T

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
The Zimbabwe AHEAD Consultant
Representative of the ONG
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
20 qualified instructors indicated by the Ministry of Health to guide the Health Club lessons
300 female initiative takers at the level of the future Tank Sangams

Duration of the workshop: about three weeks.

The Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) A system coordination structure for coordination:
- with the project coordinator
- amongst the main project areas
- with the Health ministry
- amongst the Health Ministry trainers and the women locally responsible
- the statues and rules for the running of the clubs

b) A materials structure
- discussion with potential members of the Health Groups
- definition of the content of the courses according to local requirements
- adaptation of the material according to local customs (illustrations, languages etc)
- actual physical preparation of the course
- distribution of the material

c) A methodological structure
- how to use the material
- the role of the Health Ministry specialists
- the role of the local Health Club leaders
- practical exercises
- how to call meetings and lead the first lessons
- continuation of the Health Clubs after the termination of the courses

d) A communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, Health Clubs leaders, Health ministry teachers)
- horizontal, amongst local Health Club leaders, (future) radio programme

e) A structure at local Tank Sangam level

- Payment of the local Health Club leader once the local money systems have been formed

- Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the (future) Tank Sangam

- Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the Health ministry teacher responsible for the area

- Discussion with persons (women) interested in the (future) local Tank Sangam

- Registration of Health Club members

- Practical organisation of the lessons and later group meetings

BASIC INDICATIVE COURSE FOR HEALTH CLUBS

4.2.1.2 Hygiene Education in the Schools

BASIC INDICATIVE COURSE FOR SCHOOLS

Local schools in the project area include basic hygiene education principles in their standard curriculum. It is however important that systematic on-going hygiene education courses be made available to the children in the project area.

A Moraisian workshop will be held during which Local Health Workers will be trained to lead hygiene education courses in the schools. Material for the courses in schools will be adapted, preferably using local artists. Preference will be given to the use of traditional local art styles.

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
The Zimbabwe AHEAD Consultant
Representative of the ONG
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Education Ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
20 qualified instructors indicated by the Ministry of Health to guide the lessons
50 teachers from the schools

Duration of the workshop: about three weeks.

The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) A system coordination structure for coordination:

- with the project coordinator- with the Health ministry
- with the Education ministry
- amongst the Health Ministry trainers and the teachers' Sangamsb) A materials structure
- discussion of course content according to the different levels of the pupils
- definition of the content of the courses according to age groups (illustrations, language etc)
- adaptation of the material according to local customs (illustrations, languages etc)
- actual physical preparation of the course
- distribution of the material

c) A methodological structure
- how to use the material
- the role of the Health Ministry specialists
- the role of the teachers
- planning the courses
- continuity

d) A communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, Health ministry specialists, teachers' Sangams)
- horizontal, amongst the teachers' Sangams and the families, (future) radio programme

e) Formalities
- Payment in local LETS currencies of the teachers involved.

4.2.2 LOCAL SOCIAL STRUCTURES

A Moraisian workshop will be held in Kambiliampatty to set up the tank sangams. The Tank Sangams form the basic project structure and the workshop may involve up to 1500 people.

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Representative of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
1300 (mostly female) persons interested in participating with responsibility for the management of projects structures as members of the Tank Sangams. About 35% of these people might be indicated by the local panchyats, 65% by the local Health Clubs which will already have been set up.

Duration of the workshop: about four weeks.

The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) Definition of the social form of the tank Sangams and the well Sangams
- statutes
- rules
- financial aspects
- definition of the tasks

b) Organisation
- meetings
- use of tanks and well areas

c) Coordination
- with project coordinator
- (future) local SEL-LETS system
- between local tank Sangams and the well Sangam
- with local schools
- with local clinics/hospitals
- with (future) recycling systems
- with (future) micro-credit structures

d) A communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator)
- horizontal, with the +/- 40 local families

e) Individual initiatives

- Payment of the local Health Club leaders once the local money systems have been formed - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the (future) Tank Sangam - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the Health ministry teacher responsible for the area - Discussion with persons (women) interested in the (future) local Tank Sangam - Registration of Health Club members - Practical organisation of the lessons and later group meetings

4.2.3 THE LETS LOCAL MONEY SYSTEMS

For detailed information on LETS systems refer to:

Appendix 8 : LETS systems.

A Moraisian workshop will be held in Kambiliampatti, to set up the local money LETS system.

Participating parties:

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
2 representatives of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
100 persons, indicated by the well commissions, who will have indicated their interest in registering transactions
800 persons (men and women) indicated by the Tank Sangams interested in taking responsibility for the management of the LETS systems at tank Sangam level.

Duration of the workshop: about six weeks.

The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) Definition of the social form of the LETS structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relationships with other non-formal local money systems

b) Structure for the registration of transactions
- physical working space (offices)
- adaptation of environments against weather and dust
- safety and back-up procedures to protect information
- purchase of computers, printers, equipment for registration of members et electrical connections eventually using PV
- distribution of physical structures: LETS boxes, notice boards
- preparation of cheques or other instruments of exchange to be used
- publication of the services available within the system

c) Coordination with users
- preparatory meetings with users at tank Sangam level
- presentation of the local coordinator
- registration of members
- distribution of cheques or other instruments of exchange
- starting transactions

d) A communications structure
- vertical, at project level (project coordinator, transaction registrars, those responsible at tank Sangam level, users)
- horizontal, with the various persons responsible at the same level (amongst transaction registrars, amongst tank Sangam level operators)
- horizontal, amongst local money systems
- commercial, radio, website

4.2.4 MICRO CREDIT SYSTEM STRUCTURES

CHART ILLUSTRATING MICRO-LOANS SCHEME
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE

The Sanarpatty Cooperative Local Development Bank will manage formal currency funds necessary for running the project, acting on instructions of the project coordinator given on receipt of the indications received from those responsible at tank Sangam level. The funds do not belong to the bank, which will intervene only in the practical management and transfer of the funds. The decisions are taken by the users' structures set up under the project. The funds formally belong to the users until the expiry of the 10 years' interest-free credit term. The interests of the financing parties are protected by their representatives nominated to the board of the ONG, who will be invited to participate in the workshop.

The services of the bank will be paid in local LETS monies at a fixed rate per transaction to be set during the workshop. The bank can then use its LETS credits to purchase goods and services inside the project area and sell them for formal money outside the project area.

One Moraisian workshop will be held to prepare the Bank structures.

Indicative participation:

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
2 Representatives of the ONG acting on behalf of the financing parties
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
At least 6 qualified persons, 3 indicated by the ONG and 3 by the project coordinator
350 persons, indicated by the tank Sangams, interested in participating with responsibility for credit arrangements at tank Sangam level.

Duration of the workshop: about six weeks.

The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures: 4.2.4.1 The cooperative local development bank:

a) Definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relations with the LETS local money systems

b) Physical aspects
- land
- office
- safety
- communications

c) Financial aspects. Definition of initiatives at each structural level. How much money is to be distributed at the tank commission, at the well commission and at the general project levels?

- funding of initiatives at general project level (recycling structures,important productivity initiatives, public works)
- funding of initiatives at intermediate, well commission, level
- funding of initiatives at local tank Sangam level
- funding of socially based initiatives (clubs, interest groups etc)
- traditional banking activities

4.2.4.2 Organisation of operations:

a) Central structure.

b) De-centralised structure.
- Preparation operators
- Meetings at tank Sangam level.

c) Coordination
- With LETS structures
- With tank Sangams
- With project coordinator.

d) Financing of specific projects
- Relations with financiers.

e) Communications structure
-Vertical, at project level (project coordinator, transactions operators, tank Sangam level operators, end users)
Commercial, radio, website.

4.2.5 GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTION UNITS

For information on the Gypsum composites process refer to:

NOTES ON GYPSUM COMPOSITES:General description of the Gypsum composites technology.
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS: More information and an example of a more advanced application.

Three Moraisian organisational workshops will be held, one for each production unit planned. Localities to be decided in accordance with the local availability of gypsum or anhydrite or the need to import it into the project area. Indicatively one might be located in the Kambiliampatti panchyat union, one in the Chenkurchi panchayat union, and one in Kottai panchyat union.

Indicative participation (all workshops together):

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant EOS Consult
At least one representative of the NGO
Representative of the Ministry of Health
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
150 persons (men and women), indicated during meetings held at Tank Sangam level, interested in participating in the activities of the factories. Where opportune, according to local political structures and traditions, up to 25% of the people could be indicated by the local chiefs.

Duration of each workshop: about six weeks.

The Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) Definition of the social form of the production units
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relationship with the local LETS systems

b) A structure for the supply of materials
- geological research for gypsum and/or anhydrite deposits
- locations of gypsum/anhydrite quarries, permits
- activities preparatory to exploitation
- logistics
- coordination of materials depots with the factories.

c) Definition of the items to be made (tanks, toilets, stoves, solar cookers etc)
- coordination with the other production units (specialisation)
- contacts with families
- definition of requirements : articles and specifications
- definition of requirements : design, productive capacity
- definition of the necessary procedures
- preparation of moulds
- tests
- decision on priorities to be given to the various items.

d) A structure for the factories
- land and necessary structures
- design of factories
- construction of factories
- purchase of necessary equipment.

e) A production structure
- organisation of the production
- commercial organisation.

f) A structure for the installation of the items produced
- Relationship factory-installers
- Preparation of the installers
- Installation
- Siting of boreholes/wells
- After sales backup and service.

g) A structure for communications
- Vertical, at project level (project coordinator, factory manager, factory Sangams, installers, end users)
- Horizontal, between production units
- With the local money LETS systems
- Commercial, radio, website.

4.2.6 THE RECYCLING STRUCTURES.

A special fund is included in the budget to cover the costs of setting up the recycling structures, which have priority. The funds will be repaid by the beneficiaries in the same way as those made available to the Gypsum composites factories. They will take the form of interest-free credits repayable according to the real possibilities of those involved as decided during the organisational workshops during which the structures are set up. The repayments will be financed by sale of materials such as fertilisers and compost outside the project area and by the "exportation" of solid non-organic waste which are not recyclable within the project area itself. For an illustration of a possible general structure for the integrated recycling of waste in project areas refer to:

DRAWING OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.

The work of the recycling structures will be carried out within the local money LETS systems already set up. One of the more interesting features of LETS systems is that, in contrast with what happens in the western monetised economies, work considered as "dirty" and/or "heavy" is usually better paid than "clean" and/or "light" work as the rates charged will normally be related to the perceived value of an hour's work in the foreseeable normal working situation.

One Moraisian workshop will be held.

Indicative participation:

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
150 persons (male and female)indicated by the tank Sangams, interested in participating.

Duration of the workshop: about six weeks.

The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) Definition of the social form of the structures

- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including relations with the Micro-credit institution
- relations with the local money LETS systems.

b) Analysis of requirements.

c) A structure for the recycling centres

- Definition of the land requirements and the physical structures necessary
- formalities and permits
- design of the centres
- construction of the centres
- purchase of the necessary equipment.

d) A structure for the collection/deposition of waste

- urine
- composted excreta
- waste water
- other organic waste
- non organic solids
- special industrial wastes
- medical wastes
- who will do what
- definition of individual zones
- definition of specialisations.

e) A commercial structures

- definition of the tariffs applicable to the various types of material
- distribution of urine and composted excreta
- direct recycling of certain materials
- contacts for the exportation of materials not recyclable locally.

f) A monitoring structure
- sanitary conditions
- ecological conditions
- safety conditions.

g) A communications structure:

- vertical, at project level (coordinator, centre managers, collection structures, end users)
- horizontal, between centres
- relations with local money LETS systems
- commercial, radio, website.

4.2.7 STRUCTURES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIO-MASSE FOR STOVES.

For a typical possible high efficiency stove design refer to:

DRAWING OF TYPICAL HIGH EFFICIENCY GYPSUM COMPOSITES STOVE

The structures foreseen are for the production of mini-briquettes for the stoves to be made by the Gypsum composites production units and for the production of bio-masse to make the mini-briquettes.

One Moraisian workshop will be held.

Indicative participation:

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Consultant EOS advises
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
50 persons indicated by the tank Sangams interested in the production of mini-briquettes
150 persons indicated by the tank Sangams, interested in producing bio-masse for the mini-briquettes.

Duration of the workshop: about four weeks.

The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:

a) A coordination structure
- definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including payments
- relations with the local money LETS systems

b) Analysis of requirements
- detailed analysis of the present systems
- demand in the project area
- demand outside the project area

c) Analysis of the bio-masse resources available

d) Definition of the recipes (mixtures) socially acceptable

e) Creation of the physical structures for briquette production

f) Logistics
- Assembly and stocking of materials
- distribution of mini-briquettes

g) Organisation of the cultivation of bio-mass

h) Commercial
- Availability of micro-credits for growers
- Availability of micro-credits for briquette makers
- Prices for briquette distribution according to the various mixtures

4.2.8 STRUCTURE FOR THE RADIO STATION

While there are some sixty telephone booths and six post offices available in the project area, users have expressed an interest for establishing a local radio station.

The establishment of a local radio station is therefore an integral part of the project. The station is a part of the management of communications concerning the project. Since most people in the project areas possess a radio, radio is an excellent way to spread information on the project developments and the management of the structures set up. It also enables users to discuss initiatives taken and to be taken, and to express their criticisms. It can also become a vehicle for local commerce.

The station will be placed in Kambiliampatti in the centre of the project area so as to limit the transmission radius. A PV operated station may be preferred to one running on "imported" electricity, as this increases the autonomy of the station and reduces long term financial leakage from the project area.

The management of the station will be completely autonomous.

Without influencing this independence in any way, the programme could indicatively coprise the following elements:

(a) Transmission of information on project activities (news bulletins)
- Convocation of meetings for structures (tanks Sangams, LETS systems etc)
- Information on decisions taken during meetings
- Information on progress made with the installation/setting up of the various structures
- Information of interest-free micro-credits conceded

(b) Transmissions by interest groups
- Initiatives the groups wish to take
- Information on initiatives under way

(d) Emergency services

(e) Promotion of the project towards the outside.

FINANCING

The setting up of the station is covered by a separate item in the indicative balance sheet.

The workshop must decide how the station reimburse this interest-free credit.

- Work is carried out under the local LETS money systems - Expenses in formal currency (electricity?, equipment and the costs of running it) would need to be paid back over 3 or 4 years. How:
-a) Collection of a small (formal currency) contribution at household level?
-b) Payments for services rendered to people living in the areas surrounding the project area
- c) Advertising by producers in the project area towards people living in the surrounding areas Usually just one Moraisian workshop will be held in a given project area.

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Ministry of Communications
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
20 persons indicated by the tank Sangams interested in participating in the management of the station.
50 persons indicated by the tank Sangams, interested in producing programmes for the station

Duration of the workshop: about three weeks.

The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:

b) Analysis of requirements
- detailed analysis of the communications needs of the individual structures created under the project
- demand in the project area
- demand outside the project area

c) Material structure
- Land
- Permits
- Office/studio
- Transmission equipment
- Equipment for production and storing of programmes

d) Logistics
- Transport
- Storage of materials
- Organisation of network

4.2.9 STRUCTURES FOR THE DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

For possible technical solutions for the drinking water distribution system refer to:

DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.

One Moraisian workshop will be held.

The Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Consultant EOS Consult
At least one representative of the NGO
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
30 persons indicated by the tank Sangams interested in the systematic maintenance of the structures
80 persons indicated by the tank Sangams, interested in drilling boreholes, drilling wells and building the associated civil and associated works

Duration of the workshop: about four weeks.

The Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:

b) Analysis of requirements
(Refer to Schedule 1 for full details)

c) Hydro-geological research

d) Preparation of maps showing:
- sites of boreholes and wells
- tank sites
- feed-pipe installation lines

e) Specifications
- Work bases/depots
- Boreholes/wells
- Solar pumps
- Hand pumps
- Washing areas
- Solar panels
- Panel supports
- Borehole/well surroundings
- Laying of pipelines
- Installation tanks
- Eventual installation of UV purification units
- Training of well Sangams
- Training of tank Sangam

f) Permits

g) The civil works
- Base for storage of equipment and materials
- Formation of teams
- Planning of works
- Logistics
- Equipment and materials

h) Installation of the structures

i) Maintenance
- Creation of the maintenance structure
- Relations with suppliers
- Importation and management of spare parts
- Planning of preventive maintenance
- Maintenance kits
- Monitoring system
- System of statistics

f) Logistics
- Assembly and stocking of materials
- distribution of mini-briquettes

g) Organisation of the cultivation of bio-mass

h) Commercial
- Availability of micro-credits for growers
- Availability of micro-credits for briquette makers
- Prices for briquette distribution according to the various mixtures

4.3 THIRD, IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

The structures created during the second phase execute the works they have planned:
- On-going work in the Community Health Clubs
- On-going hygiene education in schools
- On-going operation of the local LETS currency systems
- Start-up of the Micro-credits
- Start-up of recycling
- Start-up of mini-briquette and bio-mass production
- Completion of Gypsum composites production units
- Start-up production of Gypsum composites items for the project, including stoves and solar cookers
- Digging and lining of the wells and boreholes
- Construction of platforms for backup hand-pumps
- Construction of washing places
- Laying of water pipelines to the tanks
- Installation of the tanks.
- Installation of purification devices at schools and clinics
- Start-up of waste collection networks
- Installation of solar panels and pumps
- Installation of hand pumps
- Production of sanitation units started
- Operation of radio station

TOTAL EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER

DETAILED EXPENDITURE FOURTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIFTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SIXTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SEVENTH QUARTER

4.4 FOURTH, SECOND IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

On-going production of Gypsum composites products
- PV lighting for study
- PV television for study purposes
- PV lighting in schools
- PV lighting and refrigeration in clinics in the project area
- Further PV water purification
- (Pro-memorium) Soil conservation and reforestation initiatives started
- (Pro-memorium) Rainwater harvesting begun

TOTAL EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER

DETAILED EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE NINTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE TENTH QUARTER

5. Short indicative budget

Item	Outgo (Capital)	Phase	Estimate (Euro)
01	OW health clubs	2	30.000
02	Formation of health clubs	2	10.000
03	Material for health clubs	2	5.000
04	Training of health workers	2	10.000
05	OW health courses in schools	2	10.000
06	Material for school courses	2	2.500
07	OW social structures	2	40.000
08	OW LETS systems	2	60.000
09	Office and equipment LETS systems	2	30.000
10	OW Micro-credit system	2	20.000
11	Office/equipment Micro-credit system	2	10.000
12	OW Gypsum composites production units	2	30.000
13	Shovel/preparation anhydrite supply site	2/3	10.000
14	Construction and equipping anhydrite factory (*20000 FOR EACH FACTORY) ASSUMING 3 UNITS	2/3	60.000
15	Moulds for anhydrite products (*20000 FOR EACH FACTORY) ASSUMING 3 UNITS	2/3	60.000
16	Location gypsum depots and quality control	2	3.000
17	OW recycling system	2	30.000
18	Setting up recycling centre network	3	150.000
19	Setting up compost collection network	3	5.000
20	OW Bio-mass system	3	15.000
21	OW Drinking water system	2/3	25.000
22	Setting up of project workplace	2	32.000
23	Project transport	2	100.000
24	Vehicles and materials for wells	3	150.000
25	Fuel and maintenance vehicles	3	26.000
26	Drilling/lining costs	3	200.000
27	Labour for wells - LETS systems	3	pro-memorium
28	63 Washing places- LETS systems	3	pro-memorium
29	63 Platforms for hand-pumps - LETS systems	3	pro-memorium
30	267 Solar Pumps	3	357.000
31	267 Supports for solar panels	3	75.000
32	Solar panels (79.5 kW)	3	496.800
33	Hand-pumps groups (132 pumps)	3	80.000
34	Cables, feed-pipe for pumps/wells	3	98.000
35	Pipe lines from wells to tanks - 150000m @ Euro 0.65	3	100.000
36	Labour for laying water pipelines- LETS	3	pro-memorium
37	267 Water tanks (@ 2m * 1.7m)- mostly LETS	3	60.000
38	267 Bases for water tanks - mostly LETS	3	30.000
39	Supervision of installation and training maintenance operators	3	15.000
40	Purchase spare parts supplies	3	20.000
41	Permits and formalities	2	1.000
42	Preparation and formulation of project specifications	2	6.000
43	100 Solar water purification installations for clinics and schools	3	47.500
44	900 Solar water purification installations (inc.15.000 Wp panels)	4	128.500
45	267 PV lighting units for study purposes	4	200.000
46	PV television for study	4	pro-memorium
47	10 PV lighting systems for schools in villages without electricity	4	10.000
48	PV lighting for clinics outside the project area	4	pro-memorium
49	PV lighting for clinics inside the project area	4	pro-memorium
50	PV refrigeration for clinics @ Euro 5000/clinic	4	pro-memorium
51	Water testing equipment	4	5.000
52	Transport costs Euro to India	2/3	30.000
53	Transport costs internal to Sanarpatty	2/3	22.500
54	Administration and supervision at Sanarpatty India	3/4	36.000
55	Fee Project coordinator and assistant @Euro 50000/year	1/5	100.000
56	General project consulting Manning @Euro 50000/year	1/5	100.000
57	Fund for PV lighting solar home systems	4	180.000
58	Sanitation facilities with exception of some additives will be manufactured and installed within the local LETS systems	3/4	15.000
59	OW radio station	4	25.000
60	Fund for radio station	4	52.000
60	Reserves 8.97% of total	5	336.200
61	General total	5	3.750.000

SHORT ANALYSIS

ON-GOING COSTS

INCOME

Income	Euro

Annual contribution for use of water (61500 people @ Euro 0.60 p.m.)	442.800
On-gong costs per year	75.000
Net annual income for loan repayment	367.800

Comments

1. The above net income is sufficient to finance and repay an interest free loan for Euro 3.750.000 over a period of 10 years, taking the various reserves into account.
2. Interest-free loan for Gypsum composites each factory Euro 40.000, for repayment over a period of 3-5 years is included in the above figures.
3. At the end of the ten years' period, on repayment of loan, large capital reserves will be built up for use in Micro-credits and, subsequently, for the extension and renewal of the capital goods.
4. Payments for water facilities for schools and clinics are included in the users' monthly contributions.
5. Payments for PV lighting installations for study purposes will be financed by each tank Sangam area separately.
6. Savings on the purchasing of bio-mass for cooking and the costs of drinking water will at least partly offset the costs of the project.

GRAPHS FORMING AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE PROJECT DOCUMENT

RECYCLING OF FUNDS FOR MICRO-LOANS

The funds recycled are approximately 17.038.235 Euro. They are made up of:

a) Repayments of the interest-free seed loan itself. These are shown as horizontal lines at the bottom of the micro-loans graph. They are constant. During quarters 42-45 the amounts left for repayment UNDER THE PROJECT are reduced to zero. However users continue to make monthly contributions on their own account, so the recycling of funds will in practice continue. The capital fund will build up again as shown in the micro-loans graph. It will drop again when replacements of the original capital goods are made or the system services extended. It will then build up for a third time to cover further collective capital investments and so on for so long as the users continue making their monthly contributions.

b) Certain capital sums (eg repayments for the Gypsum composites factories) and reserves.

c) Repayments under the micro-loans. These are seen as diagonal lines in the micro-loans graph. Towards the end of the project period, payback times are shortened to ensure capital re-enters in time for repayment of the original seed loan.

SCHEDULE 1

THE PROJECT IN DETAIL

1. Justification of the project

A clean healthy environment is unthinkable without adequate hygiene education, good sanitation and clean drinking water. Improving the health and quality of life of those living in poor communities depends on improving their basic community infrastructure. Better technology now allows users living far away from their traditional water sources to have clean drinking water, sanitation, hygiene education, and on-going local development at low cost.

Yet much of the world's population is still without safe sanitation and drinking water. Local economies have long since been "drained" of the formal money needed to exchange goods and services in the present market economy.

In the Sanarpatty project area in the Dindigul district in Tamil Nadu in India, there are no community level hygiene education programmes. Traditional principles of hygiene such as washing hands before meals and after going to the toilet and personal cleanliness are however generally applied. Sometimes water is boiled but it is usually used without treatment. The project aims at incorporating this work under the Health Clubs to be set up.

School hygiene education lessons focus on cleanliness, environment and sanitation, but specific on-going hygiene courses for children are not held in the primary schools. The project aims at incorporating the work already done within formal on-going hygiene education courses in the schools.

There are practically no sanitation structures at all in the Sanarpatty Block. People use urinate and defecate in open fields and in rivers. They clean themselves after defecation with river water wherever possible.

Despite important efforts by national and state authorities, some 40% of the villages in the project area have no access to any organised water supply. Many users use collect water from open wells which are unprotected against the entry of returning surface water, insects animals and other contaminants. In many villages water has to be fetched from rivers and streams. Women and children often have to carry water over several kilometres from contaminated sources to their houses. Water quality in these areas is considered poor. Few steps are taken to purify water. Water is kept in pots, tins and tanks. Rainwater harvesting techniques are common during the rainy season.

Where water is supplied by the state government to public taps, and in the few cases where private household connections have been made, water quality is generally considered to be acceptable. Water supply through these sources is only available at specified times of the day.

For full details of the existing water supply, refer to the schedules for each panchyat in Existing water supplies in the project area.

Open surface water, insufficiently protected latrines, open defecation zones, and poor water quality spread diseases such as malaria, typhoid, dysentery, and cold fever.

Time is often wasted fetching dirty water which is then usually drunk with all its pathogens without treatment and without being boiled.

A goal of the project is to help to reduce water-borne disease so medical and financial resources can be re-directed to other health objectives like vaccination programmes and preventive medicines.

In practical terms, this means giving the people througghout the Sanarpatty area a sufficient and clean drinking water supply for household use as a supplement to existing water supplies.

The project includes Gypsum composites production units whose first job will be to make water storage tanks and borehole and well linings for the project. Following that, they will also make tanks, san-plats and dry toilet pots for sanitation facilities. Toilets and waste disposal units will be built for each family in the project area as they may wish to install them, and, where necessary in local schools and clinics. In principle, formal currency investment will not be needed for this work as most of it can be done using the local LETS currency systems to be set up as part of the project. Once the needs of the project have been met, the Gypsum composites units can start making other products, and "export" to other projects in the region and beyond.

From the beginning Community Health Clubs will be set up to support on-going hygiene education to optimise the benefit from the new water and sanitation services. The clubs will also be the main forum for identifying community needs and planning project implementation. Hygiene education courses will also be implemented in the schools in the project area.

A system to collect and recycle organic compost, urine, grey water and non-organic solid waste will be set up where necessary during the 4th phase of the project. The local currency (LETS) systems will be used for this work.

Students wishing to study in the evenings must usually do so with the limited and pollution given by kerosene lamps. Many schools also have evening classes for up to four hours a day. PV lighting for study purposes will therefore be provided where a collective study room is already available or built at tank sangam level using the local LETS currencies. The project also includes solar powered refrigeration units for clinics which are not grid connected.

Users (especially women) may obtain interest-free micro-credit loans if they need PV lighting systems to increase their productivity in the evening. Families later able to pay for their own PV Home Systems will do so individually under a micro-credit scheme operated by the Sanarpatty Cooperative Local Development Bank (to be instituted) or under self-terminating interest-free credit groups at tank Sangam level.

Cooking is done in the project area by women and it takes at least 30-60 minutes per meal and on an average about three hours. In 75% of the cases, firewood is used A support for the aluminium or baked clay pot is erected, and firewood is placed under the pot and the fire is lighted. This is an extremely inefficient use of energy. The average use of biomass, nearly always wood, is 4kg per fmily per day. This amounts to 7000-8000 tons of firewood per year in the project area, with the consequential pollution of the living areas and villages environments. Upper respiratory infections are a common health problem in the project area.

Firewood usually has no formal financial cost, but collection of firewood by women and children is very time-consuming and has a very high social cost to the community.

Smoky, polluted, living environments will be eliminated by the use of energy efficient stoves made by the locale The Gypsum composites production units. The stoves will be made for pot sizes commonly used in the community. Each family may buy as many stoves as it needs. The stoves will burn most kinds of fuel though the preferred fuel will be mini-briquettes hand pressed by individual homeowners or made by local tradesmen. Some crops will be sustainably grown for use as fuel. They will then be mixed with straw, twigs, leaves, dung and other available materials without reducing the amount of fertilisers normally used for agriculture.

The remaining 25% of the families use kerosene for cooking. Kerosene costs about Euro 0.20 per litre. Consumption is about 1 litre of kerosene per day, which means that these families spend Euro 5-6 per month for cooking purposes.

Solar cookers will also be made under the LETS system from Gypsum composites where daytime cooking is not in conflict with local customs

There are no systems available for waste collection in the project area. Organic waste other than urine and faeces is mostly household or food waste, which amounts to about 2kg per family per day of 5000 tons per year. At best, this is dumped at a site which becomes smelly and attracts vermin. There are no arrangements at all for non-organic waste products.

Under the project most organic waste, including urine and faeces, will be treated at household and local level and transformed into high value-added products for recycling for food production. A network of recycling centres will be set up for to receive non-organic waste materials for recycling. The centres will also provide a rubbish collection service where required. Collection of environmentally harmful rubbish will be paid for by the users. The collectors may pay for useful materials under the local LETS system. The idea is to keep as much residual and recyclable value as possible within the local economy. The local system can also earn some formal currency by exporting waste for industrial recycling that cannot be recycled locally. Waste from clinics will be addressed separately.

Standard sanitation and waste removal services, where required, will also be supplied for schools and clinics in the project area. Specialised waste removal from clinics will be discussed separately.

2. Cooperation of the local people

The users themselves are responsible for the creation of the project structures and their the execution, running and maintenance. They pay for and own the structures.

The users will create the structures during a series of organisational workshops following the method developed by the Brazilian sociologist Clodomir Santos de Morais. A bibliography of the work of de Morais is set out in Schedule 2. The project will try to put at the disposal of the often very large groups involved in the workshops, but ONLY ON REQUEST, the consultants, materials and equipment necessary for the services and structures in question. The groups organise themselves (often which great difficulty), set up their administrative structures, procure the necessary authorisations and permits, proceed with the construction of factories, and to the production and sale of their products and services as they consider fit.

Key to the formation of the structures foreseen in the project is the order in which the workshops are held. It is not possible to hold workshops to set up the tank sangams (the key project structures) for instance until a suitable platform has been created to enable women, and especially Dalit women, to organise themselves, express themselves at meetings and actively participate in the project structures. This is done during the organisation workshop setting up the health clubs.

It is not possible to set up structures for the manufacture of articles for sanitation purposes until the local money LETS system making their production, distribution, sale and installation without the need for formal money has been established.

The order of sequence indicated in section 4.2 of the main project document is the following:

2.01 Health clubs
2.02 Social structures
2.03 LETS system
2.04 Micro-credit system
2.05 Gypsum composites units
2.06 Recycling systems
2.07 Bio-mass production
2.08 Radio station
2.09 Drinking water
2.10 Lighting etc

The workshops represent a general mobilisation of the population, with an active participation of at least 3000-4000 people out of total of 61.000, representing about 10% of the active population. The remaining 88% will be indirectly mobilised through the use of structures such as the local money system and the interest-free micro-credit system to be set up.

2.1 HEALTH CLUBS AND HYGIENE EDUCATION

The Health clubs have two tasks:

The first is hygiene education itself tending to the improvement of health standards pending the installation of the drinking water and sanitation structures foreseen under the project. In this work, the health clubs will support on-going initiatives of community health workers of the Ministry of Health and that of the local Water and Sanitation Committees.

The second is the formation of a socially acceptable platform enabling the population, and in particular Dalit women, to work together, which is basic to the success of the project. The health clubs constitute a forum for women, helping them to identify the requirements of the community and to fully participate in the planning and execution of successive phases.

Hygiene education should become an integral part of the school curriculum at all levels in the schools in the project area. The purpose of the courses is to reinforce the work done by the Health Clubs. The cooperation of trained personnel of the Ministry of Health is foreseen. This personnel will participate in the Health Club workshops during which the courses will actually be prepared and the Health Clubs organised. Teachers from the schools will also participate in the workshop and in the preparation of the material for the courses.

Where necessary, schools will be supplied with appropriate quality clean drinking water and proper sanitation systems under the project.

In some cases children from poorer families may not have access to the schooling system, especially where schooling is mostly funded by parents. This will put extra responsibility on the Health Clubs which will in such cases be called upon to cover hygiene education for the children not covered under the arrangements made with the schools.

BASIC COURSE FOR HEALTH CLUBS

2.2 SOCIAL STRUCTURES

All activities will be carried out by the users themselves. The structures are worked out during the organisational workshops foreseen. The following is what might expect to result from the workshops.

The basic administrative structure foreseen by the project is the tank sangam.

The tasks of the Tank Sangam are numerous and include, by way of example,:
- Analysis of the local situation (200 people - 40 families)
- Definition of the local issues and problems
- Liaison with the Health Clubs already established
- Liaison with the local currency LETS systems about to be formed
- Organisation of monthly users' meetings
- Identification of the best projects for Micro-credit development loans
- Setting priorities for Micro-credit loans
- Deciding the priorities for siting the wells and washing places, with special input from women's groups
- Deciding the siting of tanks and water pipeline routes
- Deciding priorities for the siting and installation of sanitation units
- Deciding the pot sizes for stoves and solar cookers
- Liaison with the compost collection and recycling network
- Liaison with the grey water/urine collection and recycling network
- Planning what can be done by the local people themselves at the normal ruling daily rate of pay and what can be done in the local LETS currency.
- Systematically monitoring project progress and on-going administration with the users' Sangams (comprising mostly women)
- Organising daily maintenance of the tank areas, rules of use
- Managing any local disputes relating to the project
- Collection of the monthly contributions to the Cooperative Development Fund
- Nomination of participants to various organisational workshops
- Proposals for the support of families with difficulty in making their contributions

TANK SANGAMS - THE KEY STRUCTURES

WELL SANGAMS

2.3 LOCAL MONEY LETS STRUCTURE

The local exchange trading (LETS) system foreseen will be set up a during Moraisian organisational workshop.

The following texts, drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal. They indicate the type of structure which can be expected to come out of the workshop.

DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES
DRAWING OF LETS STRUCTURES
HOW A LETS TRANSACTION WORKS
DETAILED INFORMATION ON LETS SYSTEMS

Because of the layout of the project area, just the one local LETS currency system will be set up.

All adults within the system will be registered as members, but use of the system with exceptions for goods and services necessary for the project itself, will be voluntary. Any member may usually freely choose whether to conduct a given transaction in the local currency system or within the formal currency system.

The LETS group will have some 35000 registered adult members. Children under the age of 12 will not be registered as they are not, under the international convention on the rights of children, allowed to work. They will become registered members of their local LETS system upon reaching the age of 12. The members of each group will be coded so that their tank-Sangam and well areas can be identified and the cost of more local, optional, initiatives such as PV lighting for study purposes debited to the members directly involved rather than to the whole project area. In the same way, the coding can allow for identification of members of clubs, cooperatives and other informal groups as they may be formed.

It is hoped that with the cooperation of the Tamil Nadu education department and with the expected sharp improvement in the quality of life of the people in the project area, the minimum school leaving age and therefore the moment of registration, can be gradually increased to 16 years.

A "catalogue" of goods and services is prepared periodically in a form which understandable/readable by the group members. In the Sanarpatty area, what is available and who provides it will often be widely known at local level. However, the range of activities is destined to increase rapidly.

The reference value of the local money system could be to the Indian rupee if it were considered stable (=inflation free) enough. Or it could be based on the perceived average value of an hour's work. Or on the basis of a kilo of a local staple product.

Later on, with more project applications in the Dindigul area, the various local LETS currencies will all have the same reference value. They will therefore be easily transferable from one to another. However, not all goods and services will be transferable between the different systems, as this could lead to a drain of resources from one system to another. LETS systems work best when the financial resources remain balanced within each system. The LETS coordinators and the members will decide which goods and services are "exportable". Gypsum composites products made in group A, for instance, could be exportable to group "B". Cloth made in group "B" may be exportable to group A. Crops and vegetables not grown in one group could be importable from the others.

Assume that a Gypsum composites product is sold by a group A member to a group B member. The transaction would be in local currency A. The Gypsum composites producer would be credited in local currency A. The coordinator of group A would advise his counterpart in group B of the debit for the group B member and separately credit group A with the same amount in group B currency. The group B coordinator would debit the group B buyer in local currency B, and, separately, debit group B with the same amount in group A currency. Goods and services supplied by group B to group A would be registered the other way round. The group A and B coordinators then simply eliminate the respective debits and credits by pairing value units one for one.

The processes broadly follow traditional balance of payments transactions but the objective is to maintain a balance in imports and exports. A large debit balance between one LETS group and another would show resources are being transferred from one group to another. The coordinators would then have to take steps to correct the imbalance. They could, for example, temporarily extend the range of goods and services the debtor group can export to the creditor group, such as by arranging a special market.

It is a key to the success of the system that the imports and exports of each group remain balanced, their sum tending to zero.

There will be an elected local LETS coordinator in each tank Sangam area. The LETS coordinator will need to be literate and will be responsible to the general LETS system coordinator. The local coordinators will help those members unable to write/sign their cheques (or deal with other methods of payment), arrange distribution of chequebooks (or other payment forms) to the LETS users, collect the used cheques (or equivalent) deposited in the LETS POST box near the local water tank and take them to the general LETS systems coordinator for registration. The local coordinators will also display the monthly or weekly reports on the LETS NOTICE BOARD near or above the LETS POST box, advise illiterate members of their LETS balances, call a fortnightly or monthly meeting where the users can discuss the operation of their LETS system, make special requests (such as, for example, increasing the debt limit for sick members or for those making special purchases), and discuss ways to use the goods and services of those with high debts so as to help balance their trading accounts. The local coordinators will also discuss with the members selected proposals for allowing export and import of goods and services into the local LETS system and report back to the general LETS coordinator.

The first general LETS system coordinator will be chosen by the Project Coordinator. He/she and the locally elected LETS coordinators will make up the LETS Sangam. The LETS Sangam will meet at least once a month to discuss particular problems and to decide on actions needed to balance the export/import accounts amongst the various local LETS currencies.

The fortnightly/monthly reports for members in each tank Sangam area will be published on the local LETS NOTICE board and discussed at a general meeting of the local members. The report will show, for each member, the previous balance, the current balance, the total number of plus transactions and minus transactions conducted, and list each plus and minus transaction since the previous report.

The cheque (or other transaction form used) will have two parts. Each part will have the member's name and LETS number pre-printed on it. The SELLER'S cheque is used in each transaction. The BUYERS name and system code are filled in on the cheque, with the assistance of the local coordinator where necessary, as well as a description (with LETS code) of the goods or services sold. Finally the cheque is signed by BOTH parties and deposited in the LETS post box. The amount credited to the seller must be exactly the same as that debited to the buyer.

Payments for LETS services provided by members to their communities will be debited to a special LETS code for the community. When the community debt reaches one LETS currency unit (or other agreed amount) for each member, each member will be debited with that amount. The community LETS code will then be credited by the same total amount. This system allows collective communal property to be involved in LETS transactions. For example, the sale of wood from communal land can be registered as a credit to the LETS group involved, and then transferred from there to individual group members.

2.4 MICRO-CREDIT STRUCTURES

The following drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal. They give an idea of what the results of the Moraisian organisational workshops setting the structures up might produce.

DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
CHART ILLUSTRATING MICRO-LOANS SCHEME.
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.

The micro-credit system will be set up by the Moraisian organisation workshop conducted for the purpose.

The proposed micro-credit system will be different from those formed up till now. The loan capital repayments and longer term reserves within the project itself will be used to finance the micro-credit system. This is possible because the money is already available for multiple re-cycling, interest-free. When, at the close of the ten years' loan repayment period, the original project capital is repaid, the users will continue their monthly contributions to build up capital for system extensions and to replace the system hardware after 20-30 years. This money, which will build up to a considerable sum, also becomes available for interest-free micro-credits within the project area until it is needed.

Final repayments of blocks of micro-credits will be coordinated so that money for long term capital investment purposes (system replacement and extensions) will be available when it is needed. This way, money for the micro-credits granted is generated by the users themselves within the framework of the project and those micro-credits belong to the users. They are interest-free to ensure they continue to re-circulate within the local economy.

The Sanarpatty Cooperative Local Development Bank will charge a set fee in the local LETS currency for each transaction to cover its costs and make a socially acceptable "profit". Its fee will be set before the system starts working. The fee is expressed in the local LETS currency to stop leakage of formal money from the local economy. Costs for activities such as collection of payments and distribution of information will all be paid for in the local LETS currency.

The Sanarpatty Local Cooperative Development Bank will thus become a regular member of the local LETS systems. It could, for instance, use the LETS credits it derives from its banking services to buy local products and services and distribute them outside the system in exchange for formal currency.

The purpose of the planned interest-free Micro-Credit system is to ensure that individuals or cooperatives wanting to expand their production but who have no access to formal currency to pay for their capital investment, can get interest-free micro-credit loans to boost the local economy. The Micro-credit system is therefore applied only to micro-project investment which needs to be made outside the local currency exchange (LETS) system.

The pay-back time for the interest free loans will vary from case to case. Some investments will generate more goods and services that can be sold outside the local LETS currency area than others. The formal currency so earned can then be used to repay the loans. The sale of some production in the formal economy will be a condition for the granting of the Micro-Credit loan. The speed at which the formal loan currency can be recovered will determine the payback period, which could therefore be anything between a few months and a few years. The loan repayments must be realistically possible. The system is cooperative and interest free and designed to enhance the general welfare within the beneficiary communities. As with the Grameen bank systems, any person or cooperative group wanting a Micro-Loan will be expected to produce (two or three) friends who agree to be jointly and severally liable for the periodic loan repayments, and to make sure they are made on time. Since the Micro-credits are essentially self-financed by the communities through their communal funds, the funding priorities must be left to the communities themselves. This is especially so where potential conflicts of interest arise because there is not enough funding immediately available to meet all requests for assistance. Meetings to discuss members' proposals and further developments with on-going projects will become a feature of the social life of the communities. Since it is expected that many of the beneficiaries under the scheme will be women and women's groups, women will need to have full representation during such meetings. One of the basic goals of the formation of the Community Health Clubs foreseen is to use them as a launching pad to create women's groups. These groups will give women the chance to discuss their needs, develop their priorities, and make submissions during the Micro-Credit meetings. The Health Clubs should also be able to ensure that women participate en bloc at the Micro-Credit meetings.

Rules for the organisation of the Micro-Credit meetings will be set up during the workshop with the full participation of the beneficiary communities. These rules must lay down the general principles behind the system. These would, for example, include:

1) All loans are to enable the beneficiary to extend his/her income by producing more goods and services
2) The goods and services must benefit the general interests of the community and encourage exchanges under the local LETS systems.
3) Some of the goods and services must be saleable outside the LETS systems to earn formal currency to repay the micro-loan.
4) The Micro-Credit loan must promote the rapid circulation of formal money within the beneficiary communities. For example, using formal currency to build a clinic or hospital would not qualify for micro-credits because the capital invested cannot be re-circulated. On the other hand, buying equipment for testing water quality (foreseen in the project) would qualify, as the formal currency cost can be recovered by charging in formal currency for water analyses conducted for users outside the project area.
5) Special priority will be given in the first instance to micro-loans to start the collection and transport of compost, urine, and grey water, and establish the recycling centres that will collect, store, and export non-organic waste products from the project area.

2.5 THE GYPSUM COMPOSITES FACTORIES

The organisation workshops foreseen will decide where the Gypsum composites production units will be constructed.

Consideration should be given to the distance of the sites from the gypsum or anhydrite deposits which will feed them. These sites will be included on the maps in Schedule 3.

The costs of locating gypsums/anhydrite deposits are covered as a separate item in the budget.

For more information on the Gypsum composites technology as such refer to Schedule 6.

GYPSUM COMPOSITES

PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS.

2.6 RECYCLING STRUCTURES

The system for the collection of recycling of waste waters, urine, excreta, other organic solids, non-organic solids will be set up during Moraisian organisation workshops held for the purpose. The following is an indication of the type of structure which would be expected to emerge during the workshops.

The operations will take place under the local money LETS systems. A separate interest-free credit fund is provided in the budget for purchase of equipment which is not available locally and/or which has to be paid for in formal currency.

In principle, the equipment used should not require the consumption of imported energy (electricity, diesel, petrol etc) which causes an on-going financial leakage from the project area. Transport distances should be kept as short as possible.

The following drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.

DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM COMPOSITES

The sanitation and rubbish collection package includes the following elements:

- 1) Dry composting toilet tanks made from Gypsum composites
- 2) Toilet tanks for urine made from Gypsum composites
- 3) Grey water tanks made from Gypsum composites
- 4) Locally made compost bins for organic waste other than urine, faeces and grey water.
- 5) A system to collect and where necessary store the compost from 1) and 4), urine from 2) and grey water (from 3) of users who have no land or garden on which to recycle their own waste.
- 6) A system to collect and recycle non-organic solid waste through recycling centres.

The main principles behind the system are:

- (a) Recycling should always be done at the lowest possible level, starting with the individual user.
- (b) Recycling at a second level should also be done as late as possible during the composting cycle to reduce the volume of material handled.
- (b) The whole system should be operated within the local (LETS) currency.
- (b) Capital investment for recycling equipment, transport and storage under 5) and 6) will be a priority for Micro-credit loans.
- (e) "Dirty" work will be better paid than "clean" work in the LETS systems, because the rate of pay will reflect the willingness of workers to do the work. Those doing unpleasant work will have an above-average income within the LETS systems so that there should be no difficulty finding people to do the work.
- (f) Waste should, as far as possible, be recycled within the project area so communities are self-sufficient and there is no leakage of formal money from the system. In particular, materials like metals, paper, plastics can often be treated at local level for use in local industries creating jobs and local value added during both treatment and production. The principle also promotes the export of re-cycled products for formal currency which will be used to repay the interest free micro-credits loans.
- (g) Lucrative job possibilities are created within the system.
- (h) Export and sale of selected non-organic solid waste through the recycling centres for formal currency so micro-credits for re-cycling operation can be repaid.
- (i) Selected non-organic solid waste products will treated locally and recycled as raw material for local artisan industries.
- (j) Interest free micro-loans for compost collectors under 5) above may need to be for a longer term than other micro-credits as most of the compost will be recycled within the local currency system. Some of the compost collection charges may have to be in formal currency or the equipment may need to be used part-time outside the LETS system to help earn formal currency to repay the micro-credit loans.
- (k) Recycling of special industrial and medical wastes to be addressed separately.

Taking the above-mentioned 6 elements in turn:

1) DRY COMPOSTING TOILET TANKS

DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM COMPOSITES.

Two Gypsum composites tanks will be needed to collect and compost faeces.

The first properly aerated composting toilet tank is used until it is more or less full. It is then sealed and allowed to compost for 9-12 months while the second toilet tank is being used. The compost in the first tank reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of soil per adult person per year, and after the 9-12 months composting period it can be safely and profitably used as soil conditioner. Were an improved evaporation system to be used, the faeces in the single tank used would be evaporated by relatively warm air circulation in the system. This process forms dry coagulated lumps that look like dry dogs' food. These residues are light and greatly reduced in volume. They can be emptied at any time over 2-3 year periods and used as soil conditioner. Users who do not want to dispose of the resultant soil conditioner themselves will hire local operators to do the work under the local LETS currency system.

Only one toilet seat/sanplat is required for double dry-tank installations. It is simply re-installed over the empty tank when the tanks are changed.

The second tank in the two-tank system can be bought at a later phase of the project because it will not be needed for at least a year. This helps spread purchases within the LETS system over a wider time span.

The small quantities of water in containers used by toilet users for toilet cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the dry toilet tanks.

2. URINE TANKS

The urine tanks will have to be emptied regularly unless evaporation systems are used. Wet systems are preferred because they create more value added in terms of increased garden production. Urine, with a little lime sawdust or equivalent added regularly, can be used systematically for watering plants as long as it is diluted with 10 parts of water or grey water to one part of urine, substantially increasing the productivity of the garden.

The small quantities of water in containers used by urinal users for urinal cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the urine tanks.

Users unable to re-cycle the urine from their tanks and who do not use evaporation systems will have to arrange for the urine tanks to be emptied periodically under the local LETS system for re-cycling within the project area.

3. GREY WATER TANKS

These Gypsum composites tanks will usually be near the users houses to collect waste water from normal household use. Ten parts of grey water mixed with one part of urine can also be recycled for use on gardens. It can also be recycled as it is for use on gardens.

Where appropriate, simple filter systems will be used to eliminate grease, oils, and similar from the grey water. The filtered out solids will be stored in the compost bin.

Users unable to re-cycle the grey water from their tanks will need to arrange for the tanks to be emptied periodically under the local LETS currency system for re-cycling within the project area.

4. COMPOST BINS FOR ORGANIC HOUSE WASTE OTHER THAN FAECES, URINE, AND GREY WATER

Other organic household waste is mostly made up from kitchen refuse that has to be outside the users' houses without giving rise to unpleasant smells or attracting insects. It can usually be mixed with soil and composted in an appropriate locally made bin or tank. The compost can then be disposed of in the garden if there is one, or it can collected periodically under the LETS system and re-cycled elsewhere in the project area.

Animals such as chickens and goats are capable of productively recycling normal kitchen refuse.

5. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND STORING COMPOST

The need for collection and the amount of composting prior to collection will depend on the living space available to users. It will therefore vary from project to project and from zone to zone.

The workers who collect, store, and re-cycle the compost will get priority micro-credits to buy the equipment they need. They will be well paid within the local currency system to do the work which is likely to be considered less attractive than other jobs.

6. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND DISPOSAL OF NON-ORGANIC SOLID WASTE THROUGH RECYCLING CENTRES

Recycling centres will be established on a zone basis. Users will be required to take their non-organic solid waste to their zone centre. They can also asks the recycling centre to collect their waste and pay for the service in local (LETS) currency.

The recycling centres will sort the waste and store it until there is enough to sell commercially. Some centres may specialise by buying some kinds of waste collected by other centres so as to increase the commercial volume for export. They may also treat the waste they specialise in and prepare it for use by local industry, keeping the added value within the local system.

Re-cycling centre owners will get priority for micro-credit loans to buy the equipment they need to collect, store, and treat the waste.

Useful references for composting systems and integrated recycling are:
Winblad Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency), Stockholm, 1998. ISBN 91 586 76 12 0.
Del Porto D and Steinfeld C, "The composting toilet system book", CEPP (Centre for Ecological Pollution Prevention), Massachusetts, 1999 ISBN 0-9666783-0-3
Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food security", UNDP-SIDA, Mexico 2000, ISBN 91-586-8935-4
Foo Jacky, "Integrated bio-systems: a global perspective", InFoRM (National Workshop on Integrated Food Production and Resource Management, Brisbane, 2000.

2.7 ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES, LOCALLY SUSTAINABLE BIO-MASS PRODUCTION, AND SOLAR COOKERS

DRAWING OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES STOVE

Cooking is the most energy-intensive activity in the project area. About 75% of all the fuel used for the comes from bio-mass, usually wood. Inefficient use of wood for cooking has serious consequences, including health dangers, air-pollution, de-forestation and poverty, especially in the towns and larger villages.

For example, wood often has to be collected at considerable social cost by women and children.

In the 25% of cases where kerosene is used for cooking as well as for lighting fuel costs are one of the biggest budget items of families in the Sanarpatty area. Kerosene costs 0.20 Euro per litre.

Local production of highly efficient stoves under local LETS systems can eliminate or at least substantially reduce the need to import wood into the project area. Under the project proposals wood will not be needed at all. The benefits of just this single project item are dramatic, including:

- halting the depletion of forests
- helping to stop erosion
-reducing the CO2 emissions
- reducing smog formation in cities
- releasing users from an unsustainable financial burden
- using (some of) the financial saving to finance this whole development project

The proposed highly efficient Gypsum composites stoves will reduce the bio-mass needed for cooking by up to 60%. The stoves will run with any kind of fuel. Importantly, the reduced bio mass needed to fuel them can be 100% locally produced, creating jobs to grow it, to make mini-briquettes for cooking and to distribute the briquettes. The production of bio-mass for cooking must not affect the production of local fertiliser for agriculture.

Gypsum composites stoves have been preferred to solar cookers (though these can always be offered as an option) because the use of solar energy for cooking does not always coincide with users' eating habits. The stoves also allow people to retain their customary cooking methods and preferred pot and pan sizes, and are better adapted to preparing traditional staple foods. They incorporate heat level control, and will allow circulation of smoke so that the heat in the smoke is utilised.

The stoves will be locally sized to suit the two or three most commonly used pots and pans. Each family will buy as many stoves as it needs and can afford using the local LETS currency.

BIO-MASS FOR THE ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES

The high efficiency stoves burn any sort of fuel. The project provides for locally manufactured mini-briquettes to be used. The recipes for the mini-briquettes are expected to vary from one local LETS system to another and maybe from one part of a LETS system to another depending on the materials actually available and local cooking customs. The burning speed will be controlled by adding water and/or vegetable oils and/or animal fats and/or dung and/or salt. Several kinds of mini-briquettes might be available to suit the different cooking jobs.

The mini-briquettes will be made from local waste materials like straw, leaves, sticks, paper, and dung. Suitable fast-growing crops will also be planted to produce enough local bio-mass to make the mini-briquettes needed in the project area. Using the LETS currency system, the growers will either sell the crops directly to mini-briquette manufacturers or to tradesmen equipped to treat the bio-mass to make it suitable to use in briquettes.

SOLAR COOKER PRODUCTION

Where their use is not in conflict with local eating habits, solar cookers will be built under the LETS system for daytime cooking.

The solar cooker recipients will be made from Gypsum composites . South African technology in the public domain will be used.

2.8 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY STRUCTURES

The structures necessary for clean and sufficient drinking water supply are the ones calling for the heaviest input in terms of formal capital. The structures will be set up during the course of a Moraisain organisational workshop which will follow the formation of most of the other structures foreseen. The following indications will be subject to modifications, some of them substantial. They will, however, give an idea of the dimensions of the project.

2.8.1 Siting of the boreholes/wells

The following drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.

DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
WELL SANGAMS
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.

Refer to maps in Schedule 3).

2.8.2 Basic project specifications

Inhabitants : 640 households, 3218 population

2.8.2.1.01 (Chenkurchi)

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 3218 people = 80450 litres/day
Available water supply : One overhead tank and 4 hand-pumps
Structures : There is one high school

Dig two wells in Chenkurchi.

Pump a total of 90m3 water per day.

Each well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of eleven pumps dedicated to a tank serving 292 people

One pump dedicated to a tank serving the high school.

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Each well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.1.02 (Thiventharapuram and Indira Colony)

Inhabitants : (assessed) 80 households, 418 population of which:

Thiventharapurum ("Deivendiram"?) 218 and Indira Colony assessed 200

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 418 people = 10450 litres/day
Available water supply : One hand-pump in Thiventharapuram and one hand-pump in Indira Colony
Structures : None in Indira Colony. Thiventharapuram - details of structures not known

The villages are not connected to the electricity grid.

Dig one well in Indira Colony

Pump a total of 11m3 water per day.

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a tank serving 218 people in Indira Colony

One pump dedicated to a tank serving 200 people (assessed) in Thiventharapuram

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.1.03 (Kurumbapatty)

Inhabitants : 437 households, 2185 population

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 2185 people = 54625 litres/day
Available water supply : One overhead tank and 6 hand-pumps
Structures : There is a market centre.

Dig one wells in Kurumbapatty

The well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of seven pumps dedicated to a tank serving 300 people

One pump dedicated to a tank serving the market.

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2400Wp ( being 32 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

Inhabitants : 50 households, 284 population

2.8.2.1.04 (Anna Nagar)

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 284 people = 7100 litres/day
Available water supply : One hand-pump
Structures : None

The village is not connected to the electricity grid.

Dig one well in Anna Nagari.

Pump a total of 8m3 water per day.

The well will be fitted with 1 Solar Spring solar pump dedicated to a tank serving 284 people

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 300Wp ( being 4 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
One solar pumps with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank support
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

Inhabitants : 360 households, 1824 population

2.8.2.1.05 (Vallampatty)

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 1824 people = 45600 litres/day
Available water supply : One overhead tank and 3 hand-pumps
Structures : There is one primary school

The village is not connected to the electricity grid.

Dig one well in Vallampatty.

The well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of seven pumps dedicated to a tank serving 260 people

One pump dedicated to a tank serving the primary school.

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Each well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2400Wp ( being 32 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

Inhabitants : 150 households, 746 population

2.8.2.1.06 (Valasu)

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 746 people = 18650 litres/day
Available water supply : One overhead tank and 1 hand-pump
Structures : None

Dig one well in Valasu.

Each well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of eleven pumps dedicated to a tank serving about 370 people

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.1.07 (Mamarathupatty and Puliyampatti)

Inhabitants : 210 households, 1061 population of which 925 in Mamaruthapatty and 136 in Puliyampatti.

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 1061 people = 26525 litres/day
Available water supply : In Mamarathupatty : One overhead tank and 2 hand-pumps. In Puliyampatty :One overhead tank and three hand-pumps

Structures : None

Mamarathupatty is not connected to the electricity grid. The smaller village, Puliyampatti, on the other hand, is connected.

Dig one well in Mamarathupatty.

The well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of three pumps dedicated to a tank serving about 300 people in Mamarathupatty; one pump dedicated to a tank serving 136 people in Pulyampatti.

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

Inhabitants : 85 households, 432 population

2.8.2.1.8 (Karadupatty)

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 432 people = 10800 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 hand-pump
Structures : None

Dig one well in Karadupatty.

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a tank serving 216 people

2.8.2.1.09 (Lingapuram and Andiyapuram)

Inhabitants : 50 households, 471 population

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 471 people = 11775 litres/day
Available water supply : 2 hand-pumps in Lingapuram and 3 hand-pumps in Andiyapuram
Structures : None

Neither village is connected to the electricity grid.

Dig one well in Lingpuram.

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps, one dedicated to a tank serving 246 people in Lingapuram, and one dedicated to a tank serving 225 people in Andiyapuram

Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.1.10 (Alamapatty, Ellaikattupatty, Gopalapuram, Ananda Nagar, Anathanagar)

Inhabitants : 425 households, 2126 population

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 2126 people = 53150 litres/day of which: Alampatty 1325; Ellaikattupatty 232, Gopalapuram 185, Ananda Nagar 184, and Anathanagar assessed at 200

Available water supply : Alampatty : One overhead tank and 4 hand-pumps; Ellaikattupatty : 5 hand-pumps; Gopalapuram : unknown; Ananda Nagar : unknown; Anathanagar : unknown

Structures : There is one primary school in Alampatty

Alamapatty, Ellaikattupatty, and Ananda Nagar are all connected to the electricity grid. Gopalapuram is not conneced. The status of Anathanagar is unknown.

Dig one well in Alampatty.

The well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps.

Each of three tanks in Alampatty dedicated to a tank serving 440 people, one tank in Ellaikattupatty serving 232 people, one tank in Gopalpuram serving 185 people, one tank in Ananda Nagar serving 184 people, and one tank in Anathanagar serving assessed 200 people.

One pump dedicated to a tank serving the primary school.in Alampatty

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Thewell system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2400Wp ( being 32 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.1.11 (Pandiyanur and Puthupatty)

Inhabitants : 215 households, 1077 population of which 625 in Puthupatty and 452 in Pandiyanur

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 1077 people = 26925 litres/day
Available water supply :

In Pandyianur, 1 overhead tank and 3 hand-pumps; in Puthupatty 6 hand-pumps
Structures : There is one primary school in Puthupatty

Both villages are connected to the electricity grid.

Dig one wells in Puthupatty

The well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a tank serving 226 people in Pandiyanur

Each of two pumps dedicated to a tank serving 310 people in Puthupatty

One pump dedicated to a tank serving the primary school in Puthupatty

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.1.12 (Sadayampatti, Karupukovilpatty, and Pitchampatti)

Inhabitants : 310 households, 1567 population of which 1323 in Sadayampatty, 112 in Karupukovilpatty, and 132 in Pitchampatty

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 1567 people = 39175 litres/day
Available water supply :

In Sadayampatti : One overhead tank and 3 hand-pumps
In Karupukovilpatty : not known

In Pitchampatti : 2 hand-pumps

Structures : There is one primary school in Sadayampatty

Sadayampatty and Pitchampatty are both connected to the electricity grid. Karupukovilpatty is not.

Dig one well in Sadayampatti.

Pump a total of 45m3 water per day.

The well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of three pumps dedicated to a tank serving 441 people in Sadayampatti;

One pump dedicated to a tank serving 112 people in Karupukovilpatty

One pump dedicated to a tank serving 132 people in Pitchampatty

One pump dedicated to a tank serving the primary school in Sadayampatty

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.1.13 (Alagunachipuram and Kuppayure)

Inhabitants : (assessed) 70 households, 350 population (assessed) of which 175 in Alagunachipuram (assessed) and 175 in Kuppayure (assessed)

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 350 people = 8750 litres/day
Available water supply : Alagunachippuram : 1 hand-pump; Kuppayure : 2 hand-pumps
Structures : Assumed none

The villages are assumed not to be connected to the electricity grid.

Dig one well in Alagunachippuram

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a tank serving 175 people in Alagunachippuram

One pump dedicated to a tank serving 175 people in Kuppayure.

2.8.2.1.14 (J.J.Colony and Thirumalaikenim P)

Inhabitants (assessed) : 70 households, 350 population (175 assessed in J.J.Colony and 175 assessed in Thirumalaikenim P)

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 350 people = 8750 litres/day
Available water supply : J.J.Colony : 2 hand-pumps; Thirumalaikenim : 1 hand-pump
Structures : Assumed none.

It is assumed that both of these villages ares connected to the electricity grid.

Dig one well in the J.J. Colony, or between the two villages.

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a tank serving 175 people in J.J.Colony; one pump dedicated to a tank serving 175 people in Thirumalaikenim P

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.1.15 (Gurunathampuram, Semmettakulam, Eramulkuttu, MGR Colony, MetuMetukalam, V Puthur)

These villages are not marked on the map. Assessed by way of reserve 180 households, 900 population divided equally amongst the villages.

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 500 people = 18750 litres/day
Available water supply : Gurunathapuram : 1 hand-pump; Semmettukalam : 2 hand-pumps; V.Puthur : 1 hand-pump. Others unknown - assumed 1 hand-pump

Structures : MGR Colony, MetuMetukalam, Gurunathampuram, Eramulkuttu have no structures. Semmettakulam and V Puthur are assumed to have no structures.

MGR Colony, MetuMetukalam, Gurunathampuram, Eramulkuttu are not connected to the electricy grid. Semmettakulam and V Puthur are assumed not to be connected

The villages are assumed to account for one well.

The well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of the six pumps is assumed dedicated to a tank serving 150 people

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2 Kambiliampatti Panchyat

2.8.2.2.01 (Kambiliayampatti)

Inhabitants : 570 households, 2854 population.
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 71350 litres/day
Available water supply : 2 wells, 1 square tank, 1 overhead tank and 6 hand-pumps.

1 Primary school, 1 high school, one (private) clinic and 3 temples
The village is connected to the electricity network.

Dig two wells.

Pump a total of 80m3 water per day.

Each well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 10 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
One system for each of the two schools
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to each well.
Review needs of clinic and temples.

Each well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

Inhabitants : 250 households, 1245 population.
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 31150 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 overhead tank and 5 hand-pumps.

2.8.2.2.02 (Kuthampatti)

1 Primary school and 1 temples
The village is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well.

The well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 5 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
One system for the school.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Review needs of the temple.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2.03 (Akkaraipatti)

Inhabitants : 250 households, 1320 population.
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 33000 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 overhead tank and 2 hand-pumps.

There are also three temples.
The village is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well.

The well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 5 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 260 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Review needs of the temples.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2.04 (Narivilapatty and Sukkampatty)

Inhabitants :
Sukkampatty 125 households, 623 population.

Narivilapatty 117 households, 585 population Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 1208 people = 30200 litres/day
Available water supply :
Sukkampatty : 1 square tank and 3 hand-pumps.
Narivilapatty : 1 overhead tank, 1 square tank, and 2 hand-pumps

There are also:
In Sukkampatty : 1 Primary school and 2 temples
In Narivilapatty : 1 primary school and 2 temples
The villages are both connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Sukkampatty.

The well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 4 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300 users, of which 2 in Sukkampatty and 2 in Narivilapatty.
One system for the school in Sukkampatty and 1 for the school in Narivilapatty.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Review needs of the four temples.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2.05 (Kuyavanputhur and Erenchettiyur)

Inhabitants :
Kuyavanputhur 88 households, 442 population.
Erenchettiyur 27 households, 136 population
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 578 people = 14450 litres/day
Available water supply :
Kuyanaputhur - not known.
Erenchettiyur - 1 square tank and 1 hand-pump

There is also a temple in Kuyanaputhur
Kuyavanputhur is connected to the electricity network. Erenchettiyur is not.

Dig one well in Erenchettiyur

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 220 users in Kuyabaputhur
One pump dedicated to a water tank for the people in Erenchettiyur
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Review needs of the temple in Kuyanaputhur.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

Inhabitants :428 households, 2140 population.
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 53500 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 well and 5 hand-pumps.

2.8.2.2.06 (Andiyapatti)

1 Primary school and 4 temples
The village is not connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well.

The well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 7 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 305 users.
One system for the school.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Review needs of the 4 temples.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2400Wp ( being 32 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2.07 (Chinnakattupatty and Nochasatipatty)

Inhabitants :
Chinnakattupatty : 125 households, 632 population.
Nochasatipattu : 22 households, 112 population
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 744 people = 18600 litres/day
Available water supply :
Chinnakattupatty : 1 square tank and 4 hand-pumps
Nochasatipatty : not known

There is also 1 temple in each of the villages
Neither village is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Chinnakattupatty.

The well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 2 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 315 users in Chinnakattupatty.
One pump deidated to a water tank supplying 112 users in Nochasatipatty
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Review needs of the two temples.

2.8.2.2.08 (Annakulamputhur, Sheelamunthunayakoor,Mettupatti, and Erumanakanpatty)

Inhabitants : 170 households, 838 population.
Extra water supply required @ 25l for 838 people = 20950 litres/day
Available water supply :
Annakulamputhur : 1 square tank and 1 hand-pump.
Sheelamunthunayakoor : 1 square well and 1 hand-pump
Mettupatti : 1 well and 1 hand-pump
Erumanakanpatti : 1 square well and one hand-pump

There are also:
Annakulamputhur : 1 temple
Sheelamunthunayakoor : 2 temples
Mettupatti : 1 temple
Erumanakanpatty : no structures
Of the four villages only Annakulumputhur is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Sheelamunthunayakoor

The well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 4 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying:
about 185 users in Annakulamputhur.
about 286 users in Sheelamunthunayakoor
about 182 users in Mettupatti
about 185 users in Erumanakanpatty
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Review needs of the temples.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 14 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2.09 (Thambinayakanoor, Pommairettykalam, and Puthukalingpatty

Inhabitants : unknown : assumed 80 households, 400 population.
Assumed extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 400 = 10000 litres/day
Available water supply : assumed none

It is assumed there are no other structures
It is assumed neither village is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in the larger of the two villages.

The well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 3 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying up to 200 users, one in each village.
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

2.8.2.2.10 (Sittagoundanur and Sinnapatty)

Inhabitants : 70 households, 363 population, being 115 people in Sittagounadur and 248 in Sinapatty.
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 363 people = 9075 litres/day
Available water supply :
Sittagounadur : 1 hand-pump
Sinnapatty : 1 square well and two hand-pumps

There are also two temples in Sinnapatty
Neither village is connected to the electricity grid.

Dig one well in Sinapatty.

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 115 users in Sittagounadur.
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 248 users in Sinapatty.
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Review needs of the temples.

Inhabitants : 375 households, 1884 population
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 1884 people = 47100 litres/day
Available water supply : 2 wells and 3 hand-pumps

2.8.2.2.11 (Ammapatty)

There are also one primary school and two temples.
The village is not connected to the electricity grid.

Dig one well in Ammapatty

Pump a total of 50m3 water per day.

The well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of seven pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 270 users.
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying the school.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Review needs of the temples.

2.8.2.2.12 (Karuppakovilpatty and Thirumalaikenni)

Inhabitants : 45 households, 234 population, being 120 people in Karuppakovilpatty and 114 in Thirumalaikenni.
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 234 people = 5850 litres/day
Available water supply :
Karuppakovilpatty : 1 hand-pump
Thirumalaikenni : 1 well and one hand-pumps

There is one temple in each of the villages.
Neither village is connected to the electricity grid.

Dig one well in Karuppakovilpatty.

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 120 users in Karuppakovilpatti.
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 114 users in Thirumalaikenni.
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Review needs of the temples.

2.8.2.2.13 (Nilapatty, Nilapattyputhur,and Pothakanavaipatty)

Inhabitants : 250 households, 1285 population, being:
842 in Nilapatty
267 in Nilapattyputhur
176 in Pohtakanavaitpatty
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 1285 people = 32125 litres/day
Available water supply :
Nilapatty : 1 well, 1 square well, 2 hand-pumps
Nilapattyputhur : 1 well and one hand-pump
Pohtakanavaipatty : 1 well and 2 hand-pumps

Structures : There is one school and two temples in Nilapatty
There are no structures at all in Nilapattyputhur
There is one temple in Pothakanavaipatty
None of the villages is connected to the electricity grid.

Dig one well in Nilapatty.

The well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a tank serving 421 people in Nilapatty
One pump dedicated to a tank serving 267 users in Nilaputhur
One pump dedicated to a tank serving 176 users in Pothkanavaipatty
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Review needs of the temples.

Inhabitants : 460 households, 2316 population

2.8.2.2.14 (Kattupatty)

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day for 2316 people = 57900 litres/day
Available water supply : One overhead tank, two wells and three hand-pumps

Structures : There is primary school and two temples

The village is not connected to the electricity grid.

Dig one well in Kattupatty.

The well will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of six pumps dedicated to a tank serving 386 people
One pump dedicated to a tank serving the primary school
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Review needs of the temples.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.3.01 (Siluvathur, Karupusamy Nagar, J.J.Nagar)

Inhabitants : 360 households, 2162 population of which 1824 in Sluvathur, 153 in Karupusamy Nagar and 185 in J.J.Nagar

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 54050 litres/day
Available water supply : Siluvathur : 4 wells, 4 overhead tanks and 3 hand-pumps; in Karupusamy Nagar 1 hand-pump; in J.J.Nagar 1 hand-pump

1 Middle school, one public health clinic
Siluvathur andKarupusamy Nagar are both connected to the electricity network. J.J.Nagar is not.

Dig two wells, if possible one to the North West of Siluvathur and one to the South.

Each well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 5 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 360 users in Siluvathur.
One system for each of the school
One pump to a dedicated water tank in Karupusamy Nagar and one pump to a dedicated water tank in J.J.Nagar

Two pumping systems dedicated to the clinic. If the clinic is already well supplied, these two tanks can be made available to the public in Siluvathur.

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-systems next to the wells.

Each well systems equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.3.02 (Velankanipuram and Paraikulam)

Inhabitants : 80 households, 400 population of which 185 in Velankanipuram and 215 in Paraikulam.
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 10000 litres/day
Available water supply : Velankanipuram : 1 hand-pump. Paraikulam also has one hand-pump.

There are no structures in either village.

Neither village is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Paraikulam.

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 215 users in Paraikulam.
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 185 people in Velankanipuram

2.8.2.3.03 (Kattabomman Nagar and P.K.Puthur)

Inhabitants : 100 households, 509 population of which 164 in Kattabomman Nagar and 345 in P.K.Puthur.
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 12725 litres/day
Available water supply : In Kattabomman Nagar : 1 hand-pump. In P.K.Puthur, one overhead tank and 3 hand-pumps

There is no structures

P.K.Puthure is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Kattabomman Nagar.

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 165 users in Kattambomman Nagar

One pump supplying a tank in P.K.Puthur for 345 users.

Single reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

2.8.2.3.04 (Ayyakutipatty and Santhaipatty)

Inhabitants : 85 households, 426 population, of which 241 in Ayyakutipatty and 185 in Santhaipatty.
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 10650 litres/day
Available water supply : In Ayyakutipatty 1 overhead tank and 2 hand-pumps. In Santhaipatty : 1 hand-pump

There are no structures in either village.

Neither village is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well Ayyakutipatty.

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 241 users in Ayyakutipatty.
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 185 users in Santhaipatty

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

2.8.2.3.05 (Athigaripatty)

Inhabitants : 170 households, 845 population.
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 21125 litres/day
Available water supply : 6 wells, 1 overhead tank and 5 hand-pumps.

1 primary school and a market place

The village is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Athigaripatty

The well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 3 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 280 users.
One system for the school and one system for the market place

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

2.8.2.3.06 (Vangamanuthu)

Inhabitants : 170 households, 845 population.
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 21125 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 overhead tank and 2 hand-pumps.

1 high school and a church

The village is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Vangamanuthu

The well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 3 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 280 users.
One system for the high school

2.8.2.3.07 (Kothapulipatty, Pommanathapuram and Thopur)

Inhabitants : 180 households, 923 population of which 642 in Kothapulipatty, 136 in Pommanathapuram and 145 in Thopur.
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 23075 litres/day
Available water supply : Kothapulipatty : 2 overhead tanks and 1 hand-pump. Pommanathapuram : 1 hand-pump. Thopur : 1 overhead tank and 2 hand-pumps.

There is also1 primary school.

Kothapulipatty and Thopur are both connected to the electricity network. Pommanathapuram is not.

Dig one well in Kothapulipatty

The well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of 2 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 321 users in Kothapulipatty.
One system for the school in Kothapulipatty.

One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 136 users in Pommanathapuram.

Each of 2 pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying about 145 users in Thopur.

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

2.8.2.3.08 (Kambarpatty and Chinnappanayakanpatty)

Inhabitants : 180 households, 597 population of which 475 in Kambarpatty 122 in Chinnappanayakanpatty
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 11875 litres/day
Available water supply : Kambarpatty 1 overhead tank and 4 hand-pumps. Chinnappanayakanpatty : 1 hand-pump. hand-pumps

There is 1 primary school in Kambarpatty.

Both villages are connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Kambarpatty.

The well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 475 users in Kambarpatty
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplyinh 122 users in Chinnappanayakanpatty

One system for the primary school in Kambarpatty

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

2.8.2.3.09 (Pethagoundanpatty and Valluvan Puthur)

Inhabitants : 130 households, 674 population of which 364 in Pethagoundanpatty 310 in Valluvan Puthur
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 16850 litres/day
Available water supply : Pethagoundanpatty : 1 overhead tank and 2 hand-pumps. Valluvan Puthur : 2 hand-pumps

There is 1 primary school in Pethagoundanpatty.

Both villages are connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Pethagoundanpatty.

The well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 364 users in Pethagoundanpatty
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplyinh 310 users in Valluvan Puthur

One system for the primary school in Pethagoundanpatty.

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

2.8.2.3.10 (Kallanputhur and Palanimanagaram)

Inhabitants : 80 households, 422 population of which 226 in Kallanputhur and 196 in Palinamanagaram
Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 10550 litres/day
Available water supply : Kallanputhur : 1 overhead tank and 1 hand-pump. Palinamanagaram : 1 minitank and 1 hand-pump

There are no services in either village.

Both villages are connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Palinamanagaram

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 226 users in Kallanputhur

One pump dedicated to a water tank supplyinh 196 users in Palinamanagaram

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

2.8.2.4.01 (Madur and Kalathupatty)

Inhabitants : 100 households, 803 population, of which 435 in Madur and 368 in Kalathupatty

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 20075 litres/day
Available water supply : Madur : 1 overhead tank and 2 hand-pumps. Kalathupatty : 1 overhead tank and 2 hand-pumps.

There are no schools. There is a temple in Madur and a church in Kalathupatty.

Madur is connected to the electricity network. Kalathupatty is not connected.

Dig one well in Madur

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pump
One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 435 users in Madur

One pump dedidcated to a water tank supplying 368 users in Kalathupatty.

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
One solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank support
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.4.02 (Pugalipatty and Aluvanur)

Inhabitants : 215 households, 1075 population of which 925 in Pugalipatty and 150 (assessed) in Aluvanur

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 26825 litres/day
Available water supply : Pugalipatty : 20 hand-pumps. Aluvunur : 1 hand-pump

There is a high school and a church in Pugalipatty. Situation Aluvanur not known.

Pugalipatty is connected to the electricity network. Aluvanur believed not to be connected.

Dig one well in Pugalipatty

The well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pump
Each of three pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying 300 users in Pugalipatty

One pump system dedicated to the high school in Pugalipatty.

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank support
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.4.03 (Maniyagaranpatty)

Inhabitants : 100 households, 526 population

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 13150 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 overhead tank and 5 hand-pumps.

There is a primary school and a church

The village is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Maniyagaranpatty

The well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pump3
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying 263 users

One pump system dedicated to the primary school.

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
One solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank support
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

Inhabitants : 95 households, 482 population

2.8.2.4.04 (Madupatty)

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 12050 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 overhead tank and 2 hand-pumps.

There are no schools. There is one church.

The village is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Madurpatty

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 240 users

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.

2.8.2.5.01 (Kottai, Petarikottam, and reserve for unnamed location)

Inhabitants : 170 households, 856 population of which 556 in Kottai, estimated 150 in Petarikottam, estimated 150 in unnamed village

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 21400 litres/day
Available water supply : Kottam : 1 overhead tank and 5 hand-pumps. Petarikottam : 1 hand-pump. Unnamed village : estimated 1 hand-pump.

There is a primary school and a public health centre in Kottai. Other villages : unknown, believed no services

Kottam is connected to the electricity network. Other villages believed not to be connected.

Dig one well in Kottai

The well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying 275 users in Kottai

One pump dedicated to a tank serving 150 in Petarikottam.

One pump dedicated to a tank serving 150 users (estimated) in the unnamed village.

One pump system serving the primary school, and two separate pump systems supplying the health centre if this needs clean water supplies.

2.8.2.5.02 (Markampatty, Ayyavuservaikottam, Ramamurthikottam, Karupannapurum and Nuthu Nagar)

Inhabitants : 400 households, 2086 population of which 1476 in Markampattyi, 160 in Muthu Nagar, estimated 150 in Ayyavuservaikottam, estimated 150 in Karupannapurum and estimated 150 in Ramamurthikottam

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 52150 litres/day
Available water supply : Markampatty: 2 overhead tanks and 2 hand-pumps. Muthu Nagar : one mini tank and 1 hand-pump. Ayyavuservaikottam : 1 hand-pump. Ramamuthikottam : 1 hand-pump. Karupannapuram : 1 hand-pump.

There is a middle school and a sub public health centre in Markampattyi. Other villages : unknown, believed no services

Markampatty is connected to the electricity network. Other villages believed not to be connected.

Dig two wells in Markampatty, one towards the west and one towards the east.

Each well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of three pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying 450 users in Markampatty.

One pump dedicated to a tank serving 160 users in Muthu Nagar.

One pump dedicated to a tank serving 150 users (estimated) in Ayyavuservaikottam.

One pump dedicated to a tank serving 150 users (estimated) in Ramamurthikottam.

One pump dedicated to a tank serving 150 users (estimated) in Karupannapuram

One pump system serving the middle school, and two separate pump systems supplying the health centre if this needs clean water supplies.

Each well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

Inhabitants : 95 households, 475 population

2.8.2.5.03 (Ellapatty)

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 11875 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 mini tank and 4 hand-pumps.

Ellapatty is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Ellapatty

The well will be fitted with 1 Solar Spring solar pump
The pump dedicated to a water tank supplying the 475 users

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 300Wp ( being 4 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
One solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank support
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

Inhabitants : 270 households, 1367 population

2.8.2.5.04 (Avrampatty)

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 34175 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 mini tank and 1 hand-pump.

Avrampatty is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Avrampatty

The well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 270 users

2.8.2.5.05 (V,S.K.Kurumpatty)

Inhabitants : 250 households, 1260 population

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 31500 litres/day
Available water supply : 2 wells and 4 hand-pumps

There is a primary school.

Kurumpatty is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Kurumpatty

The well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of four pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying 315 users

One pump system supplying the school.

2.8.2.5.06 (Jakkamanapatty and Valasupatty)

Inhabitants : 220 households, 1091 population of which 747 in Jakkamanpatty and 344 in Valasupatty

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 27275 litres/day
Available water supply : Jakkamanapatty : 1 overhead tank and 3 hand-pumps. Valasupatty : 1 overhead tank and 2 hand-pumps.

Both villages are connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Jakkamanapatty

The well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps in Jakkamanapatty dedicated to a water tank supplying 370 users

One pump in Valasupatty dedicated to a water tank supplyinh 344 users,

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.5.07 (Silvarpatty, Puthupatty and Ellukottam)

Inhabitants : 280 households, 1412 population of which 840 in Silvarpatty, 362 in Puthupatty and 210 in Ellukottam

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 35300 litres/day
Available water supply : Silvarpatty : 2 overhead tanks and 5 hand-pumps. Puthupatty : 1 mini tank and 1 hand-pump. Ellukottam : 1 overhead tank and one hand-pump.

There is a middle school in Silvarpatty. No services in Puthupatty or Ellukottam.

Silvarpatty and Puthupatty are connected to the electricity network. Ellukottam is not.

Dig one well in Silvarpatty.

Pump a total of 40m3 water per day.

The well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps in Silvarpatty dedicated to a water tank supplying 420 users

Each of two pumps in Puthupatty dedicated to a water tank supplying 180 users

One pump system in Ellukottam supplying 210 users.

One pump system for the school in Silvarpatty.

2.8.2.5.08 (Vailalipatty and Puthur)

Inhabitants : 160 households, 837 population of which 424 in Vailalipatty and 413 in Puthur

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 20925 litres/day
Available water supply : Vailalipatty : 1 overhead tank and 1 hand-pump. Puthur : 1 overhead tank and 1 hand-pump.

Both villages are connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Vailalipatty

The well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps in Vailalipatty dedicated to a water tank supplying 212 users

Each of two pumps in Puthut dedicated to a water tank supplyinh 205 users,

2.8.2.5.09 (Small villages not shown on map)

Inhabitants : 160 households, 808 population of which :

141 in Ramapuram; 112 in Shanmugapuram; 105 in Valliyapuram; 112 in Lakshmanapura, 114 in Swamiyapuram, 119 in Palaniappanagar, and 105 in Indira Nagar

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 20200 litres/day
Available water supply : Not known.

There are no services in these villages .

All villages are connected to the electricity network except for Palaniappanagar and Indira Nagar.

Reserve : 7 Solar Spring solar pumps being one pumping system for each community.

2.8.2.6.01 (Rasakapatti and Karlakadu)

Inhabitants : 320 households, 1598 population of which 1484 in Rasakapatti and 114 in Kalarkadu

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 39950 litres/day
Available water supply : Rasakapatti : 1 overhead tank and 8 hand-pumps. Kalarkadu : 2 hand-pumps.

There is a public health centre and a mosque in Rasakapatti.

Rasakapatti is connected to the electricity network. Kalarkadu is not connected.

Dig one well in Rasakapatti.

Pump a total of 40m3 water per day.

The well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of five pumps in Rasakapatti dedicated to a water tank supplying 300 users

One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 114 users in Kalarkadu,

Two pump systems dedicated to the public health centre, if needed.

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

Inhabitants : 160 households, 820 population.

2.8.2.6.02 (Pannaipatty)

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 20500 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 overhead tank and 4 hand-pumps.

There are two temples.

Pannaipatty is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Panaipatty.

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of three pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying 410 users

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 600Wp ( being 8 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.6.03 (Kalupatty, Pusaripatty and Maddankadu)

Inhabitants : 200 households, 1020 population of which 685 in Kalupatty, 185 in Pusaripatty, and (estimated) 150 in Maddankadu.

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 25500 litres/day
Available water supply : Pusaripatty : 1 hand-pump. Kalupatty : one overhead tank and 4 hand-pumps. Maddankadu : 1 hand-pump

There are two temples in Kalupatti and one temple in Pusaripatti.

Kalupatti and Pusaripatti are connected to the electricity network. It is not known whether Maddankadu is connected.

Dig one well in Kalupattyi.

The well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of two pumps in Kalupatty dedicated to a water tank supplying 340 users

One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 185 users in Pusaripatty.

One pump dedicated to a water tank supplying 150 users in Maddankadu.

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.6.04 (Thithampatty)

Inhabitants : 250 households, 1235 population

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 30875 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 overhead tank and 6 hand-pumps.

There is one temple.

Thithampatty is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Thithampatty.

The well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each of four pumps dedicated to a water tank supplying 300 users

2.8.2.6.05 (Kumarapalayam)

Inhabitants : 95 households, 482 population

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 12050 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 overhead tank and 4 hand-pumps.

Kumarapalayam is connected to the electricity network.

Dig one well in Kumarapalayami.

The well will be fitted with 1 Solar Spring solar pump

Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 300Wp ( being 4 x 75Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
One solar pump with accompanying electronics
One tank on tank support
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.6.06 (Laksminakanpatty)

Inhabitants : 110 households, 536 population

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 13400 litres/day
Available water supply : 1 overhead tank and 4 hand-pumps.

Laksminakanpatty connected to the electricity network.

There are two temples.

Dig one well in Laksminakanpatty.

The well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps each dedicated to a tank serving 265 users.

2.8.2.6.07 (Thamkulathupatty, Margimadu, Metkumedu)

Inhabitants : 90 households, 450 population (estimated) of which 165 in Thamkulathupatty, 135 in Metkumedu, and estimated 150 in Margimadu.

Extra water supply required @ 25l per day = 11250 litres/day
Available water supply : Thamkulathupatty : 2 hand-pumps. Metkumedu : 3 hand-pumps. Margimadu : unknown

Thamkulathupatty is connected to the electricity network. The other villages are not.

Dig one well in Thamkulthupatty.