Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED
Wieringerwerf,
The Netherlands.
Tel:
0031-227-604128
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail:
(nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet
and
"Money is not
the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"
Gesell, Silvio The
Natural Economic Order
Revised English
edition, Peter Owen,
“Poverty is created scarcity”
Wahu Kaara, point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 58th
annual NGO Conference, United Nations,
08.00 Files of some specific aspects of the project.
08.40
Agricultural production and food security.
08.40.01 First considerations.
The
project covers many agriculture-related aspects, such as the management of
communal lands, the sustainable recycling of wastes, local production for local
consumption and the production of bio-mass for high efficiency cookers.
The project
promotes local production for local consumption. It is based on the concept
that the first duty of the inhabitants is to ensure through their own efforts a
good quality of life for all in the project area. The anthropological
dimensions of the project, with its first level at 200-250 persons, its second
level at 1500 persons, and its third level at 50.000 persons, permit
diversification of and specialisation in local production. Through the
plant nurseries and the seed banks set up, the choice of products will be
gradually widened, starting with traditional local products and continuing with
the acclimatisation of more ’’exotic’ ones.
The introduction of local money systems will release farmers from
seasonal economic pressures. They can accumulate local money debits for seed
and costs during the crop growing period, according to the natural rhythm of
their activities. The interest-free micro-credit system enables them where
necessary access to funds for the purchase of seeds for which formal money must
be found. In this case they must be able to sell a part of their production for
formal money outside the project area to repay their micro-credits.
The project privileges local private and cooperative production for
family and local consumption and use of the financial structures created for
this purpose. It therefore tends to act against large-scale monoculture
activities. The project is formally apolitical. It will not directly or
indirectly support either industrial activities or the importation of
fertilisers into the project area, an important cause of financial leakage. It
will privilege the creation of alternatives to them, including the 100% useful
local recycling of waste products. Full freedom for industrial activities and
the importation of fertilisers remains under the traditional formal money
system which continues to operate in parallel with the local money system set
up by the project.
08.40.10 Management
of communal lands.
The local Money system set up in an early phase of
project execution enables the creation of classes and groups of owners of real
and personal goods. For instance, benefits from the use of communal lands by
nomad pastoralists or the revenues from the sale of wood from communal land
can, subject to the decision of the responsible organs, be divided amongst the
members of the groups in question. The costs
of the management of communal lands and things can also be distributed amongst
the members of the group of owners. In principle, collectively owned property
remains inalienable. The same applies to mineral rights subject to application
of national laws. For example, gypsum or anhydrite deposits found in the
project zone are the property of the inhabitants in the tank commission area or
the well commission area where the deposits are found. The deposits are managed
by the groups themselves. The project structures therefore make it possible to
formalise the management of traditional possessions without directly changing
any of the rights attached to them.
08.40.20 Waste
recycling structures.
File 06.26 Recycling
structures offers a description of the planned waste recycling structures.
The recycling of organic material (urine and faeces) involves both traditional
agricultural activity and activities at household level. In larger villages, it
automatically becomes a sort of urban agriculture. The main purpose of it is to
recycle the
The system
for the collection of recycling of waste waters, urine, excreta, other organic
solids, non-organic solids will be set up during Moraisian organisation
workshops held for the purpose.
The operations will take
place under the local money LETS systems. A separate interest-free micro-credit
fund is provided in the budget for purchase of equipment which is not available
locally and/or which has to be paid for in formal currency. In principle, the
equipment used should not require the consumption of imported energy
(electricity, diesel, petrol etc) which causes an on-going financial leakage
from the project area. Transport distances should be kept as short as possible.
The following drawings and graphs form an integral
part of this project proposal.
DRAWING OF
WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE
FROM GYPSUM COMPOSITE
Detailed technical information on the treatment of
grey water is included in
attachment 24.
- (a) Recycling should
always be done at the lowest possible level, starting with the individual user.
- (b) Recycling at a second level should also be done as late as possible
during the composting cycle to reduce the volume of material handled and to
increase safety in its handling.
- (c) The whole system should be operated within the local money (LETS)
currencies.
- (d) Capital investment for recycling equipment, transport and storage will be
a priority for Micro-credit loans.
- (e) "Dirty" work will be better paid than "clean" work in
the LETS systems, because the rate of pay will reflect the willingness of
workers to do the work. Those doing “unpleasant” work will have an
above-average income within the LETS systems so that there should be no
difficulty finding people to do the work.
- (f) Waste should, as far as possible, be recycled within the project area so
communities are self-sufficient and there is no leakage of formal money from
the system. In particular, materials like metals, paper, plastics can often be
treated at local level for use in local industries creating jobs and local
value added during both treatment and production. The principle also promotes
the export of re-cycled products for formal currency which will be used to
repay the interest free micro-credits loans.
- (g) Lucrative job possibilities are created within the system.
- (h) Export and sale of selected non-organic solid waste through the recycling
centres for formal currency so micro-credits for re-cycling operation can be
repaid.
- (i) Selected non-organic solid waste products will treated locally and
recycled as raw material for local artisan industries.
- (j) Interest free micro-loans for compost collection equipment may need to be
for a longer term than other micro-credits as most of the compost will be
recycled within the local currency system. Some of the compost collection
charges may have to be in formal currency or the equipment may need to be used
part-time outside the LETS systems to help earn formal currency to repay the
micro-credit loans.
- (k) Recycling of special industrial and medical wastes to be addressed
separately.
- (l) The use of throw-away
waste products without value added, such as product packaging, is discouraged.
- (m) Repairable goods will
be repaired at project level under the local money LETS system set up. Spare
parts not locally available will be charged in formal money at their original
imported formal money price.
08.40.21 Use of
composted faeces.
Faeces are
composted without the addition of any fresh material for as long as possible, but
for not less than 12 months, during which it is aerobically transformed into a
high quality safe soil conditioner. It can then be recycled at home in vertical
or roof gardens if there are any. If there are cultural problems relating to
recycling of the compost at household level, it can be moved under the local
money system for local use in agriculture without health risk and without risk
of contamination of water resources. It is a matter of moving small amounts of
material (about one wheelbarrow full per person per year) over short distances
for local use.
08.40.22 Recycling
of urine and food security.
The urine tanks will have to be emptied
regularly unless evaporation systems are used. Wet systems are preferred
because they create more value added in terms of increased garden production.
Urine, with a little lime sawdust or equivalent added regularly, can in
principle be used systematically for
watering plants as long as it is diluted with 10 parts of water or grey water
to one part of urine, substantially increasing the productivity of the garden.
The small quantities of water in containers used by
urinal users for urinal cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the
urine tanks.
Toilets and san-plats are designed to separate urine from
faeces. Where desired, urinals will be available for use by men and boys. Small
amounts of water entering the urine tanks as a result of personal washing
practices and (where applicable) urinal washing do not harm the system. Small
amounts of ash (from the high efficiency cookers used) can be regularly added
to the urine tanks.
In some cases urine, in particular that of pregnant
women and of women breast-feeding their children may have a high formal money
value for the pharmaceuticals industry. Unfortunately in the case of this
project the exploitation of this potential does not appear to exist.
The recycling of urine is usually coupled with that of
household grey water. It is not necessary to add “fresh” water to the urine.
Household grey water, put through a simple filter to remove eventual fats
content, can be mixed with urine at household level. Households without garden
but with a flat roof can install vertical gardens made from gypsum composites
and use them to increase their own food production potential.
Users unable to re-cycle the urine from their tanks
and who do not use evaporation systems will have to arrange for the urine tanks
to be emptied periodically under the local LETS systems for re-cycling within
the project area.
Urine is in principle sterile, but can contain
pathogens where users are ill. While risk of contamination is thought to be
low, users may wish to provide for a
double tank system offering temporary storage of urine for up to six months
when planning their systems. In that case larger storage tanks with a volume of
up to 0.75m3 would need to be used.
The amount of water and fertiliser mixture available
to households this way is at least
In principle, the
For technical information refer to in search of drivers for dry sanitation in the list of attachments.
Where use of water is limited to
These
gypsum composite tanks will usually be near the users houses to collect waste
water from normal household use. They must be closed to avoid access by animals
and insects. They should be emptied regularly, where possible at least once a
day. Should smells develop, they need to be washed.
Simple
filter systems will be used to eliminate grease, oils, and similar from the
grey water. Filtered-out solids can be organically composted. Fats should not
be used directly on gardens, as they can limit soil aeration over a longer
period.
Where
it is separated from water with risk of fæcal infection (see point 1 above)
filtered grey water can also be recycled as it is for use on gardens provided
there is no risk of its leaching into ground water.
Ten
parts of grey water mixed with one part of (sterile) urine can also be recycled
for use on gardens.
Detailed technical information on the treatment of
grey water is included in
attachment 24.
Users unable to re-cycle the grey water from their
tanks will need to arrange for the tanks to be emptied periodically under the
local LETS currency systems for re-cycling within the project area.
Household organic wastes not being urine or faeces are
usually made up of kitchen and food leftovers. These can cause disagreeable
smells if they are thrown indiscriminately into the environment, where they can
form a threat to the health of the residents and increase risk of infection
from animals and insects.
The wastes are, furthermore, valuable. There are
several ways of recycling them usefully. This is a problem in every country in
the world.
The best way of solving the problem is by
keeping animals such as chickens, goats, and, where there are no religious
problems, pigs. This way waste products can be recycled into eggs, milk, and
meat. For example, once chicken consumes, on an average, kitchen wastes of five
people. Since communities served by each of the 297 tank commissions have about
200-250 people, kitchen and food leftovers can be collected once or twice every
day by one person in the locality. This person can keep the animals necessary
for the recycling of the wastes, creating
a productive activity and at the same time eliminating a serious problem.
The income forms an extra source of local money revenue for the person involved
who is also free to sell the eggs, milk, or meat for formal money is he or she
so wishes.
Household organic solids can also be recycled
at household level by aerobic composting in appropriate bins locally made under
the local money system. Leftovers are mixed with soil. Once they have
composted, they can be added to household gardens or collected by operators
working under the local money system.
Naturally, the leftovers themselves can also be collected by local operators
for composting and recycling at tank commission level. Collection would take
place under the local money system by farmers who can recycle the compost on
their lands. They may even wish to sell the compost back to households.
Kitchen wastes and food leftovers should not be
added to the faeces composting tanks as they can already be contaminated by
flies and other insects capable of reproducing
inside the faeces tanks. Once in there, the only way they can come out
is through the toilet seat cover once it is lifted.
Intelligent use of kitchen waste products can
directly create important added value to the local economy, even in times of
water scarcity. Small animals and poultry need very little water, and can
survive of filtered grey water. They can supply food up to the point where, in
periods of extended extreme drought,
there is no water, not even recycled grey water, left to keep them alive. As a
last resort, the animals themselves can form a food resource for the
inhabitants in times of prolonged crisis.
Individual members at the level of each tank
commission will decide which services they feel they can be use. The services
provided in one tank commission area may therefore be different from those at
another one. The services provided are in any case labour-intensive and will
create numerous jobs which will be well paid under the local money systems.
Collection, storage and recycling systems will
be set up during a capacitation workshop which will be held as soon as the
local money and micro-credit systems are
in place and in operation. The local operators will get priority under the
micro-finance structures so they can set up their activities. Item 60703 of the
budget provides a small fund to stimulate rapid execution of this part of the
project structures.
08.40.30 Food and
water security in times of drought and crisis.
In the case of serious drought for extensive periods
of from 2 to 3 years no community in the world whether in the North or in the
South, whether industrialised or under development would be able to survive
without help from outside. In past periods of human history people may
sometimes have been free to migrate to areas which had remained green and
fertile. Demographic pressures in the modern world are such that this is very
rarely an option in our times.
Project areas under the Model undoubtedly enjoy a
greater resistance to droughts and other crises than most other communities.
However, they cannot offer total guarantees against disaster.
For example, recommended solar pumps work at total
heads up to
Under conditions of extended drought for 2-3 years,
reserves of harvested rain-water will have run out. There will be no surface
water available, and perhaps no water left in rivers. The only water available
to the inhabitants will be the
The recommended solar pumps also have the feature that
they can be installed at any depth below the level of the water in the
borehole. It is therefore possible to take strong fluctuations in the water
level in the borehole into account to cover situations of severe water
draw-down during the day in conditions of slow borehole replenishment. However,
where night-time replenishment becomes insufficient to compensate for extra
drawings during the day, the quantity of water pumped must be reduced either by
turning the PV arrays out of the sun or by reducing the number of pumps in
operation. As users start receiving less than
Plant nurseries will be set up under the local money
system created by the project. Tens of thousands of fruit and vegetable oil
trees will be planted in the project area. The trees will take several years to
sink deep roots and create relative immunity from drought conditions. Once they
have done this they will form a second source of food in hard times.
08.40.40 Plant nurseries and
food safety
Nurseries, especially for the
cultivation of native trees, including fruit trees, will be formed as commercial
activities under the local money system set up, with financing of necessary
imported items under the interest-free
micro-credit structures. In principle, there is no formal money requirement for
these activities. Should formal money be needed, the activities would qualify
for interest-free micro-credits. For these reasons, there is no specific item
in the project balance sheet for the nurseries.
Fruit (nd vegetable oil trees
will be planted along paths between villages and in public places and placed under
the management of needy families. Tens of thousands of trees can be planted in
the project area. Once the trees have had time to sink their roots and no
longer depend on surfrace water for survival, they will represent a second
important source of food in times of extended drought.
08.40.50 Cooperative seed
banks.
The project will set one or
more seed banks up under the local money system. The seed bank(s) will
serve :
a) For the reintroduction and conservation of local and
regional plant sorts threatened with extinction.
b) The preparation and conservation of seeds for local
farmers.
c) The conservation and reintroduction of traditionally
used medicinal plants.
Local farmers can buy seed from
the seed banks without needing any formal money. They can also extend their
debit limits under the local money system in accordance with their seasonal
business cycle.
08.40.60 Biomass for the
production of mini-briquettes.
Another aspect of agricultural activity under the project is the
cultivation of biomass for mini-briquettes for high efficiency stoves which
will be made available to all households. It is assumed that each family will
need 5kg of mini-briquettes per day. With 25 extended families in a tank
commission area, that is 125kg per day.
Over 365 days, that is about 46 tons per year in each of the 297 tank
commission areas in the project area. A mini-briquette manufacturing unit will
be set up in each of the 66 well commission areas. The mini-briquettes will be
made according to a recipe which takes into account the household waste
available for recycling, waste agricultural materials and specialised
crop-growing. Since each well commission
serves 5-9 tank commission areas, the average production of each of the units
will be about 300-400 tons. The production unit will sign contracts with 2 or 3
farmers in each tank commission area (therefore 600-900 farmers in the project
area) to supply the required biomass. Each farmer will supply 20-30 tons of
biomass, where possible equally divided over the year. Or from 2 to 2.5 tons
per month.
Assuming a fuel saving of 10 kg/day of fuel in each of 8.000 extended
families in a project area, savings amount to 80 tons of wood per day or 29200
tons per year. Converted into tons of CO2, that is about 23000 tons of CO2 per
year. Assuming a market value of Euro 20 per ton of
CO2, this amounts to a credit of nearly €460.000 per project per year to which
other cost and time savings can be added. Over ten years this alone would be
enough to finance much of the project. As described in 09.33 CER certificates Kyoto
Treaty : programme of activities as a single CDM project activity some
timid steps are being taken to help groups of smaller projects participate in
emission rights trading. Carefully
managed high application and compliance costs have so far kept them out.
08.40.70 Water conservation.
There are three main aspects to water conservation in projects under the
Model : utilisation; protection; conservation.
08.40.71 Utilisation
Water use if kept to the minimum strictly necessary. This minimum
requirement is
The 2140m3 of drinking water are 100% recycled. First, through the recycled
urine. Secondly the re-cycled household
grey water which is mixed with the urine. Thirdly, any other grey-water
which is recycled separately from the urine.
Rainwater will also be harvested for other personal domestic applications.
Rainfall in the project area and the physical features of peoples’ homes are
such that the additional capacity for the harvesting of non potable water is a
maximum of 25 litres/person/day. This water is never passed contaminated
into the environment.
None of the water supplies comes into contact with faeces at any
time.
Water collected in public places, and roads is collected in covered,
protected reservoirs for small-scale drip agriculture.
Eventual water surpluses are fed directly into natural water courses.
The project does not foresee the use of underground water fro
agricultural purposes. Neither does it foresee large-scale irrigation or water
accumulation in the form of open ponds or dams. The project as such does not
foresee the raising of fish
(agricultural production is usually more efficient); but the populations
are free to support such initiatives in the framework of the micro-credit
structures set up subject to proper on-going hygiene control to eliminate all
risk of malaria and other water-borne infections.
Water used for the production of items made from gypsum composites is
recycled for 100% within the production system itself. There is no loss of
water into the environment.
08.40.72 Protection of water sources.
Water sources, be they bore-holes, wells or reservoirs are hermetically sealed against
contamination.
Underground water never comes into contact with contaminated surface
waters. First, because all stagnant
surface waters are eliminated. Secondly because run-off rainwater is drained
without getting polluted into water courses.
Initiatives for the total
elimination of stagnant waters will be taken at the level of each tank
commission under the local money system set up in an early project phase. In cooperation
with the local public authorities, inhabitants will pay maintenance groups
in local money to carry out simple
drainage works as necessary. These works can be expected to extend to the
creation of foot- and bicycle paths.
Refer to section 08.10 List of
files specific to hygiene education, drinking water supply and
sanitation for more information on the
drinking water structures for
drawings of water points with the elimination of all surface waters so as
to guarantee dry foot-walks and other surfaces to protect users from
water-borne infections.
Rainwater will be harvested at household level. Streets, roads and
public places will be drained.
Rapid elimination of stagnant water is just one of the activities
contributing to the fight against malaria, water-borne diseases, vermin, and
bad smells.
08.40.80 Conservation
Except for 2140m3 per day of
clean drinking water drawn from deep wells or boreholes for direct personal use
by the population, the project does not use any environmental water resources.
Large scale water storage is not foreseen. The project is therefore in
principle (except for the 2140m3/day of ground water) water neutral. The
purpose of the project is local development
to attain a good quality of life for all in the project area. This does
not require any large scale intervention which could have negative
environmental effects.
On the other hand, the project will have profound sustainable effects on
the conservation of nature in the project area. For details of these, refer to
section 08.30 A list of files on specific ecological issues.
The project offers valuable instruments to stop deforestation, to protect fauna
and flora, to improve the quality of the air, to promote optimum use of the
territory, to clean and beautify villages, public places and paths between
villages.
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