NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM
Edition
02: 18 April, 2010.
Edition
05 : 22 December, 2013.
01. E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development
(Dip. Int. Dev)
SECTION A : DEVELOPMENT
PROBLEMS.
Study value :
04 points out of 18.
Indicative
study time: 112 hours out of 504.
Study points are
awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development
Problems has been passed.
First block : Poverty and quality of life.
Study value :
02 points out of 18.
Indicative
study time: 57 hours out of 504.
Study points
are awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development
Problems has been passed.
First block : Poverty and quality of life.
First Block : Section 1.
Analysis of the causes of poverty. [26.50 hours]
First Block : Section 2. Services needed for a good quality of
life.
First Block : Exam. [ 4 hours each attempt]
Block 1 of Section
1. Analysis of the causes of poverty. [26.50 hours]
Part 1 :
Introduction to the causes of poverty.[06.50
hours]
02. Some factors linked with
poverty.
04. Financial leakage : food
and water industries.
05. Financial leakage :
energy.
06. Financial leakage : means
of communication.
07. Financial leakage : health
and education.
08. Financial leakage : theft
of resources.
09. Financial leakage :
corruption.
Part 1 :
Introduction to the causes of poverty.[06.50
hours]
07. Financial leakage : health
and education.
Consider the following slide:
07. Financial
leakage : health and education.
Health.
Improved health.
According to Encylodpædia Britannica, the law of diminishing returns is an “economic
law stating that if one input in the production of a commodity is increased
while all other inputs are held fixed, a point will eventually be reached at
which additions of the input yield progressively smaller, or diminishing,
increases in output.”
“Public expenditure on primary health care and public health is
more pro-poor than spending on hospital-based curative care. Rethinking Poverty : Report on
the World Social Situation 2010. United Nations Department of Social
and Economic Affairs New York 2009 p. 126 (ISBN 978-92-1-130278-3).
According to the Report on Human Development
for 2007/2008 published by the UNDP (United Nations Development
Programme) life expectancy at birth was 77.9 years in the
«In the year 2000, Dr. J. Koplan, the director of the
US-Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), pointed out that a
person in 1900 could expect to live on average, to the age of 45. Today, in
developed countries, life expectancy is nearly 80 years. Of the 35 years of
lifespan people in developed countries have gained, only about five years have
been attributed to advances in curative medicine. The other 30 years of
lifespan have been attributed to improvements in sanitation, health education,
the effect of vaccines, and other hygiene and public health advances. The
retreat of the great levels of diseases was due to more urban improvements,
superior nutrition, and public health and hygiene rather than to curative
medicine (Koplan, 2000). Towards Sustainable
Global Health, ed. Exner M., Klein G et al, United
Nations University, Institute for Environment Education and Human Society,
Source 11/2008, p. 24.)
1. Opinion.
Apply the law of diminishing returns to
the above statements and draw your conclusions.
Health and local development.
2. Opinion.
Make a list of feasible local actions in
your project area which would enable the populations to «recover» 30 of the 35
years mentioned by Dr. Koplan.
The role of pharmaceutical
multinationals.
3. Opinion.
What interests would pharmaceutical
multinationals have in supporting the actions on your list?
Education.
Education costs.
The education of new generations is the second largest investment after
that for health made by «modern »
societies. In some countries, such as
Without taking into account private education, the
United States spend 5,9% of the Gross Domestic Product on education. This is
15,3% of
4. Opinion.
What conclusions can you draw from the figures supplied by the UNDP?
What are the differences between the rich and the poor countries ?
Education and local development.
In many poor countries, education, especially education in rural areas,
is often left to private initiative.
Public educational institutions are often under-financed. Teachers do not always receive their salaries
regularly.
5. Research.
Make a list of the educative
institutions and their specific problems in your chosen area.
Brain drain.
The most qualified people in developing countries usually find work
outside their area of origin and often outside their country of origin.
«Some institution-based surveys in
The same tendency can be seen in African countries such as
The following
quotation is taken from the : Inverser la “fuite des cerveaux” africains, Mutume G., Afrique Relance 17#2 (July 2003) p.1 ; United
Nations,
“The
United Nations Economic Commission for
“Brain
drain occurs where a country loses its qualified labour force through
emigration.. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) notes that in the
case of
“This
phenomenon weighs heavily on the continent”, says Mrs Ndioro Ndiaye, Adjunct
General Manager of the World Health Organisation. To compensate the lack of
qualified personnel, African countries have to pay about 4 billion dollars each year to employ 100 000
non-African expatriates. "It’s time to adopt political programmes to
inverse the devastating effects of the brain drain", she
says. »
6. Opinion.
Express your reaction on the above notes
on the brain drain.
What is the relationship between the
consequences of this financial leakage and the payments made by emigrants to
their families in their countries of origin? Which outweighs the other?
◄ First block : Poverty and quality of life.
◄ Index : Diploma in Integrated
Development (Dip.Int.Dev)
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