypsum composites factories, systems for installation and
maintenance of the drinking water supply system, waste recycling structures,
structures for the production of bio-mass, the local banking and micro-credits
system, the tank and well commissions, not to forget the local radio station.
Multiple re-cycled interest-free micro-credits will provide formal money
needed to develop local production capacity. The rest of the development will
be done with the LETS systems.
The
capital available for re-cycling in the form of micro-credits is made of:
a) Part of the initial seed money until it is needed for the project.
b) Seed loan repayments.
c) Micro-credit repayments.
d) The long term maintenance fund.
e) The system capital replacement fund which will be built up after the ten years'
seed loan has been fully repaid.
For instance, a woman may need a sewing machine to be able to make
clothes. She will need "formal" currency to buy the sewing machine.
That money will be available in the form of an interest-free micro credit. She
will sell outside the local LETS system some of the clothes she makes to earn
the "formal" money she needs to repay her loan. The rest of the
clothes can be sold within the local currency LETS system.
As she repays her loan, the repaid capital can be loaned again for
another interest free micro-credit project, so the available seed money
repeatedly re-circulates within the local economy.
Establishing local exchange trading (LETS) systems to overcome the
chronic lack of "formal" money in the Saboti Division is fundamental
to the project. LETS systems create local currency units to exchange goods and
services. They eliminate common complaints concerning the operation of
development projects such as:
"There's
no money to pay people to write out the water bills"
"There's no money to collect the monthly contributions"
"The people can't afford san-plats for their toilets"
Very
often, all that is needed is a way to transfer goods and services within the
community without having to use formal money.
We propose to make participation in the LETS systems compulsory for all
people in the project area of working age because everybody will benefit from
and participate in some of the community level initiatives undertaken within
the project. For instance, PV lighting for study will be financed at local tank
commission level and its costs written off against the users in that tank area
only. Others, such as tree-planting or road building may benefit the whole
community and every member will be charged for his share. Compulsory membership
is also needed where common assets are being used or sold or when goods and
services for the project have to be supplied in the local currencies.
Nearly all LETS transactions are open to normal "free market"
negotiation between the parties.
Many goods and services like those provided by the Community Health
Clubs, and those needed to build the sanitation and water supply services can
be paid for using the LETS systems. We have included some formal currency
estimates for these goods and services so that enough micro-credit loan money
is available to start developing local production.
For
more information on the nature and organisation of LETS systems, refer to
Schedule 8.
LETS
systems will be set up in Saboti (North) and Sikhendu (South).
3.6 PV lighting, television and refrigeration
A PV lighting
system for study can be installed in each tank area once a study area has been
built there using the local LETS currency. The cost of the study area would be
equally debited to all LETS members in the tank area.
Enough money has been set aside in phase 4 of the project to cover 375
PV lighting systems.
The
purchase of a PV operated TV set for each of study area is subject to
discussion and has been listed "pro-memorium" in the budget. We have done
this because:
- it is not known how much suitable educational material is available in the
local languages (??????)
- the TV set would need to be safely housed in a weather-proof environment
- of maintenance and security problems
We have also listed the purchase of PV lighting and refrigeration for
clinics outside the project area "pro-memorium" in the budget pending
complete information on the necessity, as it is understood most clinics are
already grid connected. This is because the willingness to share the onus of
payment will have to be discussed from case to case and consents to transfer of
ownership to the local tank commissions would have to be obtained.
PV lighting facilities for evening classes in schools has also been
included in the budget. This has been set at two sets per school pending more
information on the individual schools and their real needs with respect to
evening classes.
3.7 Domestic solar home systems
Home lighting in the
project area is usually fuelled by and kerosene lamps and candles the average
cost of which (with batteries for radios) is about US$ 5 per family of 10 per
month. Kerosene costs about US$0.50 per litre, and an average family uses about
The tank commissions will decide the social priorities for the gradual
distribution of these systems. They may for instance decide priorities by
drawing lots. The seed fund is purely to set an example, and cannot supply more
than 150-200 systems to launch the system. The rest of the money must come from
the cooperative contributions made by the users participating.
The speed of the distribution of the systems will depend on the time
required to reimburse the credits received by each family. A family accustomed
to paying US$12 a month for lighting and batteries will be able to repay a
system from savings within about 4 years. A poorer family would need more time.
Alternatively each family can pay an affordable amount into the Tank Commission
fund and new systems distributed by lot each time there is enough money in the
fund.
Distribution of solar home systems is expected to commence in the last,
phase 4, of the project. Various activities currently cause of financial
leakage from the project area will then be taking place under the local money
(LETS) systems, and it is conceivable that (some) users have more formal money
available than before. They can therefore form buying cooperatives for solar
home systems at tank commission level, whereby each family contributes an
amount (e.g. US$5) each month into its cooperative lighting fund. This would
allow one family out of 20 to install a system each 16 weeks. This would mean
that each family would have a solar home system installed within about 6 years
after the start of the cooperative and the elimination of financial leakage
from the project area due to lighting and radios within 6-7 years.
Financial leakage through the use of inefficient battery-driven radios
could be stopped by the use of high efficiency radios and/or mechanical wind-up
radios. It should be possible to recover the cost of the new radios through
savings on batteries within one year.
3.8 Payments and on-going costs
The following drawings and
graphs form an integral part of this project proposal. To avoid long
downloading time they are not included in this document. They can be accessed
through website http://www.flowman.nl and will be transmitted as e-mail
attachments to any interested parties.
GRAPH SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS .
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE .
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 1-21 of
the budget)
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 22-58
of the budget)
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FOURTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIFTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SIXTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SEVENTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE NINTH QUARTER
DETAILED FINAL EXPENDITURE
The people of the Saboti Division area in the Trans Nzoia district in
The users will pay a monthly fee to be decided during phase 2 of the
project. It is expected to be the equivalent in Kenyan shillings approximately
US$0.75 per family member (or the equivalent in Kenyan shillings of US$7.50 per
month for an extended family of ten. This sum will be used:
- to repay the loan itself. This money will be re-cycled interest-free
for use as micro-credits to develop local production capacity.
- to pay on-going administration and maintenance costs. This money pays
the monthly fees of the project coordinator and the salaries and transport
costs of maintenance and inspection personnel and of the tank commissions.
- to set up reserves for long term maintenance. These funds will also be
re-cycled for micro-credits but managed so that the capital is available when
it is needed.
Once the original seed money has been repaid, the monthly payments will
create a large fund for use to extend the basic services provided under this
project.
The whole cost of the Gypsum composites production units will be covered
by interest-free loans repayable over 4 years. This capital can also be
re-cycled as it is repaid.
There will be large savings in the traditional cost of fuel for cooking.
The savings will come from using high efficiency Gypsum composites stoves and local production of bio-mass
for fuel.
Provision of drinking water under the project will help avoid health
hazards, improve productivity, and avoid the need to purchase expensive water
from vendors in the larger communities.
Waste re-cycling under the project will produce savings by creating
value added from resources currently unused and because payments for collection
and handling of the waste will be kept inside the local economy.
4. Work Plan
4.1 First, initial, research phase
Relevant details
have been collected and a budget developed. Contacts have been made with
potential suppliers and the basic project technologies selected. The project coordinator
has contacted the local people to discuss their wishes and willingness and
ability to meet any net financial commitments under the project after taking
into account direct savings.
Users have accepted the five conditions precedent to the success of
self-financing development projects of the type here presented:
4.1.1 Acceptation of Health Clubs. These do not only serve the purposes
of offering basic hygiene education courses. They also serve as a platform for
women, so that they can organise themselves and participate and play an
important role in the various structures foreseen. The health clubs therefore
constitute a means of addressing the so-called "gender problem".
4.1.2 Willingness to pay the equivalent in Kenyan shillings of at least
US$0.75 per family member (or the equivalent in Kenyan shillings of at least
US$7.50 per month per extended family of 10) into the Saboti Cooperative
Development Fund. This payment covers the entire package of basic services
foreseen (hygiene education, drinking water supply, sanitation, waste removal,
high efficiency stoves and fuel for them, and lighting for study purposes.
4.1.3 Acceptance of the use of local exchange trading (LETS) systems,
which enable goods and services originating in the project area to be exchanged
without the need for formal money.
4.1.4 Acceptance of the GYPSUM COMPOSITES process which enables most of
the items required for local development to be made locally with 100% local
value added within the framework of the local LETS systems in local low cost
labour intensive production units.
4.1.5 Acceptance of industrial quality dry composting toilet systems
with the separation of urine and excreta. Aspects relating to the form, the
colour, the finish, privacy and similar will all be discussed with and decided
by the users. The dry toilet systems foreseen enable waste to be recycled at
household level so that problems connected with the pollution of surface and
ground water can be addressed at local level without the need for major investments.
The key project sites including clinics and schools are shown on the map
of the project area and on the settlement schedules, all of which are included
in Schedule 3.
There
is no budget included for the work during this first phase which has been
carried out free of charge.
4.2 Second phase lasting about 9 months
The following graphs are
available on the CD supplied with the project summary or can be downloaded from
internet site www.flowman.nl or transmitted as attachments to an e-mail message
on request.
GRAPH SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS .
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE .
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 1-21
of the budget)
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 22-58
of the budget)
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
This
is the most critical phase during which the basic structures necessary for the
operation of the entire system are set up by way of a series of organizational
workshops following the method introduced by the Brazilian sociologist Clodomir
Santos de Morais.
Refer
to Schedule 2 for some material and a bibliography on Organisational Workshops.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS
The
sequential order of the workshops is very important. The first workshops are
the ones setting up the Health Clubs, which offer women a platform from which
they can organise themselves. After that, the tanks commissions, which are the
heart of the system, can be established. The third structure is the local money
LETS systems, followed by the micro-credit system, the Gypsum composites
factories, the water supply system, the recycling system and the radio station
(????? necessary???).
4.2.0 PAYMENT OF THE PROJECT FUNDS
A plan for the effective
payment of the project funds to the local NGO is prepared.
Since
the local Saboti Cooperative Local Development bank will be instituted later
on, if no suitable banking institution is present in the project area, the
funds will have to be paid into a temporary account in the name of the NGO in
Kitale.
4.2.1 HEALTH CLUBS AND HYGIENE EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS
4.2.1.1 Health clubs
The Health Clubs
must form a socially acceptable platform to get users, and especially women, to
work together as this is the base of the project. They will create a forum for
women, so that they can identify the needs of the community and participate fully
in the planning and execution of the structures to be set up.
Usually at least two Moraisian workshops will be held (one in the
Saboti, and one in the Sikhendu area) during which draft Health Clubs rules
will be prepared and discussed with the local people so the community fully
"owns" the project. The Health Clubs will be a socially acceptable
method of getting people used to working together, the cornerstone for a
successful project. Local Health Workers will be trained to lead Health Club discussions.
Material for the Health Clubs and for hygiene education courses in schools will
be adapted, preferably using local artists. Preference will be given to the use
of traditional local art styles.
Indicative participation (all workshops together)
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
The Zimbabwe AHEAD Consultant
Representative of the ONG
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
20 qualified istructors indicated by the Ministry of Health to guide the Health
Club lessons
300 female initiative takers at the level of the future Tank Commissions
Duration
of each workshop: about three weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
system coordination structure for coordination:
- with the project coordinator
- amongst the main project areas
- with the Health ministry
- amongst the Health Ministry trainers and the women locally responsible
- the statues and rules for the running of the clubs
b) A
materials structure
- discussion with potential members of the Health Groups
- definition of the content of the courses according to local requirements
- adaptation of the material according to local customs (illustrations,
languages etc)
- actual physical preparation of the course
- distribution of the material
c) A
methodical structure
- how to use the material
- the role of the Health Ministry specialists
- the role of the local Health Club leaders
- practical exercises
- how to call meetings and lead the first lessons
- continuation of the Health Clubs after the termination of the courses
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, Health Clubs leaders, Health
ministry teachers)
- horizontal, amongst local Health Club leaders, (future) radio programme
e) A
structure at local Tank Commission level
-
Payment of the local Health Club leader once the local money systems have been
formed - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the (future)
Tank Commission - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the
Health ministry teacher responsible for the area - Discussion with persons
(women) interested in the (future) local Tank Commission - Registration of
Health Club members - Practical organisation of the lessons and later group meetings
BASIC INDICATIVE COURSE FOR HEALTH CLUBS
4.2.1.2 Hygiene Education in the Schools
One
Moraisian workshop will be held during which Local Health Workers will be
trained to lead hygiene education courses in the schools. Material for the
courses in schools will be adapted, preferably using local artists. Preference
will be given to the use of traditional local art styles.
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
The Zimbabwe AHEAD Consultant
Representative of the ONG
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Education Ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
20 qualified instructors indicated by the Ministry of Health to guide the
lessons
50 teachers from the schools
Duration
of each workshop: about three weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
system coordination structure for coordination:
-
with the project coordinator- with the Health ministry
- with the Education ministry
- amongst the Health Ministry trainers and the teachers' commissions
b) A
materials structure
- discussion of course content according to the different levels of the pupils
- definition of the content of the courses according to age groups
(illustrations, language etc)
- adaptation of the material according to local customs (illustrations,
languages etc)
- actual physical preparation of the course
- distribution of the material
c) A
methodical structure
- how to use the material
- the role of the Health Ministry specialists
- the role of the teachers
- planning the courses
- continuity
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, Health ministry specialists,
teachers' commissions)
- horizontal, amongst the teachers' commissions and the families, (future)
radio programme
e)
Formalities
- Payment in local LETS currencies of the teachers involved.
4.2.2
LOCAL SOCIAL STRUCTURES
Two
Moraisian workshops will be held, one in Saboti, one in Sikhendu. The Tank
Commissions form the basic project structure and the workshops can involve up
to 1500 people.
Indicative
participation (both workshops together)
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Representative of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
1300 (mostly female) persons interested in participating with responsibility
for the management of projects structures as members of the Tank Commissions.
35% of these people might be indicated by the traditional chiefs, 65% by the
local Health Clubs.
Duration
of each workshop: about four weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the tanks commissions and the well commissions
- statutes
- rules
- financial aspects
- definition of the tasks
b)
Organisation
- meetings
- use of tanks and well areas
c)
Coordination
- with project coordinator
- (future) local SEL-LETS system
- between local tank commissions and the well commission
- with local schools
- with local clinics/hospitals
- with (future) recycling systems
- with (future) micro-credit structures
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator)
- horizontal, with the +/- 40 local families
e)
Individual initiatives
-
Payment of the local Health Club leaders once the local money systems have been
formed - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the (future)
Tank Commission - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the
Health ministry teacher responsible for the area - Discussion with persons
(women) interested in the (future) local Tank Commission - Registration of Health
Club members - Practical organisation of the lessons and later group meetings
4.2.3
THE LETS LOCAL MONEY SYSTEMS
For detailed information on LETS systems refer to
appendix 8
Two
Moraisian workshops will be held, one in Saboti and one in Sikhendu, for each
local money LETS system.
Indicative
participation (both workshops together)
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
2 representatives of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
100 persons, indicated by the well commissions, who will have indicated their
interest in registering transactions
400 persons (men and women) indicated by the Tank Commissions interested in
taking responsibility for the management of the LETS systems at tank commission
level.
Duration
of each workshop: about six weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the LETS structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relationships with other non-formal local money systems
b)
Structure for the registration of transactions
- physical working space (offices)
- adaptation of environments against weather and dust
- safety and back-up procedures to protect information
- purchase of computers, printers, equipment for registration of members et
electrical connections eventually using PV
- distribution of physical structures: LETS boxes, notice boards
- preparation of cheques or other instruments of exchange to be used
- publication of the services available within the system
c)
Coordination with users
- preparatory meetings with users at tank commission level
- presentation of the local coordinator
- registration of members
- distribution of cheques or other instruments of exchange
- starting transactions
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (project coordinator, transaction registrars,
those responsible at tank commission level, users)
- horizontal, with the various persons responsible at the same level (amongst
transaction registrars, amongst tank commission level operators)
- horizontal, amongst local money systems
- commercial, radio, website
4.2.4
MICRO CREDIT SYSTEM STRUCTURES
For details of how the system
works, refer to:
CHART ILLUSTRATING MICRO-LOANS SCHEME
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE
The Saboti Cooperative Local Development Bank will manage formal
currency funds necessary for running the project, acting on instructions of the
project coordinator given on receipt of the indications received from those
responsible at tank commission level. The funds do not belong to the bank,
which will intervene only in the practical management and transfer of the
funds. The decisions are taken by the users' structures set up under the
project. The funds formally belong to the users until the expiry of the 10
years' interest-free credit term. The interests of the financing parties are
protected by their representatives nominated to the board of the ONG, who will
be invited to participate in the workshop.
The services of the bank will be paid in local LETS monies at a fixed
rate per transaction to be set during the workshop. The bank can then use its
LETS credits to purchase goods and services inside the project area and sell
them for formal money outside the project area.
One
Moraisian workshop will be held to prepare the Bank structures.
Indicative
participation
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
2 Representatives of the ONG acting on behalf of the financing parties
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
At least 6 qualified persons, 3 inidicated by the ONG and 3 by the project
coordinator
350 persons, indicated by the tank commissions, interested in participating
with responsibility for credit arrangements at tank commission level.
Duration
of the workshop: about six weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
4.2.4.1 The bank
a)
Definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relations with the LETS local money systems
b)
Physical aspects
- land
- office
- safety
- communications
c)
Financial aspects (Definition of initiatives at each structural level. How much
money is to be distributed at each level?)
- funding of initiatives at general project level (recycling structures,
important productivity initiatives, public works)
- funding of initiatives at intermediate, well commission, level
- funding of initiatives at local tank commission level
- funding of socially based initiatives (clubs, interest groups etc)
- traditional banking activities
4.2.4.2 Organisation of operations
a)
Central structure
b)
De-centralised structure
- Preparation operators
- Meetings at tank commission level
c)
Coordination
- With LETS structures
- With tank commissions
- With project coordinator
d)
Financing of specific projects
- Relations with financiers
e)
Communications structure
-Vertical, at project level (project coordinator, transactions operators, tank
commission level operators, end users)
Commercial, radio, website
4.2.5 GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTION UNITS
For information on the Gypsum
composites process refer to:
NOTES ON GYPSUM COMPOSITES: General description of
the Gypsum composites technology.
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS: More
information and an example of a more advanced application.
Three
Moraisian organisational workshops will be held, one for each production unit
planned. Localities to be decided in accordance with the local availability of
gypsum or anhydrite or the need to import it into the project area.
Indicatively one might be located in Kapretwa, one in Kamukuywa, and one in
Lukhome.
Indicative
participation (all workshops together)
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant EOS Consult
At least one representative of the NGO
Representative of the Ministry of Health
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
150 persons (men and women), indicated during meetings held at Tank Commission
level, interested in participating in the activities of the factories. Where
opportune, according to local political structures and traditions, up to 25% of
the people could be indicated by the local chiefs.
Duration
of each workshop: about six weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the production units
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relationship with the local LETS systems
b) A
structure for the supply of materials
- geological research for gypsum and/or anhydrite deposits
- locations of gypsum/anhydrite quarries, permits
- activities preparatory to exploitation
- logistics
- coordination of materials depots with the factories
c)
Definition of the items to be made (tanks, toilets, stoves, solar cookers etc)
- coordination with the other production units (specialisation)
- contacts with families
- definition of requirements : articles and specifications
- definition of requirements : design, productive capacity
- definition of the necessary procedures
- preparation of moulds
- tests
- decision on priorities to be given to the various items
d) A
structure for the factories
- land and necessary structures
- design of factories
- construction of factories
- purchase of necessary equipment
e) A
production structure
- organisation of the production
- commercial organisation
f) A
structure for the installation of the items produced
- Relationship factory-installers
- Preparation of the installers
- Installation
- Siting of boreholes/wells
- After sales backup and service
g) A
structure for communications
- Vertical, at project level (project coordinator, factory manager, factory
commissions, installers, end users)
- Horizontal, between production units
- With the local money LETS systems
- Commercial, radio, website
4.2.6 THE RECYCLING STRUCTURES
A special fund is included in the budget to cover the costs of setting
up the recycling structures, which have priority. The funds will be repaid by
the beneficiaries in the same way as those made available to the Gypsum
composites factories. They will take the form of interest-free credits
repayable according to the real possibilities of those involved as decided
during the organisational workshops during which the structures are set up. The
repayments will be financed by sale of materials such as fertilisers and
compost outside the project area and by the "exportation" of solid
non-organic waste which are not recyclable within the project area itself. For
an illustration of a possible general structure for the integrated recycling of
waste in project areas refer to:
DRAWING OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
The work of the recycling structures will be carried out within the
local money LETS systems already set up. One of the more interesting features
of LETS systems is that, in contrast with what happens in the western monetised
economies, work considered as "dirty" and/or "heavy" is
usually better paid than "clean" and/or "light" work as the
rates charged will normally be related to the perceived value of an hour's work
in the foreseeable normal working situation.
Two
Moraisian workshops will be held, one for each LETS local money system.
Indicative
participation (both workshops together)
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
150 persons (male and female)indicated by the tank commissions, interested in
participating.
Duration
of each workshop: about six weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including relations with the Micro-credit institution
- relations with the local money LETS systems
b)
Analysis of requirements
c) A
structure for the recycling centres
- Definition of the land requirements and the physical structures necessary
- formalities and permits
- design of the centres
- construction of the centres
- purchase of the necessary equipment
d) A
structure for the collection/deposition of waste
- urine
- composted excreta
- waste water
- other organic waste
- non organic solids
- special industrial wastes
- medical wastes
- who will do what
- definition of individual zones
- definition of specialisations
e) A
commercial structures
- definition of the tariffs applicable to the various types of material
- distribution of urine and composted excreta
- direct recycling of certain materials
- contacts for the exportation of materials not recyclable locally
f) A
monitoring structure
- sanitary conditions
- ecological conditions
- safety conditions
g) A communications
structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, centre managers, collection
structures, end users)
- horizontal, between centres
- relations with local money LETS systems
- commercial, radio, website
4.2.7
STRUCTURES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIO-MASSE FOR STOVES
For a
typical possible high efficiency stove design refer to:
DRAWING OF TYPICAL HIGH EFFICIENCY GYPSUM COMPOSITES STOVE.
The
structures foreseen are for the production of mini-briquettes for the stoves to
be made by the gypsum composites production units and for the production of
bio-masse to make the mini-briquettes.
One
Moraisian workshop will be held.
Indicative
participation
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Consultant EOS advises
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
50 persons indicated by the tank commissions interested in the production of
mini-briquettes
150 persons indicated by the tank commissions, interested in producing
bio-masse for the mini-briquettes.
Duration
of the workshop: about four weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
coordination structure
- definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including payments
- relations with the local money LETS systems
b)
Analysis of requirements
- detailed analysis of the present systems
- demand in the project area
- demand outside the project area
c)
Analysis of the bio-masse resources available
d)
Definition of the recipes (mixtures) socially acceptable
e)
Creation of the physical structures for briquette production
f)
Logistics
- Assembly and stocking of materials
- distribution of mini-briquettes
g)
Organisation of the cultivation of bio-mass
h)
Commercial
- Availability of micro-credits for growers
- Availability of micro-credits for briquette makers
- Prices for briquette distribution according to the various mixtures
4.2.8 STRUCTURE FOR THE RADIO STATION
The establishment
of a local radio station is an integral part of the project. The station is a
part of the management of communications concerning the project. Since most
people in the project areas possess a radio, radio is an excellent way to
spread information on the project developments and the management of the
structures set up. It also enables users to discuss initiatives taken and to be
taken, and to express their criticisms. It can also become a vehicle for local
commerce.
The station will be placed in Saboti in the centre of the project area
so as to limit the transmission radius. A PV operated station may be preferred
to one running on "imported" electricity, as this increases the
autonomy of the station and reduces long term financial leakage from the
project area.
The
management of the station will be completely autonomous.
Without
influencing this independence in any way, the programme could indicatively
comprise the following elements:
(a)
Transmission of information on project activities (news bulletins)
- Convocation of meetings for structures (tanks commissions, LETS systems etc)
- Information on decisions taken during meetings
- Information on progress made with the installation/setting up of the various
structures
- Information of interest-free micro-credits conceded
(b)
Transmissions by interest groups
- Initiatives the groups wish to take
- Information on initiatives under way
(c)
Information on cultural and sporting activities in the project area
(d)
Emergency services
(e)
Promotion of the project towards the outside.
FINANCING
The
setting up of the station is covered by a separate item in the indicative
balance sheet.
The
workshop must decide how the station reimburse this interest-free credit.
-
Work is carried out under the local LETS money systems - Expenses in formal
currency (electricity?, equipment and the costs of running it) would need to be
paid back over 3 or 4 years. How:
-a) Collection of a small (formal currency) contribution at household level?
-b) Payments for services rendered to people living in the areas surrounding
the project area
- c) Advertising by producers in the project area towards people living in the
surrounding areas Usually just one Moraisian workshop will be held in a given
project area.
Indicative
participation
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Ministry of Communications
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
20 persons indicated by the tank commissions interested in participating in the
management of the station.
50 persons indicated by the tank commissions, interested in producing
programmes for the station
Duration
of the workshop: about three weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
coordination structure
- definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including payments
- relations with the local money LETS systems
b)
Analysis of requirements
- detailed analysis of the communications needs of the individual structures
created under the project
- demand in the project area
- demand outside the project area
c)
Material structure
- Land
- Permits
- Office/studio
- Transmission equipment
- Equipment for production and storing of programmes
d)
Logistics
- Transport
- Storage of materials
- Organisation of network
4.2.9 STRUCTURES FOR THE DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
For
possible technical solutions for the drinking water distribution system refer
to:
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.
One
Moraisian workshop will be held.
Indicative
participation
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Consultant EOS Consult
At least one representative of the NGO
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
30 persons indicated by the tank commissions interested in the systematic
maintenance of the structures
80 persons indicated by the tank commissions, interested in drilling boreholes,
drilling wells and building the associated civil and associated works
Duration
of the workshop: about four weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
coordination structure
- definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including payments
- relations with the local money LETS systems
b)
Analysis of requirements
Refer to Schedule 1 for full details)
c)
Hydro-geological research
d)
Preparation of maps showing:
- sites of boreholes and wells
- tank sites
- feed-pipe installation lines
e)
Specifications
- Work bases/depots
- Boreholes/wells
- Solar pumps
- Hand pumps
- Washing areas
- Solar panels
- Panel supports
- Borehole/well surroundings
- Laying of pipelines
- Installation tanks
- Eventual installation of UV purification units
- Training of well commissions
- Training of tank commission
f)
Permits
g)
The civil works
- Base for storage of equipment and materials
- Formation of teams
- Planning of works
- Logistics
- Equipment and materials
h)
Installation of the structures
i)
Maintenance
- Creation of the maintenance structure
- Relations with suppliers
- Importation and management of spare parts
- Planning of preventive maintenance
- Maintenance kits
- Monitoring system
- System of statistics
f)
Logistics
- Assembly and stocking of materials
- distribution of mini-briquettes
g)
Organisation of the cultivation of bio-mass
h)
Commercial
- Availability of micro-credits for growers
- Availability of micro-credits for briquette makers
- Prices for briquette distribution according to the various mixtures
4.3 THIRD, IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
The structures created during
the second phase execute the works they have planned:
- On-going work in the Community Health Clubs
- On-going hygiene education in schools
- On-going operation of the local LETS currency systems
- Start-up of the Micro-credits
- Start-up of recycling
- Start-up of mini-briquette and bio-mass production
- Completion of Gypsum composites
production units
- Start-up production of Gypsum composites
items for the project, including stoves and solar cookers
- Digging and lining of the wells and boreholes
- Construction of platforms for backup hand-pumps
- Construction of washing places
- Laying of water pipelines to the tanks
- Installation of the tanks.
- Installation of purification devices at schools and clinics
- Start-up of waste collection networks
- Installation of solar panels and pumps
- Installation of hand pumps
- Production of sanitation units started
- Operation of radio station
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FOURTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIFTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SIXTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SEVENTH QUARTER
4.4 FOURTH, SECOND IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
On-going production of Gypsum
composites products
- PV lighting for study
- (Pro-memorium) PV television for study purposes
- PV lighting in schools
- PV lighting and refrigeration in clinics in the project area
- Further PV water purification
- (Pro-memorium) Soil conservation and reforestation initiatives started
- (Pro-memorium) Rainwater harvesting begun
DETAILED EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE NINTH QUARTER
DETAILED FINAL EXPENDITURE
5. Short indicative budget
|
Item |
Outgo (Capital) |
Phase |
Estimate (US$) |
|
01 |
OW health clubs |
2 |
30.000 |
|
02 |
Formation of health clubs |
2 |
10.000 |
|
03 |
Material for health clubs |
2 |
5.000 |
|
04 |
Training of health workers |
2 |
10.000 |
|
05 |
OW health courses in schools |
2 |
10.000 |
|
06 |
Material for school courses |
2 |
2.500 |
|
07 |
OW social structures |
2 |
40.000 |
|
08 |
OW LETS systems |
2 |
60.000 |
|
09 |
Office and equipment LETS systems |
2 |
30.000 |
|
10 |
OW Micro-credit system |
2 |
20.000 |
|
11 |
Office/equipment Micro-credit system |
2 |
10.000 |
|
12 |
OW Gypsum composites production units |
2 |
30.000 |
|
13 |
Shovel/preparation anhydrite supply site |
2/3 |
10.000 |
|
14 |
Construction and equipping anhydrite factory (*20000 FOR EACH FACTORY)
ASSUMING 3 UNITS |
2/3 |
60.000 |
|
15 |
Moulds for anhydrite products (*20000 FOR EACH FACTORY) ASSUMING 3
UNITS |
2/3 |
60.000 |
|
16 |
Location gypsum depots and quality control |
2 |
3.000 |
|
17 |
OW recycling system |
2 |
30.000 |
|
18 |
Setting up recycling centre network |
3 |
150.000 |
|
19 |
Setting up compost collection network |
3 |
5.000 |
|
20 |
OW Bio-mass system |
3 |
15.000 |
|
21 |
OW Drinking water system |
2/3 |
25.000 |
|
22 |
Setting up of project workplace |
2 |
32.000 |
|
23 |
Project transport |
2 |
100.000 |
|
24 |
Vehicles and materials for wells |
3 |
150.000 |
|
25 |
Fuel and maintenance vehicles |
3 |
26.000 |
|
26 |
Drilling/lining costs |
3 |
300.000 |
|
27 |
Labour for wells - LETS systems |
3 |
pro-memorium |
|
28 |
58 Washing places- LETS systems |
3 |
pro-memorium |
|
29 |
58 Platforms for hand-pumps - LETS systems |
3 |
pro-memorium |
|
30 |
276 Solar Pumps |
3 |
357.000 |
|
31 |
276 Supports for solar panels |
3 |
75.000 |
|
32 |
Solar panels (82.8 kW) |
3 |
496.800 |
|
33 |
Hand-pumps groups (142 pumps) |
3 |
80.000 |
|
34 |
Cables, feedpipe for pumps/wells |
3 |
98.000 |
|
35 |
Pipe lines from wells to tanks - 150000m @ US$ 0.65 |
3 |
100.000 |
|
36 |
Labour for laying water pipelines- LETS |
3 |
pro-memorium |
|
37 |
276 Water tanks (@ 2m * 1.7m)- mostly LETS |
3 |
60.000 |
|
38 |
276 Bases for water tanks - mostly LETS |
3 |
30.000 |
|
39 |
Supervision of installation and training maintenance operators |
3 |
15.000 |
|
40 |
Purchase spare parts supplies |
3 |
20.000 |
|
41 |
Permits and formalities |
2 |
1.000 |
|
42 |
Preparation and formulation of project specifications |
2 |
6.000 |
|
43 |
100 Solar water purification installations for clinics and schools |
3 |
47.500 |
|
44 |
900 Solar water purification installations (inc.15.000 Wp panels) |
4 |
128.500 |
|
45 |
276 PV lighting units for study purposes |
4 |
300.000 |
|
46 |
PV television for study |
4 |
pro-memorium |
|
47 |
90 PV lighting systems for schools |
4 |
88.000 |
|
48 |
PV lighting for clinics outside the project area |
4 |
pro-memorium |
|
49 |
PV lighting for clinics inside the project area |
4 |
80.000 |
|
50 |
PV refrigeration for clinics @ US$ 5000/clinic |
4 |
80.000 |
|
51 |
Water testing equipment |
4 |
5.000 |
|
52 |
Transport costs US$ to |
2/3 |
30.000 |
|
53 |
Transport costs internal to Saboti |
2/3 |
22.500 |
|
54 |
Administration and supervision at Saboti |
3/4 |
36.000 |
|
55 |
Fee Project coordinator @US$ 50000/year |
1/5 |
100.000 |
|
56 |
General project consulting Manning @US$ 50000/year |
1/5 |
100.000 |
|
57 |
Fund for PV lighting solar home systems |
4 |
180.000 |
|
58 |
Sanitation facilities with exception of some additvites will be
manufactured and installed within the local LETS systems |
3/4 |
15.000 |
|
59 |
OW radio station |
4 |
25.000 |
|
60 |
Fund for radio station |
4 |
52.000 |
|
60 |
Reserves 14.67% of total |
5 |
648.200 |
|
61 |
General total |
5 |
4.500.000 |
SHORT ANALYSIS
|
Outgo (Capital) |
Phase |
Estimate (US$) |
|
Total first phase |
1 |
0 |
|
Total second phase |
2 |
534.500 |
|
Total phase 3 |
3 |
2.153.300 |
|
Total phase 4 |
4 |
964.000 |
|
Fees project coordinator |
1/5 |
100.000 |
|
Total supervision Manning |
1/5 |
100.000 |
|
General total all phases |
|
3.851.800 |
|
Reserves 14.4% |
5 |
648.200 |
|
Total 1+2+3+4+5 |
|
4.500.000 |
ON-GOING COSTS
|
On-going costs |
US$ |
|
|
|
|
Coordinator for administration |
15.000 |
|
Maintenance operators |
5.000 |
|
Tank commissions (276*5 |
16.560 |
|
Spare parts |
15.000 |
|
Reserve for theft |
15.000 |
|
Unforeseen (about 21%) |
17.940 |
|
Total recurrent costs |
84.500 |
INCOME
|
Income |
US$ |
|
|
|
|
Annual contribution for use of water (60000 people @ US$ 0.75 p.m.) |
540.000 |
|
On-gong costs per year |
84.500 |
|
Net annual income for loan repayment |
455.500 |
Comments
1. The above net income is
sufficient to finance and repay an interest free loan for US$ 4.500.000 over a
period of 10 years, taking the various reserves into account.
2. Interest-free loan for Gypsum composites each factory US$ 40.000, for repayment
over a period of 3-5 years is included in the above figures.
3. At the end of the ten years' period, on repayment of loan, large capital
reserves will be built up for use in Micro-credits and, subsequently, for the
extension and renewal of the capital goods.
4. Payments for water facilities for schools and clinics are included in the
users' monthly contributions.
5. Payments and financing for eventual PV lighting and refrigeration facilities
in clinics within the project area are covered in the users' contributions.
Those for clinics and schools outside the project area partly serving users
within the project area to be discussed.
6. Payments for PV lighting installations for study purposes will be financed
by each tank commission area separately.
7. Savings on the purchasing of bio-mass for cooking and the costs of drinking
water will at least partly offset the costs of the project.
GRAPHS FORMING AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE PROJECT DOCUMENT
GRAPH
SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS
CASH FLOW DIAGRAM
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER - budget
items 01-30
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER - budget
items 31-60
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FOURTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIFTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SIXTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SEVENTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE NINTH QUARTER
DETAILED FINAL EXPENDITURE
RECYCLING OF FUNDS FOR MICRO-LOANS
GRAPH
SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
The
funds recycled are approximately 19.380.000
a)
Repayments of the interest-free seed loan itself. These are shown as horizontal
lines at the bottom of the micro-loans graph. They are constant. During
quarters 42-45 the amounts left for repayment UNDER THE PROJECT are reduced to
zero. However users continue to make monthly contributions on their own
account, so the recycling of funds will in practice continue. The capital fund
will build up again as shown in the micro-loans graph. It will drop again when
replacements of the original capital goods are made or the system services
extended. It will then build up for a third time to cover further collective
capital investments and so on for so long as the users continue making their
monthly contributions.
b)
Certain capital sums (eg repayments for the Gypsum composites factories) and reserves.
c)
Repayments under the micro-loans. These are seen as diagonal lines in the
micro-loans graph. Towards the end of the project period, payback times are
shortened to ensure capital re-enters in time for repayment of the original
seed loan.
SCHEDULE 1
THE PROJECT IN DETAIL
1. Justification of the project
A clean healthy
environment is unthinkable without adequate hygiene education, good sanitation
and clean drinking water. Improving the health and quality of life of those
living in poor communities depends on improving their basic community infrastructure.
Better technology now allows users living far away from their traditional water
sources to have clean drinking water, sanitation, hygiene education, and
on-going local development at low cost.
Yet much of the world's population is still without safe sanitation and
drinking water. Local economies have long since been "drained" of the
formal money needed to exchange goods and services in the present market
economy.
In the Saboti project area in the district of Trans Nzoia in
School hygiene education lessons focus on cleanliness, environment and
sanitation, but specific on-going hygiene courses for children are not held in
the primary schools. The project aims at incorporating the work already done
within formal on-going hygiene education courses in the schools.
There are practically no sanitation structures at all outside of the
town of
People urinate in bathrooms or "in the bushes".
Many users use collect water from open wells which are unprotected
against the entry of returning surface water, insects animals and other
contaminants. In most villages water is fetched from rivers and streams. Women
and children often have to carry water over several kilometres from
contaminated sources to their houses. Water quality is considered poor. Few
steps are taken to purify water. Water is kept in pots, tins and tanks. Rainwater
harvesting techniques are rare and tend to be limited to people with large
storage facilities and dams.
Open surface water, insufficiently protected latrines, and poor water
quality spreads diseases such as malaria, typhoid, dysentery, gastroenteritis,
and skin diseases.
The cost of the fighting often deadly water-related diseases takes up a
large slice of the family incomes. Much time is wasted fetching dirty water
which is then usually drunk with all its pathogens without treatment and
without being boiled.
A goal of the project is to help to reduce water-borne disease so
medical and financial resources can be re-directed to other health objectives
like vaccination programmes and preventive medicines.
In practical terms, this means giving the people throughout the Saboti
area a clean drinking water supply for household use.
The project includes Gypsum composites production units whose first job will be
to make water storage tanks and borehole and well linings for the project.
Following that, they will also make tanks, san-plats and dry toilet pots for
sanitation facilities. Toilets and waste disposal units will be built for each
family in the project area as they may wish to install them, and, where
necessary in local schools and clinics. In principle, formal currency
investment will not be needed for this work as most of it can be done using the
local LETS currency systems to be set up as part of the project. Once the needs
of the project have been met, the Gypsum composites units can start making other products,
and "export" to other projects in the region and beyond.
From the beginning Community Health Clubs will be set up to support
on-going hygiene education to optimise the benefit from the new water and sanitation
services. The clubs will also be the main forum for identifying community needs
and planning project implementation. Hygiene education courses will also be
implemented in the schools in the project area.
A system to collect and recycle organic compost, urine, grey water and
non-organic solid waste will be set up where necessary during the 4th phase of
the project. The local currency (LETS) systems will be used for this work.
Students wishing to study in the evenings must usually do so with the limited
and pollution given by kerosene lamps. Many schools also have evening classes
for up to four hours a day. PV lighting for study purposes will therefore be
provided where a collective study room is already available or built at tank
commission level using the local LETS currencies. The project also includes
solar powered refrigeration units for clinics which are not grid connected.
Users (especially women) may obtain interest-free micro-credit loans if
they need PV lighting systems to increase their productivity in the evening.
Families later able to pay for their own PV Home Systems will do so
individually under a micro-credit scheme operated by the Saboti Cooperative
Local Development Bank (to be instituted) or under self-terminating
interest-free credit groups at tank commission level.
Cooking is done in the project area by women and it takes at least 30-60
minutes per meal. A support for the pot is erected, and firewood is placed
under the pot and the fire is lighted. This is an extremely inefficient use of
energy. The average use of biomass, nearly always wood, is 4kg per family per
day. This amounts to 9000-10000 tons of firewood per year in the project area,
with the consequential pollution of the living areas and villages environments
and a cost to the local community of US$ 500.000 per year. Upper respiratory
infections is the second most common health problem in the project area. Smoky,
polluted, living environments will be eliminated by the use of energy efficient
stoves made by the locale The Gypsum composites production units.
The stoves will be made for pot sizes commonly used in the community.
Each family may buy as many stoves as it needs. The stoves will burn most kinds
of fuel though the preferred fuel will be mini-briquettes hand pressed by
individual homeowners or made by local tradesmen. Some crops will be
sustainably grown for use as fuel. They will then be mixed with straw, twigs,
leaves, dung and other available materials without reducing the amount of
fertilisers normally used for agriculture.
Solar cookers will also be made under the LETS systems from Gypsum
composites where daytime cooking is
not in conflict with local customs
There are no systems available for waste collection in the project area.
Organic waste other than urine and faeces is mostly household or food waste,
which amounts to about 2kg per family per day of 5000 tons per year. At best,
this is dumped at a site which becomes smelly and attracts vermin. There are no
arrangements at all for non-organic waste products.
Under the project most organic waste, including urine and faeces, will
be treated at household and local level and transformed into high value-added
products for recycling for food production. A network of recycling centres will
be set up for to receive non-organic waste materials for recycling. The centres
will also provide a rubbish collection service where required. Collection of
environmentally harmful rubbish will be paid for by the users. The collectors
may pay for useful materials under the local LETS systems. The idea is to keep
as much residual and recyclable value as possible within the local economy. The
local systems can also earn some formal currency by exporting waste for
industrial recycling that cannot be recycled locally. Waste from clinics will
be addressed separately.
Standard sanitation and waste removal services, where required, will
also be supplied for schools and clinics in the project area. Specialised waste
removal from clinics will be discussed separately.
2. Cooperation of the local people
The users
themselves are responsible for the creation of the project structures and their
the execution, running and maintenance. They pay for and own the structures.
The users will create the structures during a series of organisational workshops
following the method developed by the Brazilian sociologist Clodomir Santos de
Morais. A bibliography of the work of de Morais is set out in Schedule 2. The
project will try to put at the disposal of the often very large groups involved
in the workshops, but ONLY ON REQUEST, the consultants, materials and equipment
necessary for the services and structures in question. The groups organise
themselves (often which great difficulty), set up their administrative
structures, procure the necessary authorisations and permits, proceed with the
construction of factories, and to the production and sale of their products and
services as they consider fit.
Key to the formation of the structures foreseen in the project is the
order in which the workshops are held. It is not possible to hold workshops to
set up the tank commissions (the key project structures) for instance until a
suitable platform has been created to enable women to organise themselves,
express themselves at meetings and actively participate in the project
structures. This is done during the organisation workshop setting up the health
clubs. It is not possible to set up structures for the manufacture of articles
for sanitation purposes if the local money LETS systems making their
production, distribution, sale and installation under local money LETS systems
without the need for formal money until the LETS systems have been established.
The order of sequence indicated in section 4.2 of the main project
document is the following:
2.01
Health clubs
2.02 Social structures
2.03 LETS systems
2.04 Micro-credit systems
2.05 Gypsum composites units
2.06 Recycling systems
2.07 Bio-mass production
2.08 Radio station
2.09 Drinking water
2.10 Lighting etc
The
workshops represent a general mobilisation of the population, with an active
participation of at least 4000-5000 people out of total of 75.000, representing
about 12% of the active population. The remaining 88% will be indirectly
mobilised through the use of structures such as the local money systems and the
interest-free micro-credit systems to be set up.
2.1 HEALTH CLUBS AND HYGIENE EDUCATION
The Health clubs have two
tasks:
The first is hygiene education itself tending to the improvement of health
standards pending the installation of the drinking water and sanitation
structures foreseen under the project. In this work, the health clubs will
support on-going initiatives of community health workers of the Ministry of
Health and that of the local Water and Sanitation Committees.
The second is the formation of a socially acceptable platform enabling
the population, and in particular women, to work together, which is basic to
the success of the project. The health clubs constitute a forum for women,
helping them to identify the requirements of the community and to fully
participate in the planning and execution of successive phases.
Hygiene education should become an integral part of the school
curriculum at all levels in the schools in the project area. The purpose of the
courses is to reinforce the work done by the Health Clubs. The cooperation of
trained personnel of the Ministry of Health is foreseen. This personnel will
participate in the Health Club workshops during which the courses will actually
be prepared and the Health Clubs organised. Teachers from the schools will also
participate in the workshop and in the preparation of the material for the
courses.
Where necessary, schools will be supplied with appropriate quality clean
drinking water and proper sanitation systems under the project.
In some cases children from poorer families may not have access to the
schooling system, especially where schooling is mostly funded by parents. This
will put extra responsibility on the Health Clubs which will in such cases be
called upon to cover hygiene education for the children not covered under the
arrangements made with the schools.
2.2 SOCIAL STRUCTURES
All activities will be carried
out by the users themselves. The structures are worked out during the
organisational workshops foreseen. The following is what might expect to result
from the workshops.
The
basic administrative structure foreseen by the project is the Tank Commission.
The
tasks of the Tank Commission are numerous and include, by way of example,:
- Analysis of the local situation (200 people - 20 extended families)
- Definition of the local issues and problems
- Liaison with the Health Clubs already established
- Liaison with the local currency LETS systems about to be formed
- Organisation of monthly users' meetings
- Identification of the best projects for Micro-credit development loans
- Setting priorities for Micro-credit loans
- Deciding the priorities for siting the wells and washing places, with special
input from women's groups
- Deciding the siting of tanks and water pipeline routes
- Deciding priorities for the siting and installation of sanitation units
- Deciding the pot sizes for stoves and solar cookers
- Liaison with the compost collection and recycling network
- Liaison with the grey water/urine collection and recycling network
- Planning what can be done by the local people themselves at the normal ruling
daily rate of pay and what can be done in the local LETS currency.
- Systematically monitoring project progress and on-going administration with
the users' commissions (comprising mostly women)
- Organising daily maintenance of the tank areas, rules of use
- Managing any local disputes relating to the project
- Collection of the monthly contributions to the Cooperative Development Fund
- Nomination of participants to various organisational workshops
- Proposals for the support of families with difficulty in making their
contributions
Refer
also to:
TANK COMMISSIONS - THE KEY STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS
2.3 LOCAL MONEY LETS STRUCTURES
The local exchange trading
(LETS) systems foreseen will be set up during Moraisian organisational
workshops.
The
following texts, drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project
proposal. They indicate the type of structure which can be expected to come out
of the workshops.
DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF LETS STRUCTURES.
HOW A LETS TRANSACTION WORKS.
Detailed information on LETS systems
In
principle, two local LETS currency systems will be set up, according to clearly
definable operating areas.
All adults within a system should be registered as members, but use of
the system with exceptions for goods and services necessary for the project
itself, would be voluntary. Any member may usually freely choose whether to
conduct a given transaction in the local currency system or within the formal
currency system.
The LETS groups will have some 25000 (Saboti) and 15000 (Sikhendu)
registered adult members. Children under the age of 14 will not be registered
as they are not, under the international convention on the rights of children,
allowed to work. They will become registered members of their local LETS
systems upon reaching the age of 14. The members of each group will be coded so
that their tank-commission and well areas can be identified and the cost of
more local, optional, initiatives such as PV lighting for study purposes
debited to the members directly involved rather than to the whole project area.
In the same way, the coding can allow for identification of members of clubs,
cooperatives and other informal groups as they may be formed.
A "catalogue" of goods and services is prepared periodically
in a form which can be understood/read by the group members. In the Saboti
area, what is available and who provides it will often be widely known at local
level. However, the range of activities is destined to increase rapidly. All
the local LETS currencies within the project will have the same reference
value, which will be decided with the local population.
The reference value could be the Kenyan shilling, if the Kenyan shilling
were considered stable (=inflation free) enough. Or it could be based on the
basis of the perceived average value of an hour's work. Or on the basis of a
kilo of a local staple product. Since the local LETS currencies will have the
same reference value, they can be transferable from one to another. However,
not all goods and services will be transferable between the different systems,
as this could lead to a drain of resources from one system to another. LETS
systems work best when the financial resources remain balanced within each
system. The LETS coordinators and the members will decide which goods and
services are "exportable". Gypsum composites products made in group
A, for instance, could be exportable to group "B". Cloth made in
group "B" may be exportable to group A. Crops and vegetables not
grown in one group could be importable from the others.
Assume that a Gypsum composites
product is sold by a group A member to a group B member. The transaction
would be in local currency A. The Gypsum composites producer would be credited in local
currency A. The coordinator of group A would advise his counterpart in group B
of the debit for the group B member and separately credit group A with the same
amount in group B currency. The group B coordinator would debit the group B
buyer in local currency B, and, separately, debit group B with the same amount
in group A currency. Goods and services supplied by group B to group A would be
registered the other way round. The group A and B coordinators then simply
eliminate the respective debits and credits by pairing value units one for one.
The processes broadly follow traditional balance of payments
transactions but the objective is to maintain a balance in imports and exports.
A large debit balance between one LETS group and another would show resources
are being transferred from one group to another. The coordinators would then
have to take steps to correct the imbalance. They could, for example,
temporarily extend the range of goods and services the debtor group can export
to the creditor group, such as by arranging a special market.
It is a key to the success of the system that the imports and exports of
each group remain balanced, their sum tending to zero.
There will be an elected local LETS coordinator in each tank commission
area. The LETS coordinator will need to be literate and will be responsible to
the general LETS systems coordinator. The local coordinators will help those
members unable to write/sign their cheques (or deal with other methods of
payment), arrange distribution of chequebooks (or other payment forms)to the
LETS users, collect the used cheques (or equivalent) deposited in the LETS POST
box near the local water tank and take them to the general LETS systems
coordinator for registration. The local coordinators will also display the
monthly or weekly reports on the LETS NOTICE BOARD near or above the LETS POST
box, advise illiterate members of their LETS balances, call a fortnightly or
monthly meeting where the users can discuss the operation of their LETS system,
make special requests (such as, for example, increasing the debt limit for sick
members or for those making special purchases), and discuss ways to use the
goods and services of those with high debts so as to help balance their trading
accounts. The local coordinators will also discuss with the members selected
proposals for allowing export and import of goods and services into the local
LETS system and report back to the general LETS coordinator.
The
first general LETS systems coordinator will be chosen by the Project
Coordinator. He and the locally elected LETS coordinators will make up the LETS
COMMISSION. The LETS COMMISSION will meet at least once a month to discuss
particular problems and to decide on actions needed to balance the
export/import accounts amongst the various local LETS currencies.
The fortnightly/monthly reports for members in each tank commission area
will be published on the local LETS NOTICE board and discussed at a general
meeting of the local members. The report will show, for each member, the
previous balance, the current balance, the total number of plus transactions
and minus transactions conducted, and list each plus and minus transaction
since the previous report.
The cheque (or other transaction form used)will have two parts. Each
part will have the member's name and LETS number pre-printed on it. The
SELLER'S cheque is used in each transaction. The BUYERS name and system code
are filled in on the cheque, with the assistance of the local coordinator where
necessary, as well as a description (with LETS code) of the goods or services
sold. Finally the cheque is signed by BOTH parties and deposited in the LETS
post box. The amount credited to the seller must be exactly the same as that
debited to the buyer.
Payments for LETS services provided by members to their communities will
be debited to a special LETS code for the community. When the community debt
reaches one LETS currency unit (or other agreed amount) for each member, each
member will be debited with that amount. The community LETS code will then be
credited by the same total amount. This system allows collective communal
property to be involved in the LETS transactions. For example, the sale of wood
from communal land can be registered as a credit to the LETS group involved,
and then transferred from there to individual group members.
2.4 MICRO-CREDIT STRUCTURES
The following drawings and
graphs form an integral part of this project proposal. They give an idea of
what the results of the Moraisian organisational workshops setting the
structures up might produce.
DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
CHART ILLUSTRATING MICRO-LOANS SCHEME
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
The micro-credit
system will be set up by the Moraisian organisation workshop conducted for the
purpose.
The proposed micro-credit system will be different from those formed up
till now. The loan capital repayments and longer term reserves within the
project itself will be used to finance the micro-credit system. This is
possible because the money is already available for multiple re-cycling,
interest-free. When, at the close of the ten years' loan repayment period, the
original project capital is repaid, the users will continue their monthly
contributions to build up capital for system extensions and to replace the
system hardware after 20-30 years. This money, which will build up to a
considerable sum, also becomes available for interest-free micro-credits within
the project area until it is needed.
Final repayments of blocks of micro-credits will be coordinated so that
money for long term capital investment purposes (system replacement and
extensions) will be available when it is needed. This way, money for the
micro-credits granted is generated by the users themselves within the framework
of the project and those micro-credits belong to the users. They are
interest-free to ensure they continue to re-circulate within the local economy.
The Saboti Cooperative Local Development Bank will charge a set fee in
local LETS currency for each transaction to cover its costs and make a socially
acceptable profit. Its fee will be set before the system starts working. The
fee is expressed in the local LETS currencies to stop leakage of formal money
from the local economy. In any case associated such as collection of payments
and distribution of information will all be paid for in the local LETS
currencies.
The Saboti Local Cooperative Development Bank would thus become a regular
member of the local LETS systems. It could, for instance, use the LETS credits
it derives from its banking services to buy local products and services and
distribute them outside the system in exchange for formal currency.
The purpose of the planned interest-free Micro-Credit system is to
ensure that individuals or cooperatives wanting to expand their production who
have no access to formal currency to pay for their capital investment can get
interest-free micro-credit loans to boost the local economy. The Micro-credit
system is therefore applied only to micro-project investment which needs to be
made outside the local currency exchange (LETS) systems.
The pay-back time for the interest free loans will vary from case to
case. Some investments will generate more goods and services that can be sold
outside the local LETS currency area than others. The formal currency so earned
can then be used to repay the loans. The sale of some production in the formal
economy will be a condition of the granting of the Micro-Credit loan. The speed
at which the formal loan currency can be recovered will determine the payback
period, which could therefore be anything between a few months and a few years.
The loan repayments must be realistically possible. The system is cooperative
and interest free and designed to enhance the general welfare within the
beneficiary communities. As with the Grameen bank systems, any person or
cooperative group wanting a Micro-Loan will be expected to produce four friends
who agree to be jointly and severally liable for the periodic loan repayments,
and to make sure they are made on time. Since the Micro-credits are essentially
self-financed by the communities through their communal funds, the funding
priorities must be left to the communities themselves. This is especially so
where potential conflicts of interest arise because there is not enough funding
immediately available to meet all requests for assistance. Meetings to discuss
members' proposals and further developments with on-going projects will become
a feature of the social life of the communities. Since it is expected that many
of the beneficiaries under the scheme will be women and women's groups, women
will need to have full representation during such meetings. One of the basic goals
of the formation of the Community Health Clubs foreseen is to use them as a
launching pad to create women's groups. These groups will give women the chance
to discuss their needs, develop their priorities, and make submissions during
the Micro-Credit meetings. The Health Clubs should also be able to ensure that
women participate en bloc at the Micro-Credit meetings.
Rules
for the organisation of the Micro-Credit meetings will be set up during the
workshop with the full participation of the beneficiary communities. These
rules must lay down the general principles behind the system. These would, for
example, include:
1)
All loans are to enable the beneficiary to extend his/her income by producing
more goods and services
2) The goods and services must benefit the general interests of the community
and encourage exchanges under the local LETS systems.
3) Some of the goods and services must be saleable outside the LETS systems to
earn formal currency to repay the micro-loan.
4) The Micro-Credit loan must promote the rapid circulation of formal money
within the beneficiary communities. For example, using formal currency to build
a clinic or hospital would not qualify for micro-credits because the capital
invested cannot be re-circulated. On the other hand, buying equipment for
testing water quality (foreseen in the project) would qualify, as the formal
currency cost can be recovered by charging in formal currency for water
analyses conducted for users outside the project area.
5) Special priority will be given in the first instance to micro-loans to start
the collection and transport of compost, urine, and grey water, and establish
the recycling centres that will collect, store, and export non-organic waste
products from the project area.
2.5 THE GYPSUM COMPOSITES FACTORIES
The organisation workshops
foreseen will decide where the Gypsum composites production units will be
constructed.
Consideration
should be given to the distance of the sites from the gypsum or anhydrite deposits
which will feed them. These sites will be included on the maps in Schedule 3.
The
costs of locating gypsums/anhydrite deposits are covered as a separate item in
the budget.
For
more information on the Gypsum composites technology as such refer to Schedule
6.
GYPSUM COMPOSITES.
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS.
2.6 RECYCLING STRUCTURES
The system for the collection
of recycling of waste waters, urine, excreta, other organic solids, non-organic
solids will be set up during Moraisian organisation workshops held for the
purpose. The following is an indication of the type of structure which would be
expected to emerge during the workshops.
The
operations will take place under the local money LETS systems. A separate
interest-free credit fund is provided in the budget for purchase of equipment
which is not available locally and/or which has to be paid for in formal
currency.
In
principle, the equipment used should not require the consumption of imported
energy (electricity, diesel, petrol etc) which causes an on-going financial
leakage from the project area. Transport distances should be kept as short as
possible.
The
following drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.
DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM
COMPOSITES
The sanitation and rubbish collection package includes the following
elements:
- 1)
Dry composting toilet tanks made from Gypsum composites
- 2) Toilet tanks for urine made from Gypsum composites
- 3) Grey water tanks made from Gypsum composites
- 4) Locally made compost bins for organic waste other than urine, faeces and
grey water.
- 5) A system to collect and where necessary store the compost from 1) and 4),
urine from 2) and grey water (from 3) of users who have no land or garden on
which to recycle their own waste.
- 6) A system to collect and recycle non-organic solid waste through recycling
centres.
The main principles behind the system are:
- (a)
Recycling should always be done at the lowest possible level, starting with the
individual user.
- (b) Recycling at a second level should also be done as late as possible
during the composting cycle to reduce the volume of material handled.
- (b) The whole system should be operated within the local (LETS) currencies.
- (b) Capital investment for recycling equipment, transport and storage under
5) and 6) will be a priority for Micro-credit loans.
- (e) "Dirty" work will be better paid than "clean" work in
the LETS systems, because the rate of pay will reflect the willingness of
workers to do the work. Those doing unpleasant work will have an above-average
income within the LETS systems so that there should be no difficulty finding
people to do the work.
- (f) Waste should, as far as possible, be recycled within the project area so
communities are self-sufficient and there is no leakage of formal money from
the system. In particular, materials like metals, paper, plastics can often be
treated at local level for use in local industries creating jobs and local
value added during both treatment and production. The principle also promotes
the export of re-cycled products for formal currency which will be used to
repay the interest free micro-credits loans.
- (g) Lucrative job possibilities are created within the system.
- (h) Export and sale of selected non-organic solid waste through the recycling
centres for formal currency so micro-credits for re-cycling operation can be
repaid.
- (i) Selected non-organic solid waste products will treated locally and
recycled as raw material for local artisan industries.
- (j) Interest free micro-loans for compost collectors under 5) above may need
to be for a longer term than other micro-credits as most of the compost will be
recycled within the local currency system. Some of the compost collection
charges may have to be in formal currency or the equipment may need to be used
part-time outside the LETS systems to help earn formal currency to repay the
micro-credit loans.
- (k) Recycling of special industrial and medical wastes to be addressed
separately.
Taking the above-mentioned 6 elements in turn:
1) DRY COMPOSTING TOILET TANKS
DRAWING
OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM Gypsum composites
Two
Gypsum composites tanks will be needed to collect and compost faeces.
The
first properly aerated composting toilet tank is used until it is more or less
full. It is then sealed and allowed to compost for 9-12 months while the second
toilet tank is being used. The compost in the first tank reduces to about one
wheelbarrow full of soil per adult person per year, and after the 9-12 months
composting period it can be safely and profitably used as soil conditioner.
Were an improved evaporation system to be used, the faeces in the single tank
used would be evaporated by relatively warm air circulation in the system. This
process forms dry coagulated lumps that look like dry dogs' food. These
residues are light and greatly reduced in volume. They can be emptied at any
time over 2-3 year periods and used as soil conditioner. Users who do not want
to dispose of the resultant soil conditioner themselves will hire local
operators to do the work under the local LETS currency systems.
Only
one toilet seat/sanplat is required for double dry-tank installations. It is
simply re-installed over the empty tank when the tanks are changed.
The
second tank in the two-tank system can be bought at a later phase of the
project because it will not be needed for at least a year. This helps spread
purchases within the LETS systems over a wider time span.
The small
quantities of water in containers used by toilet users for toilet cleaning and
for personal hygiene will be added to the dry toilet tanks.
2. URINE TANKS
The urine tanks will have to
be emptied regularly unless evaporation systems are used. Wet systems are
preferred because they create more value added in terms of increased garden
production. Urine, with a little lime sawdust or equivalent added regularly,
can be used systematically for watering plants as long as it is diluted with 10
parts of water or grey water to one part of urine, substantially increasing the
productivity of the garden.
The
small quantities of water in containers used vy urinal users for urinal
cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the urine tanks.
Users
unable to re-cycle the urine from their tanks and who do not use evaporation
systems will have to arrange for the urine tanks to be emptied periodically
under the local LETS systems for re-cycling within the project area.
3. GREY WATER TANKS
These Gypsum composites tanks will usually be near the users
houses to collect waste water from normal household use. Ten parts of grey
water mixed with one part of urine can also be recycled for use on gardens. It
can also be recycled as it is for use on gardens.
Where
appropriate, simple filter systems will be used to eliminate grease, oils, and
similar from the grey water. The filtered out solids will be stored in the
compost bin.
Users
unable to re-cycle the grey water from their tanks will need to arrange for the
tanks to be emptied periodically under the local LETS currency systems for
re-cycling within the project area.
4. COMPOST BINS FOR ORGANIC HOUSE WASTE OTHER THAN FAECES, URINE, AND
GREY WATER
Other organic household waste
is mostly made up from kitchen refuse that has to be outside the users' houses
without giving rise to unpleasant smells or attracting insects. It can usually
be mixed with soil and composted in an appropriate locally made bin or tank.
The compost can then be disposed of in the garden if there is one, or it can
collected periodically under the LETS systems and re-cycled elsewhere in the
project area.
Animals
such as chickens and goats are capable of productively recycling normal kitchen
refuse.
5. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND STORING COMPOST
The need for collection and
the amount of composting prior to collection will depend on the living space
available to users. It will therefore vary from project to project and from
zone to zone.
The
workers who collect, store, and re-cycle the compost will get priority
micro-credits to buy the equipment they need. They will be well paid within the
local currency systems to do the work which is likely to be considered less
attractive than other jobs.
6. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND DISPOSAL OF NON-ORGANIC SOLID WASTE THROUGH
RECYCLING CENTRES
. Recycling centres will be
established on a zone basis. Users will be required to take their non-organic
solid waste to their zone centre. They can also asks the recycling centre to
collect their waste and pay for the service in local (LETS) currency.
The
recycling centres will sort the waste and store it until there is enough to
sell commercially. Some centres may specialise by buying some kinds of waste
collected by other centres so as to increase the commercial volume for export.
They may also treat the waste they specialise in and prepare it for use by
local industry, keeping the added value within the local system.
Re-cycling
centre owners will get priority for micro-credit loans to buy the equipment
they need to collect, store, and treat the waste.
Useful
references for composting systems and integrated recycling are:
Winblad Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency),
Del Porto D and Steinfeld C, "The composting toilet system book",
CEPP (Centre for Ecological Pollution Prevention), Massachusetts, 1999 ISBN
0-9666783-0-3
Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food
security", UNDP-SIDA, Mexico 2000, ISBN 91-586-8935-4
Foo Jacky, "Integrated bio-systems: a global perspective", InFoRM
(National Workshop on Integrated Food Production and Resource Management,
Brisbane, 2000.
2.7 ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES, LOCALLY SUSTAINABLE BIO-MASS PRODUCTION,
AND SOLAR COOKERS
DRAWING OF
GYPSUM COMPOSITES STOVE
Cooking is the most energy-intensive activity in the project area.
Nearly all the fuel used for the comes from bio-mass, usually wood. Inefficient
use of wood for cooking has serious consequences, including health dangers,
air-pollution, de-forestation and poverty, especially in the towns and larger
villages.
For example, wood often has to be brought considerable distances, by
trucks using imported fuel. It then has to be distributed. This wood is
expensive and the money to buy it tends to leave the local economy creating a
downward poverty spiral. Fuel costs are one of the biggest budget items of
families in the Saboti area. A bundle of firewood costs US$ 2, kerosene 0.50
US$ per litre, and a bag of charcoal US$ 5.
Local
production of highly efficient stoves under local LETS systems can eliminate or
at least substantially reduce the need to import wood into the project area.
Under the project proposals wood will not be needed at all. The benefits of
just this single project item are dramatic, including:
-
halting the depletion of forests
- helping to stop erosion
-reducing the CO2 emissions
- reducing smog formation in cities
- releasing users from an unsustainable financial burden
- using (some of) the financial saving to finance this whole development
project
The proposed highly efficient Gypsum composites stoves will reduce the bio-mass needed
for cooking by up to 60%. The stoves will run with any kind of fuel.
Importantly, the reduced bio mass needed to fuel them can be 100% locally
produced, creating jobs to grow it, to make mini-briquettes for cooking and to
distribute the briquettes. The production of bio-mass for cooking must not
affect the production of local fertiliser for agriculture.
Gypsum composites stoves
have been preferred to solar cookers (though these can always be offered as an
option) because the use of solar energy for cooking does not always coincide
with users' eating habits. The stoves also allow people to retain their
customary cooking methods and preferred pot and pan sizes, and are better
adapted to preparing traditional staple foods. They incorporate heat level
control, and will allow circulation of smoke so that the heat in the smoke is
utilised.
The stoves will be locally sized to suit the two or three most commonly
used pots and pans. Each family will buy as many stoves as it needs and can
afford using the local LETS currencies.
BIO-MASS FOR THE ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES
The high efficiency
stoves burn any sort of fuel. The project provides for locally manufactured
mini-briquettes to be used. The recipes for the mini-briquettes are expected to
vary from one local LETS system to another and maybe from one part of a LETS system
to another depending on the materials actually available and local cooking
customs. The burning speed will be controlled by adding water and/or vegetable
oils and/or animal fats and/or dung and/or salt. Several kinds of
mini-briquettes might be available to suit the different cooking jobs.
The mini-briquettes will be made from local waste materials like straw,
leaves, sticks, paper, and dung. Suitable fast-growing crops will also be
planted to produce enough local bio-mass to make the mini-briquettes needed in
the project area. Using the LETS currency systems, the growers will either sell
the crops directly to mini-briquette manufacturers or to tradesmen equipped to
treat the bio-mass to make it suitable to use in briquettes.
SOLAR COOKER PRODUCTION
Where their use is not in
conflict with local eating habits, solar cookers will be built under the LETS
systems for daytime cooking.
The
solar cooker recipients will be made from Gypsum composites . South African
technology in the public domain will be used.
2.8 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY STRUCTURES
The structures
necessary for clean and sufficient drinking water supply are the ones calling
for the heaviest input in terms of formal capital. The structures will be set
up during the course of a Moraisain organisational workshop which will follow
the formation of most of the other structures foreseen. The following
indications will be subject to modifications, some of them substantial. They
will, however, give an idea of the dimensions of the project.
2.8.1 Siting of the boreholes/wells
The following drawings and
graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.
DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.
2.8.2 Basic project specifications
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.01
(Cheptarit)
Inhabitants
: 167 households, 1200 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 30000 litres/day
Available water supply : There is already one borehole and two wells.
There
are also:
2
Primary schools
1 Market place
Purpose:
Check ownership aspects and quality of existing water supply. Dig at least one
well.
From
the well in or around Cheptarit, pump a total of 20m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
One system for each of the two schools
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports placed in seven locations in Cheptarit
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.02
(Chalicha)
Inhabitants
: 193 family groups, 1350 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 33750 litres/day
Available water supply : There is one borehole.
There
are also:
1
Primary school with:
2 Intermediate schools
1 private clinic (contribution to costs??)
1 Market place
Drill
two boreholes in Chalicha, pump a total of 35m3 water per day.
Each
borehole to be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of five pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users (+/- 50
families).
Schools : one tank dedicated to each school.
Two pump and tank systems for the clinic.
Each
system equipped with:
The boreholes themselves
Photovoltaic panels for +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and supports with
multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports, five near users' houses, one in each of the school
premises, two in the precincts of the clinic
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.03
(Weonia)
Inhabitants
: 491 family groups, 3300 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 82500 litres/day
Available water supply . There is one borehole.
There
are also:
1
Primary school
1 Junior secondary school
1 Private clinic (contribution to costs?)
2 Market places
Purpose:
Supply 85m3 to the people and provide basic service to the schools and to the
clinic.
From
three boreholes in and around Weonia, pump a total of 85m3 water per day.
Each
borehole to be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of eleven pumps each dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300 users
Schools : one tank for the school.
Two tanks for the private clinic
One tank in the larger of the two market places Each borehole system equipped
with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports, of which three in various parts of Bedabour, and
one in each of the school grounds
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.04
(Bondeni)
Inhabitants
: 177 family groups, 1450 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 36250 litres/day
Available water supply . Water comes from a single open well.
There
is also a primary school.
Purpose:
Dig a well to supply 40m3 of water to the population and the school.
The
well to be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of six pumps each dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
School : one tank for the school.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics, of which six sited in various
parts of Bondeni, and one in the primary school grounds
Seven tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.05
(Matunda)
Inhabitants
: 199 families - population(1210)
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 30250 litres/day
Available water supply . There are two open wells.
Purpose:
From one well in Banirali 30m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pump
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300 users
The
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.06(Sikhendu
A)
Inhabitants
: 173 family groups, 1600 population
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 40000 litres/day
Available water supply : One borehole.
There
is also a primary school and a market.
Purpose:
Supply drinking water to the population and to the school.
From
two boreholes in or near Banirali, pump a total of 45m3 water per day.
Each
borehole to be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 3 pumps from each well dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250
users.
School : one tank.
Market : a pump for the market
Each
borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200 ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and supports
with multipoint hand-tracking system. This makes 32 panels for 2400Wp in all)
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics of which three for the
households, one for public use (school and market)
Four tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.07
(Sikhendu B)
Inhabitants
: 157 family groups, 1100 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 27500 litres/day
Available water supply. Sikhendu B has a borehole.
There
is also a primary school
Purpose:
From one borehole, in or around Sikhendu B a total of 30m3 water per day.
The
borehole will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users
Schools : one tank.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying the school
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.08
(Koykoy)
Inhabitants
: 194 family groups, 1400 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day =
Available water supply. Koykoy has four wells.
There
are also a primary school and a market place. Purpose: From one well, in or
near Koykoy pump of 30m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of four pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 350 users
School : one tank for the school.
The
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Nine solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Nine tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.09
(Machewa)
Inhabitants
: 103 family groups, 700 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 17500 litres/day
Available water supply. Machewa has one well.
There
is also a primary school and a market place.
Purpose:
Dig one well, in or near Machewa to pump of 20m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 350 users
School : one tank for the school.
The
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying the school
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.10
(Lukhome)
Inhabitants
: 204 family groups, 1620 population.
Water supply required @
Available water supply. There is a single well.
There
are also two primary schools and a market
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Lukhome supply 45m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of pump six dedicated to a water tank supplying about 275 users and one
pump for each of the schools
The
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2400Wp ( being 32 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.11
(Chemichemi)
Inhabitants
: 204 family groups, 1900 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 47500 litres/day
Available water supply. Chemichemi has one borehole and one well.
There
are also:
02
primary schools, a private clinic (Contribution??), and a market place
Purpose:
From two wells, in or near Chemichemi pump of 55m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of six pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 350 users
Schools : one tank for each school.
Clinic : two independent pumping systems
The
well systems equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinic and schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.13
(Kamukuywa)
Inhabitants
: 468 family groups, 3700 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 92500 litres/day
Available water supply. Kamumuywa has four open wells.
There
are also:
02
primary schools, a secondary school, a private clinic, and two market places
Purpose:
Dig three wells, in or near Kamukuywa to pump of 100m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of four pumps of each well dedicated to a water tank supplying about
300 users.
Schools : one tank for each primary school, and the secondary school.
Clinic : Two independent systems for the clinic (contribution???)
Market : One tank for the larger market place.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and supports
with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinic and schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.1
LETS AREA: Lukhome
2.8.2.1.14
(Olkesem)
Inhabitants
: 130 family groups, 800 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 20000 litres/day
Available water supply. Olbesem has a borehole and a well.
There
are also a primary school and a market.
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Olkesem pump of 20m3 water per day.
The
well to be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of three pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300 users.
School : one tank for the school.
The
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for the tank supplying the school
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2
LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.01
(Nyasi)
Inhabitants
: 95 family groups, 600 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 15000 litres/day
Available water supply. The village has two wells.
There
are also a primary school, a private clinic, and a market
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Nyasi pump of 20m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300 users.
School : one tank for the school.
Clinic : two independent pumping systems for the clinic.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying the schools and the clinic
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2
LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.02
(Chebukaka)
Inhabitants
: 212 family groups, 1350 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 33750 litres/day
Available water supply. The village has a single borehole.
There
are also:
One
primary school, one public health centre, and a private clinic
Purpose:
From two wells in or near Chebukaka pump of 40m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of five pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300 users
School and clinics : one tank for the school and two independent tanks for each
of the clinics.
Each
well system equipped with:
The borehole/well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500 ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and supports
with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2
LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.03
(Birunda)
Inhabitants
: 274 family groups, 2100 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 52500 litres/day
Available water supply. Birunda has one well and one borehole
There
are also:
One
primary school, one secondary school and one market place Purpose: From two
wells in Birunda pump of 55m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of seven pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300 users
Schools : one tank for each school.
Market : one tank for the market square
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying the two schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.04
(Mwitha)
Inhabitants
: 113 family groups, 900 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 22500 litres/day
Available water supply. The population gets its water from three wells.
There
are also one primary school and a market centre.
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Mwitha pump of 25m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of three pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300 users
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.05
(Talau)
Inhabitants
: 74 family groups, 500 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 12500 litres/day
Available water supply. MengoSaakrom has two wells.
There
is also a primary school.
Purpose:
From one well, in or near Mengo pump 15m3 water per day.
The
well to be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
One pump for the school
The
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.06
(Nakami)
Inhabitants
: 107 family groups, 1100 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 27500 litres/day
Available water supply. The people in Nakami get their water from one borehole
and five wells.
There
is also a primary school
Purpose:
From one well in Nakami pump of 30m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump of three pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 350 users.
Schools : one tank for the school.
Triple reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200 ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and supports
with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying the school
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.07
(Sikinwa)
Inhabitants
:301 family groups, 2700 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 67500 litres/day
Available water supply. The population gets its water from two wells.
There
are also one primary school and one secondary school.
Purpose:
From two wells in Sikinwa pump 75m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 10 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
Schools : one tank for each school.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
Purification devices for tanks supplying schools
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.08
(Milimani)
Inhabitants
: 51 family groups, 230 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 5750 litres/day
Available water supply. There is one well.
Purpose:
From one well in Nalulingo pump
The
well will be fitted with 1 Solar Spring solar pumps
One solar pump dedicated to a water tank supplying the 230 users.
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 300Wp ( being 4 x 75Wp panels) and supports
with multipoint hand-tracking system.
One solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank support
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.09
(Teldet)
Inhabitants
: 73 family groups, 610 population assumed .
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 15250 litres/day
Available water supply. None. The population gets its water from river and
streams.
There
is also a primary school and a market.
Purpose:
From one borehole in Teldet to pump 18m3 water per day.
The
borehole will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
Two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300.
One pump for the school.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system on the roadside.
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.10
(Kaborom)
Inhabitants
: 64 family groups, 350 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 8750 litres/day
Available water supply. The population gets its water from rivers and streams.
There
is also a primary school.
Purpose:
From one borehole in Kaborom to pump 10m3 water per day.
The
borehole will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 350 users.
One pump dedicated to the school
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system.
The
borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x 75Wp panels) and supports
with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.11
(Kolikoli)
Inhabitants
: 97 family groups, 860 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 21500 litres/day
Available water supply. Traditional sources only.
Purpose:
From one borehole in Kolikoli pump 25m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of three pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300 users.
The
borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
Filtering system for pumps at schools
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.12
(Maeni)
Inhabitants
: 92 family groups, 630 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 15750 litres/day
Available water supply. Traditional sources only.
There
is also a private clinic.
Purpose:
From a borehole in Maeni pump 20m3 water per day.
The
well to be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 315 users.
Two pumps for the clinic. Contribution??
The
system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.13
(Sarora)
Inhabitants
: 146 family groups, 1010 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 25250 litres/day
Available water supply. There is one well.
There
is also a primary school.
Purpose:
From one well in Sarora pump 30m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of three pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 340 users.
One pump for the school
The
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.14
(Muroki)
Inhabitants
: 320 family groups, 2720 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 68000 litres/day
Available water supply. There is just one borehole available.
There
are also:
One
primary school, one secondary school and a market place.
Purpose:
From two boreholes in Muroki pump 75m3 water per day.
Each
borehole to be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of nine pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300 users.
One pump for each of the schools
One pump for the market place.
Each
borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.15
(Kapretwa)
Inhabitants
: 305 family groups, 2670 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 66750 litres/day
Available water supply. There is just one well available.
There
are also two primary schools and a market place.
Purpose:
From two wells in Kapretwa pump 75m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 9 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300 users
One pump for each school
One pump for the market place.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.16
(Nasianda)
Inhabitants
: 129 family groups, 1400 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 35000 litres/day
Available water supply. There is one borehole.
There
are also one primary school and a private clinic.
Purpose:
From one borehole in Nasianda pump 45m3 water per day.
The
borehole will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of four pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 350 users.
One pump for the school
Two independent pumps for the clinic (contribution ????)
The
borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
Purification system for the school and clinic
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.17
(Sukwo)
Inhabitants
: 44 family groups, 300 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 7500 litres/day
Available water supply. Traditional only.
There
are no schools or other services.
Purpose:
From one borehole in Sukwo pump 8m3 water per day.
The
borehole will be fitted with 1 Solar Spring solar pump
The pump dedicated to a water tank supplying the 300 users .
The
borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 300Wp ( being 4 x 75Wp panels) and supports
with multipoint hand-tracking system.
One solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank support
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.18
(Mendi)
Inhabitants
: 84 family groups, 1230 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 30750 litres/day
Available water supply. Traditional only.
There
is also a tertiary school.
Purpose:
From one borehole in Mendi pump 40m3 water per day.
The
borehole will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of four pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300 users
One pump for the school
The
boreholes system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.19
(Kinyoro)
Inhabitants
: 102 family groups, 650 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 16250 litres/day
Available water supply. Traditional only.
There
is also a primary school and a private clinic.
Purpose:
From one borehole in Kinyoro pump 25m3 water per day.
The
borehole will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 325 users
The
borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.20
(Sayekwa)
Inhabitants
: 66 family groups, 360 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 9000 litres/day
Available water supply. Traditional sources only.
There
are no services present in the village.
Purpose:
From one borehole in Akotaa pump 10m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 1 Solar Spring solar pump
The pump dedicated to a water tank supplying the 360 users
The
borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 300Wp ( being 4 x 75Wp panels) and supports
with multipoint hand-tracking system.
One solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.21
(Amani)
Inhabitants
: 309 family groups, 2700 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 67500 litres/day
Available water supply. Traditional sources only.
The
village also has a primary school and a market place.
Purpose:
From two boreholes in Talau pump 75m3 water per day.
Each
borehole will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of eight pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 340 users.
Pump for school, with purification
Pump for market.
Each
borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.22
(Kisawai)
Inhabitants
: 386 family groups, 2900 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 72500 litres/day
Available water supply. There is just one well.
There
are also a primary school, a dispensary, and two market places.
Purpose:
From two wells in Kisawai pump 80m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of seven pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 400 users
One pump for the school, with purification
One pump for the dispensary, with purification.
One pump in the larger of the two market places
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.23
(Mangofarm)
Inhabitants
: 303 family groups, 2300 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 57500 litres/day
Available water supply. Traditional only.
There
are no services available. There is a market place.
Purpose:
From two boreholes in Mangofarm pump 65m3 water per day.
Each
borehole will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of seven pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 330 users
One pump for the market place.
Each
borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.24
(Gituamba)
Inhabitants
: 371 family groups, population 2650
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 66250 litres/day
Available water supply. Traditional sources only.
There
are also a primary school, a private clinic, and a market place.
Purpose:
From two boreholes in Gituamba pump 75m3 water per day.
Each
borehole will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 8 solar pumps dedicated to tanks serving 330 people.
One pump dedicated to the school.
One pump dedicated to the market place.
Two separate independent systems dedicated to the clinic. (Contributions ????)
Each
borehole well system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.25
(Chesito)
Inhabitants
: 206 families, 1800 ussers
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 45000 litres/day
Available water supply. Traditional only.
There
are no schools. There is a private clinic and a market place.
Purpose:
From two boreholes in Chesito pump 55m3 water per day.
Each
borehole will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of five pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 360 users.
A pump system dedicated to the market place
Two independent systems dedicated to the private clinic. (Contribution???)
The
borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.26
(Romo)
Inhabitants
: 327 family groups, 2650 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 66250 litres/day
Available water supply. Traditional sources only.
There
are also one primary school, a private clinic, and two market places.
Purpose:
From two boreholes in Romo pump 75m3 water per day.
Each
borehole will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of eight pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 330 users
School : one pump with purification
The larger of the market places : one pump
Two independent pump systems for the private clinic.
Each
borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Saboti
2.8.2.2.27
(Sango)
Inhabitants
: 152 family groups, 1400 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 35000 litres/day
Available water supply. Traditional sources only.
There
are no schools. There is a market place.
Purpose:
From one borehole in Sango pump 40m3 water per day.
The
borehole will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of the three pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 350 users
(+/- 43 families)
The
well system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.3. Summary of water supply
|
Zone |
Place |
Population |
M3/day |
Wells |
Solar Pumps |
Hand Pumps |
|
|
01.01 |
Cheptarit |
01200 |
0020 |
01W |
007 |
003 |
02100 |
|
01.02 |
Chalicha |
01350 |
0035 |
02B |
010 |
002 |
03000 |
|
01.03 |
Weonia |
03300 |
0085 |
03B |
015 |
009 |
04500 |
|
01.04 |
Bondeni |
01450 |
0040 |
01W |
007 |
003 |
02100 |
|
01.05 |
Matunda |
01210 |
0030 |
01W |
004 |
003 |
01200 |
|
01.06 |
Sikhendu A |
01600 |
0040 |
02B |
008 |
002 |
02400 |
|
01.07 |
Sikhendu B |
01100 |
0030 |
01B |
005 |
003 |
01500 |
|
01.08 |
Koykoy |
01400 |
0035 |
01W |
005 |
003 |
01500 |
|
01.09 |
Machewa |
00700 |
0020 |
01W |
003 |
001 |
00900 |
|
01.10 |
Lukhome |
01620 |
0045 |
01W |
008 |
003 |
02400 |
|
01.11 |
Chemichemi |
01900 |
0055 |
02W |
010 |
006 |
03000 |
|
01.12 |
Kamukuywa |
03700 |
0100 |
03W |
018 |
009 |
05400 |
|
01.13 |
Olkesem |
00800 |
0020 |
01W |
004 |
001 |
01200 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
01.00 |
|
21330 |
0445 |
20 |
104 |
048 |
31200 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
02.01 |
Nyasi |
00600 |
0020 |
01W |
005 |
003 |
01500 |
|
02.02 |
Chebukaka |
01350 |
0040 |
02W |
010 |
002 |
03000 |
|
02.03 |
Birunda |
02100 |
0055 |
02W |
010 |
006 |
03000 |
|
02.04 |
Mwitha |
00900 |
0025 |
01W |
004 |
001 |
01200 |
|
02.05 |
Talau |
00500 |
0015 |
01W |
003 |
001 |
00900 |
|
02.06 |
Nakami |
01100 |
0030 |
01W |
004 |
003 |
01200 |
|
02.07 |
Sikinwa |
02700 |
0075 |
02W |
012 |
006 |
03600 |
|
02.08 |
Milimani |
00230 |
0006 |
01W |
001 |
001 |
00300 |
|
02.09 |
Teldet |
00610 |
0018 |
01B |
003 |
003 |
00900 |
|
02.10 |
Kaborom |
00350 |
0010 |
01B |
002 |
001 |
00600 |
|
02.11 |
Kolikoli |
00860 |
0025 |
01W |
003 |
003 |
00900 |
|
02.12 |
Maeni |
00630 |
0020 |
01B |
004 |
001 |
01200 |
|
02.13 |
Sarora |
01010 |
0030 |
01W |
004 |
003 |
01200 |
|
02.14 |
Muroki |
2720 |
0075 |
02B |
012 |
006 |
03600 |
|
02.15 |
Kapretwa |
02670 |
0075 |
02W |
012 |
006 |
03600 |
|
02.16 |
Nasianda |
01400 |
0045 |
01B |
007 |
003 |
02100 |
|
02.17 |
Sukwo |
00300 |
0008 |
01B |
001 |
001 |
00300 |
|
02.18 |
Mendi |
01230 |
0040 |
01B |
005 |
003 |
01500 |
|
02.19 |
Kinyoro |
00650 |
0025 |
01B |
005 |
001 |
01500 |
|
02.20 |
Sayekwa |
00360 |
0009 |
01B |
001 |
001 |
00300 |
|
02.21 |
Amani |
02700 |
0075 |
02B |
010 |
006 |
03000 |
|
02.22 |
Kisawai |
02900 |
0080 |
02W |
010 |
006 |
03000 |
|
02.23 |
Mangofarm |
02300 |
0065 |
02B |
008 |
006 |
02400 |
Boreholes
and wells must be well protected against soil instability, using linings
locally made in a Gypsum composites factory. Gypsum composites production units are an integral part of
the project. The boreholes and wells must be sealed so that surface water cannot
flow back down the well. Hand-pumps and platforms must be built so that the
users' feet remain dry and never come in contact with water. Access to the
hand-pumps/wells must always be dry. For instance, shingle or similar materials
can be used so that users' feet always remain dry.
The
layout of a typical water installation is shown in:
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
2.8.6 Equipment at water points near the users' houses
The solar pumps pump water
from the wells to the various water points (tanks) near to the users' houses.
The chosen pumps can easily transport the water for several kilometres from the
wells to the water tanks through polyethylene pipelines.
The
above-ground tanks will each have a capacity large enough for three days' water
for the community to which they are dedicated. Back-up hand-pump systems will
also be available at the well sites in case of need.
The
water in the tanks at schools and clinics will be purified using ultraviolet
solar purification units should suitable technology be available at the moment
of installation. Water purification can be extended to other community supply
tanks at a later stage of the project. The water tanks will be fitted with
double stainless steel ball valve sets. The ground surface at the water points
will be laid with shingle and kept dry so that the users' feet always remain
dry. A sink-pit with stones and shingle will be used to drain any spill water.
The tanks will be made locally from Gypsum composites
2.8.7 Budget items relating to the water supply structures
The final budget figure for
the drinking water supply structures will be prepared during the organisational
workshop.
The
indicative budget includes the following items, expressed in US$. Together they
generally represent about 46% of the project's formal currency capital goods
investments.
|
Description |
Amount in US$ |
|
Organisation workshop |
25.000 |
|
Setting up the basic structures |
32.000 |
|
Vehicles and materials |
150.000 |
|
Drilling and lining of boreholes/wells (LETS) |
300.000 |
|
Local labour for boreholes/wells (LETS) |
pro-memorium |
|
Washing places (LETS) |
pro-memorium |
|
Hand-pump platforms (LETS) |
pro-memorium |
|
Solar pumps (276) |
357.000 |
|
Panel supports (276)(LETS) |
75.000 |
|
PV panels (82.8 kwp) |
496.800 |
|
Hand-pumps (142) partly from Gypsum composites |
80.000 |
|
Cable and pipes for pumps/wells |
98.000 |
|
Feed pipe to water tanks (km150) |
100.000 |
|
Labour to lay feed pipes (LETS) |
pro-memorium |
|
Water tanks 276 (mostly LETS) |
60.000 |
|
Tank bases 276 (mostly LETS) |
30.000 |
|
Preparation maintenance operators |
15.000 |
|
Initial stock of spare parts |
20.000 |
|
Permits and formalities |
1.000 |
|
Preparation of specifications |
6.000 |
|
|
|
|
Total (about 41% of the total project cost) |
1.845.800 |
Funds
eventually not used will be added to project reserves and circulated in the form
of interest-free micro-credits to increase local productivity. For example,
certain materials and equipment may be locally available.
The
workshop may take the following aspects into consideration:
2.8.7.1
Establishing base camp and stores
$ 32.000
2.8.7.2
Forming the supervisory team for wells and drilling
Personnel
: team made up of 6 people
-Team leader brigade
-2 x drivers/mechanics
-3 x part-time workers
2.8.7.3
Assemble well work groups
Personnel
: 4 teams each with 7 men:
-Group leader
-Lining worker
-5 labourers
2.8.7.4
Materials to be written off over the period of the interest-free loan
2.8.7.4.1.01
Truck 7 ton
4.1.02 (Toyota???) double cabin 4x4
4.1.03 Drilling equipment
4.1.04 generator
4.1.05 welding group
4.1.06 Compressor
4.1.07 air pressure pumps
4.1.08 hydraulic hammers
4.1.09 heads for hammers
4.1.10 lengths 20m pipe dia.25mm
4.1.11 lengths 20m pipe diam.19mm
4.1.12 Vibration head diam.
4.1.13 Motor for 4.12
4.1.14 winches
4.1.15 Containers
4.1.16 Forms
4.1.17 Tools
4.1.18 Cutting group
4.1.19 Form for platforms
Reserve
7.4.1 vehicles and equipment US$ 150.000
2.8.7.4.2
Cost materials
4.2.1
Gypsum composites/anhydrite
4.2.2 Steel (????)
4.2.3 Sand and shingle
4.2.4 Wood and various
Reserve
materials 7.4.2 US$ 60.000
2.8.7.5
WELL/BOREHOLE CONSTRUCTION (15 MONTHS)
2.8.7.5.1
Works
-Forages 8" internal diameter
-Hand dug wells indicatively diam.ext. 2m diam.int.1.8m.
-Linings
-Well platform 0.5m high as per drawings
2.8.7.5.2
Personnel and fuel
5.2.01 Head of brigade
5.2.02 4 x group leaders
5.2.03 4 x lining workers
5.2.04 20x labourers
5.2.05 2 x drivers/mechanics
5.2.06 3xpart-time labourers
5.2.07 Diesel for truck 100km/day
5.2.08 Diesel for compressor
5.2.09 Petrol for (Toyota???) 150km/day
5.2.10 Fuel for drilling equipment
5.2.11 Unforeseen
2.8.7.5.3
Drilling
Drilling
operations will be let out to local operators from the Trans Nzoia district.
Forecast
group 7.5 US$ 126.000
2.8.7.6
BUILDING OF ABOUT 58 PLATFORMS FOR HAND-PUMPS
6.1
The platforms can be sited next to the wells since the chosen hand-pumps work
with bends in the feed pipe (See drawing in Schedule 5)
6.2
Material necessary :
-2.25m3 Gypsum composites
-Piece of polyethylene other pipe for drainage to sink pit.
-Stones for sink pit.
-Access to the hand-pumps and the platform areas shall be laid out with shingle
paths so that the users feet do not get wet.
6.3
Both the platforms themselves and the labour will fall under the local money
LETS systems
2.8.7.7
BUILDING OF ABOUT 58 WASHING PLACES
7.1
The washing places will be placed near the wells. No decision has been taken as
to whether the water for the washing places is to come from the hand-pumps or
whether solar pumps with tanks be installed for the purpose. The washing places
must meet hygiene criteria with:
7.2
Hygienic drainage of water to a sink pit or to gardens
7.3 Surfaces hygienic and easy to keep clean
7.4 No contact between users feet and water on the ground or water on or around
the washing place.
The
washing places will be built and installed under the local money LETS systems
2.8.7.8
AREAS AROUND THE WELLS and BOREHOLES
8.1
The area around the wells and boreholes must be well protected against
unauthorised access by persons and access by animals.
8.2
The wells and boreholes themselves must be completely sealed off against
insects and anything that could cause contamination of the water.
8.3 Access to the PV panels should not be permitted. Fences and/or other
protection must be used. In connection with the risk of theft, the panels
should always be under the supervision of members of the well commissions.
8.4 Individual PV panels will be fitted with a "chip" enabling
recovery in case of theft. The glass of the panels will be engraved in the
centre with the name of the project to further discourage theft.
2.8.7.9
LAYING OF PIPELINES TO THE TANK INSTALLATIONS
9.1
From each well and borehole about 6-9 hygienic pipelines will be laid to the
tanks situated near the homes of the users. In some cases these pipelines may
be several kilometres long. The various separate pipelines will run through a
common shallow trench for as far as possible, and then branch off each pipeline
in a separate shallow trench over the last few hundred meters to its dedicated
tank installation. A few extra lengths of pipeline can be laid in the common
sections of trench for use should installations later be changed or in case of
damage to a pipeline in use. Obstacles such as roads and rivers are to be avoided.
In case of risk that a trench be crossed by vehicles, appropriate protection
for the pipelines shall be used.
9.2
The trenches can be dug by the users themselves against payment of the normal
standard local money daily rate for such work.
9.3
Costs
9.3.1 Pipelines
9.3.2 Double rapid couplings
9.3.3 Protection materials
Total
costs 7.9 of pipelines US$ 100.000
2.8.7.10
INSTALLATION OF TANKS(ABOUT 276 x
Cheaper
and better alternatives to concrete tanks will be used. These will be spherical
tanks made from (hygienic) Gypsum composites , made locally in a factory to be
set up within the project itself. The tanks will be placed on solid supports.
Each tank will be fitted with two sets of stainless steel two ball valves. The
combination of spherical tanks and supports will offer resistance to all
foreseeable weather conditions.
10.1
Costs of tanks
10.1 450 x
10.2 450 x tank supports reserve US$ 30.000
10.3 900 x 1" stainless steel ball valves US$ 15.000
10.4 A few drainage pipes
10.5 Shingle for sink pits and paths
Total
costs 7.10 tank installations US$ 90.000
2.8.7.11
INSTALLATION OF SOLAR- AND HAND-PUMPS
11.1 Costs
|
2.8.7.11.01 |
About 142 hand-pumps to be built partially under LETS systems |
80.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.02 |
About 4000m polyethylene 1 1/4" 16 bar feed-pipe for hand-pumps |
14.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.03 |
About 13000m safety rope for pumps |
4.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.04 |
Double rapid couplings |
1.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.05 |
Electric cable |
36.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.06 |
Reserve accessories |
10.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.07 |
Stock of spare parts for hand pumps |
8.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.08 |
About 276 solar pumps |
357.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.09 |
About 150000m polyethylene high pressure pipe diam. 26mm ext/19mm |
100.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.10 |
Spare parts for solar pumps |
12.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.11 |
External transport |
15.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.12 |
Inland transport |
10.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.12 |
Supervision installation |
15.000 |
Total
cost 11.1 Installation solar-and hand pumps US$ 662.000
2.8.7.12
INSTALLATION OF PV PANELS
7.12.1
About 276 panel arrays of 48V 4 x 75Wp in series
12.1.1 About 82.800Wp US$ 496.800
12.1.2 Panel supports US$ 60.000
The
following aspects concerning panels supports have to be decided:
-a) can they be made locally?
-b) will each group have its own support?
-c) which type of support?
12.2
External transport panels US$ 15.000
12.3 Local transport panels US$ 12.500
Total
cost 2.8.7.12 Installation of panels US$ 584.300
2.8.7.13
INSTALLATION OF UV WATER PURIFICATION UNITS (SCHOOLS AND CLINICS)
13.1
The water is clean when it reaches the tank installations. The reason for the
tank installations is that the following must be taken into account:
-a) Users need water to be available 24 hours per day.
-b) A water reserve must slowly be built up in case of bad weather (three
days).
-c) The capacity of the tanks must be in line with the capacity of the pumps.
-d) If water is kept in the Saboti area in a tank for several days, however
well protected against infection it is, steps should be taken to ensure it
stays clean. UV purification systems are therefore foreseen for schools and clinics
within the framework of phase 3 of the project. If sufficient finance is
available, similar protection can be used in the other tank installations in
phase 3, otherwise it can be installed (under an eventual phase 4) later on.
Water
purification technology is still under development. This section is subject to
the availability of mature technology at the time the installation.
Reserve
2.8.7.13 during phase 4 (about 59 schools and clinics) US$ 47.500
2.8.7.14
TRAINING OF MAINTENANCE OPERATOR AND ASSISTANT
Training
will be carried out during the Water Supply workshop
2.8.7.15
COMMISSIONING OF WORKS
15.1
Every well group with associated +/- 6-9 tank installations will be handed over
to the well and tanks commissions after payment of the users contributions for
the first month. The system remains the property of the project until the loans
have been repaid. On completion of loan repayment:
- property in the wells, hand-pumps, washing areas, and PV enclosures passes to
the well commissions.
- property in the dedicated PV arrays, PV pumps, pipelines and tank
installations pass to the tank commissions.
2.8.7.16
HEALTH ASPECTS CONCERNING USE OF WATER
The
organisational workshops will establish a network for the systematic control of
water quality. The following are some possible indications:
16.1
Organising systematic water sampling to keep a close check on water quality in
the wells and in the tank installations.
16.2 Hygiene education. Cooperation through the established Health Clubs with
locally operating health workers and the Regional Department of Health to
spread information and training of the users in the correct use of clean
household utensils, washing of hands before eating.
16.3 Equipment for water testing will be supplied to one of the local clinics
and paid for by the users on condition that water testing within the project
area be carried out free of charge.
16.4 Organisation of regular water sampling
16.5 Water testing programme
16.6 Hygiene education courses in schools
16.7 Rules concerning special industrial and medical waste products
2.9 PV LIGHTING, TELEVISION AND REFRIGERATION
2.9.1 INSTALLATION OF 276 PV LIGHTING SYSTEMS FOR STUDY
The project
provides for PV powered lighting for study purposes in each of the 200 or so
tank localities included in the project. Few of the areas will have a suitable
study room so suitable rooms will have to be built to qualify for the PV
lighting. Study rooms will be built under the LETS local currency system, and
each of the LETS members in that tank area would be debited for his/her share
of the building cost. As an incentive to build study rooms, the costs of the PV
lighting have been included in the general project costs. Over time, all 276
tank area groups may see fit to provide study areas for their students. The
tank commissions will be responsible for PV lighting in their area. Some may
wish to install a PV powered television set for educational use as well.
However, there are practical problems in managing TV sets, and these will need
further discussion when the project is being finalised.
PV lighting and/or PV refrigeration facilities for clinics within the
project area would also be the responsibility of the tank commissions where the
clinics are located. The situation concerning schools or clinics outside the
project area serving in part users living within the project area presents
practical problems which will need to be discussed case by case when the
project is finalised.
PV lighting or power sources needed for production will be financed on a
case by case basis using micro-credit loans.
Financing PV lighting or power sources for (home) systems not used for
production can be negotiated between individual users and the Local Bank when
those users have enough income to meet the extra cost. The terms of the
hire-purchase loan and lease agreements for Solar Home Systems will be agreed
with the local bank before the project starts. Terry Manning will supply the
SHS systems.
2.9.1
Cost of equipment
2.9.2 Cost of installation (will be done under the LETS systems)
Total
cost US$ 300.000
The
project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water
pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and
maintenance in the clinics under the local money LETS system.
2.9.2
INSTALLATION OF PV LIGHTING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS IN CLINICS
Sixteen
clinics and health centres have been included within the project area, each
having one refrigerator for vaccines.
A budget
of US$ 5.000 has been allowed for lighting and another US$ 5.000 for
refrigeration in each clinic.
Total
budget 4.2 PV lighting and refrigeration in clinics: US$ 160.000
Cases
where clinics outside the project area serve users inside the project area are
mentioned pro-memorium and will need to be discussed on a case by case basis.
The
project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water
pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and
maintenance in the clinics under the local money LETS system.
2.9.3
INSTALLATION OF PV LIGHTING IN SCHOOLS
There are some 37 primary, 7 secondary, and 1 tertiary schools listed in
the project area. Evening classes are held at many schools and are a compulsory
requirement in the preparation for examinations. The project therefore foresees
provision of two PV lighting systems for each of the schools in the project
area.
An amount of US$ 88.000 has been reserved for this purpose.
2.9.4 INSTALLATION OF SOLAR UV WATER PURIFICATION IN EACH TANK
Up to 276 tanks could be involved. In case of contamination of water in
a tank, especially where this occurs systematically, supplementary steps will
be needed to ensure the purification of the water. Various technologies are
currently under development, from filtration systems susceptible to local
manufacture to more complex and relatively expensive systems operating with
ultra-violet rays which have to be imported into the project area.
In cases of contamination, means must be found to keep the water safe. A
reserve for US$ 128.500 has been set aside in the budget. The purpose of the
project is to await the results of technological developments as long as
possible before acting. How this money will be spent will also depend on the
outcome of the tests conducted with the installations in schools and clinics.
In the meantime the funds will be made available for interest-free micro loans.
2.9.5
INSTALLATION OF PV TELEVISION SETS FOR STUDY
This
is listed pro-memorium for further discussion as there are some practical
problems with the use of TV sets.
In
principle the tank commission can approve the installation of a PV operated TV
system (FOR STUDY PURPOSES) provided:
a) A study room has been built and correctly protected against weather, dust,
and theft
b) Sufficient didactic material is available in the local language to justify
the installation of a TV set.
c) Warranty is given that the TV set not be "confiscated" for
purposes of "comfort" for group vision of commercial TV programmes.
The
funds necessary for the installation in good faith of TV equipment will be
transferred from the project reserves.
The
project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water
pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and
maintenance in the clinics under the local money LETS system.
2.10 REFORESTATION AND WATER HARVESTING
2.10.1 REFORESTATION AND EROSION PROBLEMS
These
will be analysed project by project. Measures needed to combat erosion in the
project area are expected to be taken within the local currency (LETS)systems.
They can take the form of protection of forests by way of reduction of wood
requirements for cooking purposes. They can also take the form of concerted
management and repopulation of existing forests within the framework of a
separate organisational workshop.
In
most projects, nurseries for the cultivation of plants will be set up under the
interest-free micro-credits systems within the local money systems. Some of the
plants grown, especially those of local origin, could be made available for
anti-erosion campaigns which can be conducted entirely under the local money
systems.
2.10.2 NOTES ON RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS
This project does not
cover the many possibilities offered by efficient rain-water harvesting.
Instead, it assumes rainwater harvesting systems will be developed in each
project as a natural extension of economic activity in the area.
Rain-water is harvested both for irrigation and for drinking water. Some
form of purification system is needed when it is used for drinking water as the
water may come into contact with dirty surfaces and may need to be stored for
quite long periods. Purification needs systematic technology application and
careful management. The effects can be disastrous if these things are
overlooked. That is why clean water from closed wells and boreholes has been
preferred to harvested rain-water in this project.
The solar powered drinking water systems foreseen in this model project
offer a limited capacity suitable for human consumption, small animals and
small scale drip irrigation applied to high value cash crops. The project does
not include water for irrigation and general agriculture for which the use of
solar energy, taking into account the cost of PV panels and/or wind generators
into account, is still relatively uneconomic.
Rain-water harvesting offers the possibility of providing a water supply
suitable for agriculture. The use of Gypsum composites water tanks and reservoirs made under
the (LETS) systems means that users do not actually need to have any
"money" to start and gradually expand their own rain-water harvesting
systems. The tanks can be gravity fed off roofs and/or slopes and/or road surfaces.
This water would also be used for personal hygiene such as showers, and for the
washing of clothes.
Sloping of surfaces
Surfaces such
roofs, roads, squares need to be gently sloped so that water can run along
gutters or other channelling material to one or more water collection points.
The channelling materials used should be locally made (from Gypsum composites
or from clay) to avoid financial leakage from the project area. In any case PVC
must not be used. The collection surface(s) should be kept as clean as
possible. Contamination of the surface by animals and waste products should
where possible be avoided. Green or "living" roofs are ideal for
rainwater harvesting. The number of water collection points will depend on the
surface being drained and the maximum intensity of the rainfall. Purely
indicatively one collection point should serve about 40m2 or 300 sq. feet.
Filtering
The harvested water
is intended for general household use and not for drinking. Should it be
required for drinking purposes it must be boiled. Chlorination and other types
of water treatment should be avoided except where the water in the rainwater
tank is the only source of water available and it is known to be, or there is a
reasonable risk that it be, bacterially infected. Even then treatment should
only be carried out by a specialist.
The harvested water should however be filtered to keep organic
materials, solids and particles in suspension out. This can be done is two
phases:
a) At the collection point, with a fine metal grate together, eventually, with
a suitable sponge-like material at the top of the down-water pipe.
b) Above the water tank, where the water can pass through a Gypsum composites
or other container (but not PVC!) filled with (locally available) shingle,
sand, and charcoal.
The size of the filters will depend from case to case according to the
maximum amount of flow reasonably foreseeable.
Down-water pipes
Their size will
depend on the maximum amount of flow reasonable foreseeable, but will typically
have an internal diameter from 3" to 6". Their length will depend on
where the water tank is situated. They should be as short as possible. Where
they are exposed to the suns rays, the pipes must be resistant to them. Where
possible the pipes should be made from locally available materials and supplied
within the local LETS money systems. Do NOT use PVC material.
Water tanks
Where possible, the
water tanks should be sealed and placed just under the roof, from where they
can be gravity fed through pipes to outlet points in or around the house.
Recipients can also be placed on a stand between roof level and floor level, so
that gravity feeding is still possible. Where neither of these is feasible,
ground level recipients can be used. This usually involves the use of lids,
ladles, buckets and similar which may not be hygienic and the risk of infection
and access by animals and insects is increased. Ground level tanks also occupy
extra space.
The water tanks will normally be spherical in shape and made locally under
the LETS systems from Gypsum composites. Where they are esthetical in
appearance and design, their position is irrelevant.
2.11 THE PROJECT AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES
It is not the purpose of this
Model that the various project applications substitute the states obligations
for the supply of proper scholastic structures in the project areas, except for
safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, and, eventually PV lighting for
evening classes.
Formal
currency investments in school structures are not susceptible to the rapid
interest-free re-cycling at the basis of self-financing development projects.
Where,
however, local school systems are mostly to the charge of the parents and there
is an acute lack of:
a)
Building infrastructure
b) School furniture
c) Didactic material
d) Teachers
it
may in some cases be possible to improve circumstances under the project by
taking advantage of the possibilities offered by:
a)
The local tank commissions
b) The local money LETS systems
c) The local Gypsum composites factories
In
practice any goods and services which are locally available can be paid for
under the local money systems. These goods and services can include:
a)
Gypsum composites elements, including load bearing structures, for school
buildings
b) Gypsum composites school furniture
c) Services of teachers willing to work under the local money systems with
salaries paid in the local LETS points
d) Reproduction of didactic material through PV television systems and/or
through documentary reproduction by local consultants set up under the
micro-credit systems.
Groups
of parents and or groups of tank commissions can take initiatives under the
local money systems and distribute their costs (expressed in LETS points)
amongst the groups directly involved. In this sense the groups involved can be
registered under the LETS systems in the same way as clubs or other social
groupings.
LIST OF SUPPORTING SCHEDULES
Schedule 1: The project in detail
Schedule 2: Information on Clodomir Santos
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS
BASIC INFORMATION
Schedule 3: Project maps
Schedule 4: Solar submersible horizontal axis
piston pumps
Schedule 5: Spring rebound inertia hand pumps
Schedule 6: Gypsum composites technology
NOTES ON
GYPSUM COMPOSITES: General description of the Gypsum composites technology,
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS: More
information and an example of a more advanced application.
Schedule 7: Health Clubs courses
Schedule 8: Information on LETS local
money systems
Schedule 9: A list of 25 progressive
steps for development
Schedule 10: Material for
presentations using transparents or Powerpoint
Schedule 11: NGO SIMA : Statutes and
information
Curriculum of Johnstone Sikulu Wanjala
LINKS
MATERIAL FOR PRESENTATIONS USING TRANSPARENTS OR
POWERPOINT
THE ROLE OF MICRO-CREDIT IN INTEGRATED SELF-FINANCING
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
WATER SUPPLY ISSUES IN SELF-FINANCING INTEGRATED
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION
PV AND BIOMASS ASPECTS AND THEIR FINANCING
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN ENGLISH
ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS
The authors express their
thanks to the following persons who made very useful suggestions incorporated
in the original model project:
In
alphabetical order:
Mr
L.F.Manning,
Mr Taake Manning,
Mr Eric Meuleman, of EOS Advises,
Mrs Juliet Waterkeyn, of
Maps
of the project area.
Executive
summary
List of draft projects in English and in
French.