STICHTING BAKENS VERZET, NETHERLANDS, SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED SELF-FINANCING DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES

STICHTING BAKENS VERZET

1018 AM AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS

Director,

T.E.(Terry) Manning,

Schoener 50,

1771 ED Wieringerwerf,

The Netherlands.

Tel: 0031-227-604128.

Homepage: http://www.flowman.nl

E-mail: (nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet

"Money is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them."

Gesell, Silvio The Natural Economic Order.

Revised English edition, Peter Owen, London 1958, page 228.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non commercial-Share Alike 3.0 License

WASO INTEGRATED SELF-FINANCING RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

NEW HORIZONS FOR WASO

SAMBURU DISTRICT,KENYA

INCORPORATING LETS AND COMMUNITY BANKING

PREPARED FOR THE NGO "PARAN INTEGRATED PROGRAMME", ARCHER'S POST, KENYA

PETER GATUNA, READING, ENGLAND

AND

T.E.MANNING, CONSULTANT, WIERINGERWERF, THE NETHERLANDS

Edition 03: 09 October 2003

SCHEDULE 01 : THE PROJECT IN MORE DETAIL

Page	Contents

055	SCHEDULE 1 - The project in detail

	01. Justification of the project
057	02.0 Cooperation of the local people
058	02.1 Health clubs and hygiene education
059	02.2 Social structures
060	02.3 Local money LETS structures
062	02.4 Micro-credit structures
063	02.5 Gypsum composites production units
064	02.6 Recycling structures
067	02.7 Energy efficient stoves and bio-mass production
068	02.8 Drinking water supply
	02.8.1 Siting of boreholes and wells
069	02.8.2. Basic project specifications
	02.8.2.1 Lets area Waso
089	02.8.2.2 Lets area Sikhendu
119	02.8.3. Summary of water supply
120	02.8.4. Principles for siting water supply structures
121	02.8.5. Well linings
121	02.8.6. Equipment of water points near the users' houses
122	02.8.7 Budget items relating to the water supply systems
127	02.9. PV lighting, television and refrigeration
129	02.10. Reforestation and water harvesting
131	02.11. The project and educational structures
	02.12. The project and educational structures
	02.13. The local radio station
	02.14. Water harvesting for underground storage
	List of supporting schedules
	Schedule 01 : The project in detail
	Schedule 02 : Information on Clodomir Santos de Morais and the Organisational Workshops
:	SCHEDULE 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY
	SCHEDULE 2 ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS
	SCHEDULE 03 Project maps
	SCHEDULE 04 Technical information on solar pumps
	SCHEDULE 05 Technical information on hand-pumps
	SCHEDULE 06 Technical information on the gypsum composites production process
	SCHEDULE 07 The hygiene education programme
	SCHEDULE 08 Operation of the local currency (LETS) systems
	SCHEDULE 09 25 progressive steps for local development
	SCHEDULE 10 MATERIAL FOR PRESENTATIONS USING TRANSPARENTS OR POWERPOINT
	SCHEDULE 11 Constitution and Statutes of NGO Paran Integrated Programme, Archer's Post
	The Role of Micro-credit in integrated self-financing development projects
	Water supply issues in self-financing integrated development projects for poverty alleviation
	PV and Biomass aspects and their Financing
	Integrated bio systems : a global perspective
	PV, a cornerstone of self-financing development projects for poverty alleviation in developing countries
	New horizons for RE technologies in poverty alleviation projects
81	Acknowledgements

SCHEDULE 1

THE PROJECT IN DETAIL

1. Justification of the project

A clean healthy environment is unthinkable without adequate hygiene education, good sanitation and clean drinking water. Improving the health and quality of life of those living in poor communities depends on improving their basic community infrastructure. Better technology now allows users living far away from their traditional water sources to have clean drinking water, sanitation, hygiene education, and on-going local development at low cost.

Yet much of the world's population is still without safe sanitation and drinking water. Local economies have long since been "drained" of the formal money needed to exchange goods and services in the present market economy.

In the Waso project area in the Samburu County in Kenya, there are no community level hygiene education programmes. Principles of hygiene such as washing hands before meals and after going to the toilet and personal cleanliness are however not generally applied. Water is usually used without treatment. The project aims at incorporating this work under the Health Clubs to be set up.

School hygiene education lessons focus on cleanliness, environment and sanitation, but specific on-going hygiene courses for children are not held in the primary schools. The project aims at incorporating the work already done within formal on-going hygiene education courses in the schools.

There are practically no sanitation structures at all outside the bigger centres where some VIP ventilated pit latrines are installed.

People urinate and defecate "in the bushes".

Many users use collect water from open wells which are unprotected against the entry of returning surface water, insects animals and other contaminants. In most localities water is fetched from rivers and streams. Women and children often have to carry water over several kilometres from contaminated sources to their houses. Water quality is considered poor. Few steps are are taken to purify water. Water is kept in clay calabashes and jerry cans. Rainwater harvesting techniques are practically unknown.

Open surface water, insufficiently protected latrines, and poor water quality spreads diseases such as malaria, typhoid, dysentery, gastroenteritis, and skin diseases.

The cost of the fighting often deadly water-related diseases takes up a large slice of the family incomes. Much time is wasted fetching dirty water which is then usually drunk with all its pathogens without treatment and without being boiled.

A goal of the project is to help to reduce water-borne disease so medical and financial resources can be re-directed to other health objectives like vaccination programmes and preventive medicines.

In practical terms, this means giving the people throughout the Waso area a clean drinking water supply for household use.

The project includes gypsum composites production units whose first job will be to make water storage tanks and borehole and well linings for the project. Following that, they will also make tanks, san-plats and dry toilet pots for sanitation facilities. Toilets and waste disposal units will be built for each family in the project area as they may wish to install them, and, where necessary in local schools and clinics. In principle, formal currency investment will not be needed for this work as most of it can be done using the local LETS currency systems to be set up as part of the project. Once the needs of the project have been met, the gypsum composites units can start making other products, and "export" to other projects in the region and beyond.

From the beginning Community Health Clubs will be set up to support on-going hygiene education to optimise the benefit from the new water and sanitation services. The clubs will also be the main forum for identifying community needs and planning project implementation. Hygiene education courses will also be implemented in the schools in the project area.

A system to collect and recycle organic compost, urine, grey water and non-organic solid waste will be set up where necessary during the 4th phase of the project. The local currency (LETS) systems will be used for this work.

Students wishing to study in the evenings must usually do so with the limited and pollution given by paraffin lamps. There are no facilities for evening classes. PV lighting for study purposes will therefore be provided where a collective study room is already available or built at tank commission level using the local LETS currencies. The project also includes solar powered refrigeration units for the few rural clinics in the area, which are not grid connected.

Users (especially women) may obtain interest-free micro-credit loans if they need PV lighting systems to increase their productivity in the evening. Families later able to pay for their own PV Home Systems will do so individually under a micro-credit scheme operated by the Waso Cooperative Local Development Bank (to be instituted) or under self-terminating interest-free credit groups at tank commission level.

Cooking is done in the project area by women and it takes at least 30-60 minutes per meal. A support for the pot is erected, and firewood is placed under the pot and the fire is lighted. This is an extremely inefficient use of energy. The average use of biomass, nearly always wood, is 4kg per family per day. This amounts to 9000-10000 tons of firewood per year in the project area, with the consequential pollution of the living areas and villages environments and a cost to the local community of Euro 500.000 per year. Upper respiratory infections is the second most common health problem in the project area. Smoky, polluted, living environments in the larger settlements will be eliminated by the use of energy efficient stoves made by the locale The gypsum composites production units.

The stoves will be made for pot sizes commonly used in the community. Each family may buy as many stoves as it needs. The stoves will burn most kinds of fuel though the preferred fuel will be mini-briquettes hand pressed by individual homeowners or made by local tradesmen. Some crops will be sustainably grown for use as fuel. They will then be mixed with straw, twigs, leaves, dung and other available materials without reducing the amount of fertilisers normally used for agriculture.

Solar cookers will also be made under the LETS systems from gypsum composites where daytime cooking is not in conflict with local customs

There are no systems available for waste collection in the project area. Organic waste other than urine and faeces is mostly household or food waste, which amounts to about 2kg per family per day of 5000 tons per year. At best, this is dumped at a site which becomes smelly and attracts vermin. There are no arrangements at all for non-organic waste products.

Under the project most organic waste, including urine and faeces, will be treated at household and local level and transformed into high value-added products for recycling for food production. A network of recycling centres will be set up for to receive non-organic waste materials for recycling. The centres will also provide a rubbish collection service where required. Collection of environmentally harmful rubbish will be paid for by the users. The collectors may pay for useful materials under the local LETS systems. The idea is to keep as much residual and recyclable value as possible within the local economy. The local systems can also earn some formal currency by exporting waste for industrial recycling that cannot be recycled locally. Waste from clinics will be addressed separately.

Standard sanitation and waste removal services, where required, will also be supplied for schools and clinics in the project area. Specialised waste removal from clinics will be discussed separately.

2. Cooperation of the local people

The users themselves are responsible for the creation of the project structures and their the execution, running and maintenance. They pay for and own the structures.

The users will create the structures during a series of organisational workshops following the method developed by the Brazilian sociologist Clodomir Santos de Morais. A bibliography of the work of de Morais is set out in Schedule 2. The project will try to put at the disposal of the often very large groups involved in the workshops, but ONLY ON REQUEST, the consultants, materials and equipment necessary for the services and structures in question. The groups organise themselves (often which great difficulty), set up their administrative structures, procure the necessary authorisations and permits, proceed with the construction of factories, and to the production and sale of their products and services as they consider fit.

Key to the formation of the structures foreseen in the project is the order in which the workshops are held. It is not possible to hold workshops to set up the tank commissions (the key project structures) for instance until a suitable platform has been created to enable women to organise themselves, express themselves at meetings and actively participate in the project structures. This is done during the organisation workshop setting up the health clubs. It is not possible to set up structures for the manufacture of articles for sanitation purposes if the local money LETS systems making their production, distribution, sale and installation under local money LETS systems without the need for formal money until the LETS systems have been established.

Ther order of sequence indicated in section 4.2 of the main project document is the following:

2.01 Health clubs
2.02 Social structures
2.03 LETS systems
2.04 Micro-credit systems
2.05 Gypsum composites units
2.06 Recycling systems
2.07 Bio-mass production
2.08 Radio station
2.09 Drinking water
2.10 Lighting etc

The workshops represent a general mobilisation of the population, with an active participation of some 4000 people out of total of 58.000, representing about 14% of the active population. The remaining 86% will be indirectly mobilised through the use of structures such as the local money systems and the interest-free micro-credit systems to be set up.

2.1 HEALTH CLUBS AND HYGIENE EDUCATION

The Health clubs have two tasks:

The first is hygiene education itself tending to the improvement of health standards pending the installation of the drinking water and sanitation structures foreseen under the project. In this work, the health clubs will support on-going initiatives of community health workers of the Ministry of Health and that of the local Water and Sanitation Committees.

The second is the formation of a socially acceptable platform enabling the population, and in particular women, to work together, which is basic to the success of the project. The health clubs constitute a forum for women, helping them to identify the requirements of the community and to fully participate in the planning and execution of successive phases.

Hygiene education should become an integral part of the school curriculum at all levels in the schools in the project area. The purpose of the courses is to reinforce the work done by the Health Clubs. The cooperation of trained personnel of the Ministry of Health is foreseen. This personnel will participate in the Health Club workshops during which the courses will actually be prepared and the Health Clubs organised. Teachers from the schools will also participate in the workshop and in the preparation of the material for the courses.

Where necessary, schools will be supplied with appropriate quality clean drinking water and proper sanitation systems under the project.

In some cases children from poorer families may not have access to the schooling system, especially where schooling is mostly funded by parents. This will put extra responsibility on the Health Clubs which will in such cases be called upon to cover hygiene education for the children not covered under the arrangements made with the schools.

BASIC COURSE FOR HEALTH CLUBS

2.2 SOCIAL STRUCTURES

All activities will be carried out by the users themselves. The structures are worked out during the organisational workshops foreseen. The following is what might expect to result from the workshops.

The basic administrative structure foreseen by the project is the Tank Commission.

The tasks of the Tank Commission are numerous and include, by way of example,:
- Analysis of the local situation (200 people - 35-40 families)
- Definition of the local issues and problems
- Liaison with the Health Clubs already established
- Liaison with the local currency LETS systems about to be formed
- Organisation of monthly users' meetings
- Identification of the best projects for Micro-credit development loans
- Setting priorities for Micro-credit loans
- Deciding the priorities for siting the wells and washing places, with special input from women's groups
- Deciding the siting of tanks and water pipeline routes
- Deciding priorities for the siting and installation of sanitation units
- Deciding the pot sizes for stoves and solar cookers
- Liaison with the compost collection and recycling network
- Liaison with the grey water/urine collection and recycling network
- Planning what can be done by the local people themselves at the normal ruling daily rate of pay and what can be done in the local LETS currency.
- Systematically monitoring project progress and on-going administration with the users' commissions (comprising mostly women)
- Organising daily maintenance of the tank areas, rules of use
- Managing any local disputes relating to the project
- Collection of the monthly contributions to the Cooperative Development Fund
- Nomination of participants to various organisational workshops
- Proposals for the support of families with difficulty in making their contributions

Refer also to:

TANK COMMISSIONS - THE KEY STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS

2.3 LOCAL MONEY LETS STRUCTURES

The local exchange trading (LETS) systems foreseen will be set up during Moraisian organisational workshops.

The following texts, drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal. They indicate the type of structure which can be expected to come out of the workshops.

DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF LETS STRUCTURES.
HOW A LETS TRANSACTION WORKS.
Detailed information on LETS systems

In principle, three local LETS currency systems will be set up, according to clearly definable operating areas in West Waso, East Waso and Sere Olipi.

All adults within a system should be registered as members, but use of the system with exceptions for goods and services necessary for the project itself, would be voluntary. Any member may usually freely choose whether to conduct a given transaction in the local currency system or within the formal currency system.

The LETS groups will have some 15000 (Waso West) and 15000 (Waso East) and 9000 (Sere Olipi) registered adult members. Children under the age of 14 will not be registered as they are not, under the international convention on the rights of children, allowed to work. They will become registered members of their local LETS systems upon reaching the age of 14. The members of each group will be coded so that their tank-commission and well areas can be identified and the cost of more local, optional, initiatives such as PV lighting for study purposes debited to the members directly involved rather than to the whole project area. In the same way, the coding can allow for identification of members of clubs, cooperatives and other informal groups as they may be formed.

A "catalogue" of goods and services is prepared periodically in a form which can be understood/read by the group members. In the Waso area, what is available and who provides it will often be widely known at local level. However, the range of activities is destined to increase rapidly. All the local LETS currencies within the project will have the same reference value, which will be decided with the local population.

The reference value could be the Kenyan shilling, if the Kenyan shilling were considered stable (=inflation free) enough. Or it could be based on the basis of the perceived average value of an hour's work. Or on the basis of a kilo of a local staple product. Since the local LETS currencies will have the same reference value, they can be transferable from one to another. However, not all goods and services will be transferable between the different systems, as this could lead to a drain of resources from one system to another. LETS systems work best when the financial resources remain balanced within each system. The LETS coordinators and the members will decide which goods and services are "exportable". Gypsum composites products made in group A, for instance, could be exportable to group "B". Cloth made in group "B" may be exportable to group A. Crops and vegetables not grown in one group could be importable from the others.

Assume that a gypsum composites product is sold by a group A member to a group B member. The transaction would be in local currency A. The gypsum composites producer would be credited in local currency A. The coordinator of group A would advise his counterpart in group B of the debit for the group B member and separately credit group A with the same amount in group B currency. The group B coordinator would debit the group B buyer in local currency B, and, separately, debit group B with the same amount in group A currency. Goods and services supplied by group B to group A would be registered the other way round. The group A and B coordinators then simply eliminate the respective debits and credits by pairing value units one for one.

The processes broadly follow traditional balance of payments transactions but the objective is to maintain a balance in imports and exports. A large debit balance between one LETS group and another would show resources are being transferred from one group to another. The coordinators would then have to take steps to correct the imbalance. They could, for example, temporarily extend the range of goods and services the debtor group can export to the creditor group, such as by arranging a special market.

It is a key to the success of the system that the imports and exports of each group remain balanced, their sum tending to zero.

There will be an elected local LETS coordinator in each tank commission area. The LETS coordinator will need to be litreate and will be responsible to the general LETS systems coordinator. The local coordinators will help those members unable to write/sign their cheques (or deal with other methods of payment), arrange distribution of chequebooks (or other payment forms)to the LETS users, collect the used cheques (or equivalent) deposited in the LETS POST box near the local water tank and take them to the general LETS systems coordinator for registration. The local coordinators will also display the monthly or weekly reports on the LETS NOTICE BOARD near or above the LETS POST box, advise illitreate members of their LETS balances, call a fortnightly or monthly meeting where the users can discuss the operation of their LETS system, make special requests (such as, for example, increasing the debt limit for sick members or for those making special purchases), and discuss ways to use the goods and services of those with high debts so as to help balance their trading accounts. The local coordinators will also discuss with the members selected proposals for allowing export and import of goods and services into the local LETS system and report back to the general LETS coordinator.

The first general LETS systems coordinator will be chosen by the Project Coordinator. He and the locally elected LETS coordinators will make up the LETS COMMISSION. The LETS COMMISSION will meet at least once a month to discuss particular problems and to decide on actions needed to balance the export/import accounts amongst the various local LETS currencies.

The fortnightly/monthly reports for members in each tank commission area will be published on the local LETS NOTICE board and discussed at a general meeting of the local members. The report will show, for each member, the previous balance, the current balance, the total number of plus transactions and minus transactions conducted, and list each plus and minus transaction since the previous report.

The cheque (or other transaction form used) will have two parts. Each part will have the member's name and LETS number pre-printed on it. The SELLER'S cheque is used in each transaction. The BUYERS name and system code are filled in on the cheque, with the assistance of the local coordinator where necessary, as well as a description (with LETS code) of the goods or services sold. Finally the cheque is signed by BOTH parties and deposited in the LETS post box. The amount credited to the seller must be exactly the same as that debited to the buyer.

Payments for LETS services provided by members to their communities will be debited to a special LETS code for the community. When the community debt reaches one LETS currency unit (or other agreed amount) for each member, each member will be debited with that amount. The community LETS code will then be credited by the same total amount. This system allows collective communal property to be involved in the LETS transactions. For example, the sale of wood from communal land can be registered as a credit to the LETS group involved, and then transferred from there to individual group members.

Payments for regular small transactions will usually be carried out under a coupon system.

2.4 MICRO-CREDIT STRUCTURES

The following drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal. They give an idea of what the results of the Moraisian organisational workshops setting the structures up might produce.

DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
CHART ILLUSTRATING MICRO-LOANS SCHEME
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.

The micro-credit system will be set up by the Moraisian organisation workshop conducted for the purpose.

The proposed micro-credit system will be different from those formed up till now. The loan capital repayments and longer term reserves within the project itself will be used to finance the micro-credit system. This is possible because the money is already available for multiple re-cycling, interest-free. When, at the close of the ten years' loan repayment period, the original project capital is repaid, the users will continue their monthly contributions to build up capital for system extensions and to replace the system hardware after 20-30 years. This money, which will build up to a considerable sum, also becomes available for interest-free micro-credits within the project area until it is needed.

Final repayments of blocks of micro-credits will be coordinated so that money for long term capital investment purposes (system replacement and extensions) will be available when it is needed. This way, money for the micro-credits granted is generated by the users themselves within the framework of the project and those micro-credits belong to the users. They are interest-free to ensure they continue to re-circulate within the local economy.

The Waso Cooperative Local Development Bank will charge a set fee in local LETS currency for each transaction to cover its costs and make a socially acceptable profit. Its fee will be set before the system starts working. The fee is expressed in the local LETS currencies to stop leakage of formal money from the local economy. In any case associated such as collection of payments and distribution of information will all be paid for in the local LETS currencies.

The Waso Local Cooperative Development Bank would thus become a regular member of the local LETS systems. It could, for instance, use the LETS credits it derives from its banking services to buy local products and services and distribute them outside the system in exchange for formal currency.

The purpose of the planned interest-free Micro-Credit system is to ensure that individuals or cooperatives wanting to expand their production who have no access to formal currency to pay for their capital investment can get interest-free micro-credit loans to boost the local economy. The Micro-credit system is therefore applied only to micro-project investment which needs to be made outside the local currency exchange (LETS) systems.

The pay-back time for the interest free loans will vary from case to case. Some investments will generate more goods and services that can be sold outside the local LETS currency area than others. The formal currency so earned can then be used to repay the loans. The sale of some production in the formal economy will be a condition of the granting of the Micro-Credit loan. The speed at which the formal loan currency can be recovered will determine the payback period, which could therefore be anything between a few months and a few years. The loan repayments must be realistically possible. The system is cooperative and interest free and designed to enhance the general welfare within the beneficiary communities. As with the Grameen bank systems, any person or cooperative group wanting a Micro-Loan will be expected to produce four friends who agree to be jointly and severally liable for the periodic loan repayments, and to make sure they are made on time. Since the Micro-credits are essentially self-financed by the communities through their communal funds, the funding priorities must be left to the communities themselves. This is especially so where potential conflicts of interest arise because there is not enough funding immediately available to meet all requests for assistance. Meetings to discuss members' proposals and further developments with on-going projects will become a feature of the social life of the communities. Since it is expected that many of the beneficiaries under the scheme will be women and women's groups, women will need to have full representation during such meetings. One of the basic goals of the formation of the Community Health Clubs foreseen is to use them as a launching pad to create women's groups. These groups will give women the chance to discuss their needs, develop their priorities, and make submissions during the Micro-Credit meetings. The Health Clubs should also be able to ensure that women participate en bloc at the Micro-Credit meetings.

Rules for the organisation of the Micro-Credit meetings will be set up during the workshop with the full participation of the beneficiary communities. These rules must lay down the general principles behind the system. These would, for example, include:

1) All loans are to enable the beneficiary to extend his/her income by producing more goods and services
2) The goods and services must benefit the general interests of the community and encourage exchanges under the local LETS systems.
3) Some of the goods and services must be saleable outside the LETS systems to earn formal currency to repay the micro-loan.
4) The Micro-Credit loan must promote the rapid circulation of formal money within the beneficiary communities. For example, using formal currency to build a clinic or hospital would not qualify for micro-credits because the capital invested cannot be re-circulated. On the other hand, buying equipment for testing water quality (foreseen in the project) would qualify, as the formal currency cost can be recovered by charging in formal currency for water analyses conducted for users outside the project area.
5) Special priority will be given in the first instance to micro-loans to start the collection and transport of compost, urine, and grey water, and establish the recycling centres that will collect, store, and export non-organic waste products from the project area.

2.5 THE GYPSUM COMPOSITES FACTORIES

The organisation workshops foreseen will decide where the gypsum composites production units will be constructed.

Consideration should be given to the distance of the sites from the gypsum or anhydrite deposits which will feed them. These sites will be included on the maps in Schedule 3.

The costs of locating gypsums/anhydrite deposits are covered as a separate item in the budget.

For more information on the gypsum composites technology as such refer to Schedule 6.

GYPSUM COMPOSITES.
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS.

2.6 RECYCLING STRUCTURES

The system for the collection of recycling of waste waters, urine, excreta, other organic solids, non-organic solids will be set up during Moraisian organisation workshops held for the purpose. The following is an indication of the type of structure which would be expected to emerge during the workshops.

The operations will take place under the local money LETS systems. A separate interest-free credit fund is provided in the budget for purchase of equipment which is not available locally and/or which has to be paid for in formal currency.

In principle, the equipment used should not require the consumption of imported energy (electricity, diesel, petrol etc) which causes an on-going financial leakage from the project area. Transport distances should be kept as short as possible.

The following drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.

DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM COMPOSITES

The sanitation and rubbish collection package includes the following elements:

- 1) Dry composting toilet tanks made from gypsum composites.
- 2) Toilet tanks for urine made from gypsum composites.
- 3) Grey water tanks made from gypsum composites.
- 4) Locally made compost bins for organic waste other than urine, faeces and grey water.
- 5) A system to collect and where necessary store the compost from 1) and 4), urine from 2) and grey water (from 3) of users who have no land or garden on which to recycle their own waste.
- 6) A system to collect and recycle non-organic solid waste through recycling centres.

The main principles behind the system are:

- (a) Recycling should always be done at the lowest possible level, starting with the individual user.
- (b) Recycling at a second level should also be done as late as possible during the composting cycle to reduce the volume of material handled.
- (b) The whole system should be operated within the local (LETS) currencies.
- (b) Capital investment for recycling equipment, transport and storage under 5) and 6) will be a priority for Micro-credit loans.
- (e) "Dirty" work will be better paid than "clean" work in the LETS systems, because the rate of pay will reflect the willingness of workers to do the work. Those doing unpleasant work will have an above-average income within the LETS systems so that there should be no difficulty finding people to do the work.
- (f) Waste should, as far as possible, be recycled within the project area so communities are self-sufficient and there is no leakage of formal money from the system. In particular, materials like metals, paper, plastics can often be treated at local level for use in local industries creating jobs and local value added during both treatment and production. The principle also promotes the export of re-cycled products for formal currency which will be used to repay the interest free micro-credits loans.
- (g) Lucrative job possibilities are created within the system.
- (h) Export and sale of selected non-organic solid waste through the recycling centres for formal currency so micro-credits for re-cycling operation can be repaid.
- (i) Selected non-organic solid waste products will treated locally and recycled as raw material for local artisan industries.
- (j) Interest free micro-loans for compost collectors under 5) above may need to be for a longer term than other micro-credits as most of the compost will be recycled within the local currency system. Some of the compost collection charges may have to be in formal currency or the equipment may need to be used part-time outside the LETS systems to help earn formal currency to repay the micro-credit loans.
- (k) Recycling of special industrial and medical wastes to be addressed separately.

Taking the above-mentioned 6 elements in turn:

1) DRY COMPOSTING TOILET TANKS

DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM COMPOSITES

Two gypsum composites. tanks will be needed to collect and compost faeces.

The first properly aerated composting toilet tank is used until it is more or less full. It is then sealed and allowed to compost for 9-12 months while the second toilet tank is being used. The compost in the first tank reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of soil per adult person per year, and after the 9-12 months composting period it can be safely and profitably used as soil conditioner. Were an improved evaporation system to be used, the faeces in the single tank used would be evaporated by relatively warm air circulation in the system. This process forms dry coagulated lumps that look like dry dogs' food. These residues are light and greatly reduced in volume. They can be emptied at any time over 2-3 year periods and used as soil conditioner. Users who do not want to dispose of the resultant soil conditioner themselves will hire local operators to do the work under the local LETS currency systems.

Only one toilet seat/sanplat is required for double dry-tank installations. It is simply re-installed over the empty tank when the tanks are changed.

The second tank in the two-tank system can be bought at a later phase of the project because it will not be needed for at least a year. This helps spread purchases within the LETS systems over a wider time span.

The small quantities of water in containers used by toilet users for toilet cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the dry toilet tanks.

2. URINE TANKS

The urine tanks will have to be emptied regularly unless evaporation systems are used. Wet systems are preferred because they create more value added in terms of increased garden production. Urine, with a little lime sawdust or equivalent added regularly, can be used systematically for watering plants as long as it is diluted with 10 parts of water or grey water to one part of urine, substantially increasing the productivity of the garden.

The small quantities of water in containers used by urinal users for urinal cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the urine tanks.

Users unable to re-cycle the urine from their tanks and who do not use evaporation systems will have to arrange for the urine tanks to be emptied periodically under the local LETS systems for re-cycling within the project area.

3. GREY WATER TANKS

These gypsum composites tanks will usually be near the users houses to collect waste water from normal household use. Ten parts of grey water mixed with one part of urine can also be recycled for use on gardens. It can also be recycled as it is for use on gardens.

Where appropriate, simple filter systems will be used to eliminate grease, oils, and similar from the grey water. The filtered out solids will be stored in the compost bin.

Users unable to re-cycle the grey water from their tanks will need to arrange for the tanks to be emptied periodically under the local LETS currency systems for re-cycling within the project area.

4. COMPOST BINS FOR ORGANIC HOUSE WASTE OTHER THAN FAECES, URINE, AND GREY WATER

Other organic household waste is mostly made up from kitchen refuse that has to be outside the users' houses without giving rise to unpleasant smells or attracting insects. It can usually be mixed with soil and composted in an appropriate locally made bin or tank. The compost can then be disposed of in the garden if there is one, or it can collected periodically under the LETS systems and re-cycled elsewhere in the project area.

Animals such as chickens and goats are capable of productively recycling normal kitchen refuse.

5. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND STORING COMPOST

The need for collection and the amount of composting prior to collection will depend on the living space available to users. It will therefore vary from project to project and from zone to zone.

The workers who collect, store, and re-cycle the compost will get priority micro-credits to buy the equipment they need. They will be well paid within the local currency systems to do the work which is likely to be considered less attractive than other jobs.

6. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND DISPOSAL OF NON-ORGANIC SOLID WASTE THROUGH RECYCLING CENTRES

. Recycling centres will be established on a zone basis. Users will be required to take their non-organic solid waste to their zone centre. They can also asks the recycling centre to collect their waste and pay for the service in local (LETS) currency.

The recycling centres will sort the waste and store it until there is enough to sell commercially. Some centres may specialise by buying some kinds of waste collected by other centres so as to increase the commercial volume for export. They may also treat the waste they specialise in and prepare it for use by local industry, keeping the added value within the local system.

Re-cycling centre owners will get priority for micro-credit loans to buy the equipment they need to collect, store, and treat the waste.

Useful references for composting systems and integrated recycling are:
Winblad Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency), Stockholm, 1998. ISBN 91 586 76 12 0.
Del Porto D and Steinfeld C, "The composting toilet system book", CEPP (Centre for Ecological Pollution Prevention), Massachusetts, 1999 ISBN 0-9666783-0-3
Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food security", UNDP-SIDA, Mexico 2000, ISBN 91-586-8935-4
Foo Jacky, "Integrated bio-systems: a global perspective", InFoRM (National Workshop on Integrated Food Production and Resource Management, Brisbane, 2000.

2.7 ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES, LOCALLY SUSTAINABLE BIO-MASS PRODUCTION, AND SOLAR COOKERS

DRAWING OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES STOVE

Cooking is the most energy-intensive activity in the project area. Nearly all the fuel used for the comes from bio-mass, usually wood. Inefficient use of wood for cooking has serious consequences, including health dangers, air-pollution, de-forestation and poverty, especially in the towns and larger villages.

For example, wood often has to be brought considerable distances, by trucks using imported fuel. It then has to be distributed. This wood is expensive and the money to buy it tends to leave the local economy creating a downward poverty spiral. Fuel costs are one of the biggest budget items of families in the Waso area. A bundle of firewood costs Euro 0.30, kerosene 0.50 Euro per litre, and a bag of charcoal Euro 0.30.

Local production of highly efficient stoves under local LETS systems can eliminate or at least substantially reduce the need to import wood into the project area. Under the project proposals wood will not be needed at all. The benefits of just this single project item are dramatic, including:

- halting the depletion of forests
- helping to stop erosion
-reducing the CO2 emissions
- reducing smog formation in cities
- releasing users from an unsustainable financial burden
- using (some of) the financial saving to finance this whole development project

The proposed highly efficient Gypsum composites stoves will reduce the bio-mass needed for cooking by up to 60%. The stoves will run with any kind of fuel. Importantly, the reduced bio mass needed to fuel them can be 100% locally produced, creating jobs to grow it, to make mini-briquettes for cooking and to distribute the briquettes. The production of bio-mass for cooking must not affect the production of local fertiliser for agriculture.

Gypsum composites stoves have been preferred to solar cookers (though these can always be offered as an option) because the use of solar energy for cooking does not always coincide with users' eating habits. The stoves also allow people to retain their customary cooking methods and preferred pot and pan sizes, and are better adapted to preparing traditional staple foods. They incorporate heat level control, and will allow circulation of smoke so that the heat in the smoke is utilised.

The stoves will be locally sized to suit the two or three most commonly used pots and pans. Each family will buy as many stoves as it needs and can afford using the local LETS currencies.

BIO-MASS FOR THE ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES

The high efficiency stoves burn any sort of fuel. The project provides for locally manufactured mini-briquettes to be used. The recipes for the mini-briquettes are expected to vary from one local LETS system to another and maybe from one part of a LETS system to another depending on the materials actually available and local cooking customs. The burning speed will be controlled by adding water and/or vegetable oils and/or animal fats and/or dung and/or salt. Several kinds of mini-briquettes might be available to suit the different cooking jobs.

The mini-briquettes will be made from local waste materials like straw, leaves, sticks, paper, and dung. Suitable fast-growing crops will also be planted to produce enough local bio-mass to make the mini-briquettes needed in the project area. Using the LETS currency systems, the growers will either sell the crops directly to mini-briquette manufacturers or to tradesmen equipped to treat the bio-mass to make it suitable to use in briquettes.

SOLAR COOKER PRODUCTION

Where their use is not in conflict with local eating habits, solar cookers will be built under the LETS systems for daytime cooking.

The solar cooker recipients will be made from Gypsum composites . South African technology in the public domain will be used.

2.8 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY STRUCTURES

The structures necessary for clean and sufficient drinking water supply are the ones calling for the heaviest input in terms of formal capital. The structures will be set up during the course of a Moraisain organisational workshop which will follow the formation of most of the other structures foreseen. The following indications will be subject to modifications, some of them substantial. They will, however, give an idea of the dimensions of the project.

2.8.0 Water supply and the nature of the project

Information is that water is to be found at depths between 100 and 160 meters. However, existing water sources at several of the settlement locations are shallow. For instance, at Archer's Post the water level is at 9 meters, at Ndonyo 10.2 meters, at Lerata 14 meters, at Sere Olipi 12 meters, at Kalam 10 meters, at Kilta Many 10 meters, at Merille 10 meters though this last borehole has been abandoned. Water was found at deeper heads in Loijuk Swamp (36 meters) and at a second borehole in Lerata (30.48 meters with a static level at 17.68 meters).

Wherever water levels are shallower and it is feasible to dig wells, this will however be done under the local money systems. Where water levels are deeper 8" internal diameter boreholes will be sunk. The water level in these boreholes will rise to a static level which is not expected to exceed 45 meters. The provisions in the project are therefore to be considered very prudent.

The project is about the settlement of the semi-nomadic people of Waso in centres. Women and children in particular should be able to enjoy a better quality of life there and the children to go to school. It is assumed that during part of the year the men will continue to seek pasture for their animals in the traditional way. It is expected that the people will gradually move to the centres and settle there. Water provisions will be developed step by step in accordance with the migratory movement of the population to the centres.

2.8.1 Siting of the boreholes/wells

The following drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.

DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.

Refer to maps in Schedule 3)

The wells and boreholes will be sited where the best water supply is available. Water will from there be pumped to dedicated tanks situated near users' houses. The project will start with existing houses and follow the planning of the centres with regard to the expansion of the settlements as people arrive there and build their houses.

2.8.2 Basic project specifications

2.8.2.1 LETS AREA: Waso West

2.8.2.1.01 (Lengusaka)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 1167 households, 7000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 175000 litres/day
Available water supply : None

There is also a (primary) school

Drill 5 wells or boreholes in and around Lengusaka as people settle there, starting with two boreholes.

From the boreholes in or around Lengusaka, pump a total of 180m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

Each borehole will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 200 users.
One system for the existing school
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

Each borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2800Wp ( being 28 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports placed in seven locations around the borehole
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.1 LETS AREA: Waso West

2.8.2.1.02 (Naisunyai)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 835 households, 5000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 125000 litres/day
Available water supply : None

There is also a pre-school with 73 children and a primary school with 50 children

Dig or drill 3 boreholes or wells in and around Naisunyai as people settle there, starting with two boreholes.

From the boreholes in or around Naisunyai, pump a total of 130m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

Each borehole will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 220 users.
One system for the existing schools
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

Each borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 3200Wp ( being 32 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports placed in seven locations around the borehole
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.1 LETS AREA: Waso West

2.8.2.1.03 (Remote)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 1000 households, 6000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 150000 litres/day
Available water supply : None

There is also a (primary) school

Drill 4 boreholes in and around Remote as people settle there, starting with two boreholes.

From the boreholes in or around Remote, pump a total of 155m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

Each borehole will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 220 users.
One system for the existing school
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the boreholes.

2.8.2.1 LETS AREA: Waso West

2.8.2.1.04 (Ongiroa)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 500 households, 3000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 75000 litres/day
Available water supply : None

There is also a (primary) school

Drill 2 boreholes in and around Ongiroa as people settle there, starting with one borehole.

From the boreholes in or around Ongiroa, pump a total of 80m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

Each borehole will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 230 users.
One system for the existing school
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

2.8.2.1 LETS AREA: Waso West

2.8.2.1.05 (Lpus Leluai)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 333 households, 2000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 50000 litres/day
Available water supply : None

There is also a (primary) school and a dispensary/clinic

Dig or drill 2 wells or boreholes in Lpus Leluai, starting with one well or borehole.

From the boreholes in or around Lpus Leluai, pump a total of 60m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

Each borehole will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 220 users.
One system for the existing school
Double system for the clinic
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Waso East

2.8.2.2.01 (Kitta Many)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 665 households, 4000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 100000 litres/day
Available water supply : There is one borehole in the area.

There is also a pre-school with 22 children and a primary school with 102 children

Dig or drill 2 wells or boreholes in and around Kitta Many as people settle there, starting with one.

From the boreholes in or around Kitta Many, pump a total of 105m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

Each borehole will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 260 users.
One system for the existing schools
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

Each borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 3200Wp ( being 32 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports placed in eight locations around the borehole
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Waso East

2.8.2.2.02 (Samburu Game Lodge)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 167 households, 1000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 25000 litres/day
Available water supply : None

Dig or drill 1 well or borehole in and around the centre of the projected settlement.

Pump a total of 25m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

The borehole will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

The borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1600Wp ( being 16 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports placed in four locations around the borehole
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Waso East

2.8.2.1.03 (Archer's Post)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 1500 households, 9000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 225000 litres/day
Available water supply : There is one borehole in the area.

There is also a pre-school with 533 children, a primary school with 1233 children, and a secondary school with 92 students..

There is a clinic

Dig 6 wells in and around Archers' Post as people settle there, starting with three.

From the wells pump a total of 250m3 of water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

Each well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 214 users.
One system for each of the existing schools (assumed to be four)

A double independent system for the clinic Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

Each well equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 3200Wp ( being 32 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports placed in eight locations around the borehole
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Waso East

2.8.2.2.04 (Wakwamor)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 83 households, 500 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 12500 litres/day
Available water supply : None

Dig 1 well in Wakwamor.

From the well pump a total of 12.5m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

The borehole will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 800Wp ( being 8 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports placed in two locations around the well
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Waso East

2.8.2.2.05 (Mpasion)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 83 households, 500 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 12500 litres/day
Available water supply : None

Dig 1 well in Mpasion.

From the well pump a total of 12.5m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

The borehole will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

Each well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 800Wp ( being 8 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports placed in seven locations around the well
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Waso East

2.8.2.2.02 (Laresovo)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 167 households, 1000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 25000 litres/day
Available water supply : None
There is a primary school.

Dig or drill 1 borehole in and around the centre of the projected settlement.

From the well borehole, pump a total of 30m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

The well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
One pump system dedicated to the school.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2000Wp ( being 20 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports placed in five locations around the borehole
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Waso East

2.8.2.2.07 (Kalama)

Digl 1 well in and around the centre of the projected settlement.

From the well pump a total of 30m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

The borehole will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
One pump system dedicated to the schools.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

The well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2000Wp ( being 20 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports placed in four locations around the borehole
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Waso East

2.8.2.1.08 (Lerata)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 333 households, 2000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 50000 litres/day
Available water supply : There is one borehole already available.

There are also a pre-school with 22 children, a primary school with 53 children, and a dispensary/clinic

Dig or drill 2 wells or boreholes in and around Lerata as people settle there, starting with one well or borehole.

From the wells or boreholes in or around Lerata, pump a total of 60m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

Each well or borehole will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 220 users.
One system for the existing schools
Double system for the clinic
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

Each borehole system equipped with:
The borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2400Wp ( being 24 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports placed in seven locations around the borehole
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.2 LETS AREA: Waso East

2.8.2.1.09 (Losesia)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 333 households, 2000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 50000 litres/day
Available water supply : None

Dig or drill 1 wells or boreholes in and around Losesia as people settle there.

From the well or borehole pump a total of 50m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

Each borehole will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well or borehole.

The well or borehole system equipped with:
The well or borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 3200Wp ( being 32 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports placed in eight locations around the borehole
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.3 LETS AREA: Sere Olipi

2.8.2.3.01 (Kaure)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 167 households, 1000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 25000 litres/day
Available water supply : None

Dig or drill 1 borehole in and around the centre of the projected settlement.

From the well or borehole, pump a total of 25m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

The borehole will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

The well or borehole system equipped with:
The well or borehole itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1600Wp ( being 16 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports placed in four locations around the borehole
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.3 LETS AREA: Sere Olipi

2.8.2.3.02 (Sere Olipi)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 500 households, 3000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 75000 litres/day
Available water supply : There is one borehole
There are also a pre-school with 35 children, a primary school with 266 children, and also a clinic

Dig 2 wells in and around the centre of the projected settlement, starting with one.

Pump a total of 85m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

Each well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 230 users.

One system dedicated to the schools
A double system dedicated to the clinic
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the boreholes.

Each well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 3200Wp ( being 32 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Eight tanks on tank supports placed in seven locations around the borehole
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.2.3 LETS AREA: Sere Olipi

2.8.2.3.03 (Merille)

Drill 2 wells in and around the centre of the projected settlement, starting with one.

Pump a total of 85m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

Each well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 230 users.

One system dedicated to the school
A double system dedicated to the clinic
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the boreholes.

2.8.2.3 LETS AREA: Sere Olipi

2.8.2.3.04 (Ladasait)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 167 households, 1000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 25000 litres/day
Available water supply : None

Dig or drill 1 well or borehole in and around the centre of the projected settlement.

From the well or borehole, pump a total of 25m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

The well or borehole will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.

Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the borehole.

2.8.2.3 LETS AREA: Sere Olipi

2.8.2.1.05 (Ndonyo Uasin)

Expected future number of inhabitants : 1000 households, 6000 population.
Present number of inhabitants: ?????
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 150000 litres/day
Available water supply : One borehole

There are also a a pre-school with 191 children, a primary school with 87 children and a clinic

Dig 4 wells in and around Ndonyo Uasin as people settle there, starting with two wells.

From the wells, pump a total of 160m3 water per day, starting with enough water to supply the existing population plus 50%.

Each well will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 240 users.
One system for the existing schools

Double independent pump system for the clinic
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the wells.

Each well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2800Wp ( being 28 x 100Wp panels) and supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports placed in seven locations around the well
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage

2.8.3. Summary of water supply

Zone	Place	Population	M3/day	Bores	Solar Pumps	Hand Pumps	Watts installed
01.01	Lengusaka	07000	0180	05	035	015	14000
01.02	Naisuniai	05000	0130	03	024	009	9600
01.03	Remote	06000	0155	04	028	012	11200
01.04	Ongiroa	03000	0080	02	014	006	05600
01.05	Lpus Leluai	02000	0060	02	012	006	04800

01.00	Waso West	23000	0605	16	113	048	45200

02.01	Kitta Man	04000	0105	02	016	006	06400
02.02	Samburu Lodge	01000	0025	01	004	003	01600
02.03	Archer's Post	09000	0250	06	048	018	19200
02.04	Wakwamor	00500	0012	01	002	003	00800
02.05	Mpasion	00500	0013	01	002	003	00800
02.06	Laresovo	01000	0030	01	005	003	02000
02.07	Kalama	01000	0030	01	005	003	02000
02.08	Lerata	02000	0060	02	012	006	04800
02.09	Losesia	02000	0050	01	008	003	03200

02.00	East Waso	21000	0575	16	102	048	40800

03.01	Kaure	01000	0025	01	004	003	01600
03.02	Sere Olipi	03000	0085	02	016	006	06400
03.03	Merille	03000	0085	02	016	006	06400
03.04	Ladasait	01000	0025	01	004	003	01600
03.05	Ndonyo Uasin	06000	0160	04	028	012	11200

03.00	Sere Olipi	14000	0380	10	058	028	27200

Total	Project	58000	1560	42	273	124	113200

Inhabitants : 58000
Wells and boreholes : 42
Litres/day : 1.560.000
Solar pumps : 273
Hand pumps : 124
Installed photovoltaic power: 113.2 KW
Water tanks with capacity 15m3 273
About 1500km water pipes.

2.8.4 Principles for siting water supply structures

The possibility of using existing wells and boreholes in the villages will be studied during phase 2. New wells and boreholes have to be dug or drilled and lined. They should be sited as close as possible to the users. The water then has to be pumped through pipelines from the wells/boreholes to above-ground tanks situated near the users' houses, so that no-one need go more than 150m from home to fetch water.

The solar pumps are capable of carrying water under pressure over several kilometers. Multiple small high-efficiency pumps in place of larger (but much less efficient) ones are proposed to guarantee a safe constant water supply. If one pump needs maintenance, or if one water pipeline is accidentally damaged, the other pumps continue working.

Taking the Waso project area into account, water not expected to be very deep. Many people still get their water exclusively from traditional sources.

Backup hand-pumps will be used to support the solar pumps..

2.8.5 Well linings

Wells and boreholes will have a large diameter up to 10", so that several pumps can go down the same borehole, consistent with their capacity.

Boreholes and wells must be well protected against soil instability, using linings locally made in a Gypsum composites factory. Gypsum composites production units are an integral part of the project. The boreholes and wells must be sealed so that surface water cannot flow backl. Hand-pumps and platforms must be built so that the users' feet remain dry and never come in contact with water. Access to the hand-pumps/wells and to the water tanks must always be dry. For instance, shingle or similar materials can be used so that users' feet always remain dry.

The layout of a typical water installation is shown in:

DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.

2.8.6 Equipment at water points near the users' houses

The solar pumps pump water from the wells to the various water points (tanks) near to the users' houses. The chosen pumps can easily transport the water for several kilometers from the wells to the water tanks through polyethylene pipelines.

The above-ground tanks will each have a capacity large enough for three days' water for the community to which they are dedicated. Back-up hand-pump systems will also be available at the well sites in case of need.

The water in the tanks at schools and clinics will be purified using ultraviolet solar purification units should suitable technology be available at the moment of installation. Water purification can be extended to other community supply tanks at a later stage of the project. The water tanks will be fitted with double stainless steel ball valve sets. The ground surface at the water points will be laid with shingle and kept dry so that the users' feet always remain dry. A sink-pit with stones and shingle will be used to drain any spill water. The tanks will be made locally from Gypsum composites

2.8.7 Budget items relating to the water supply structures

The final budget figure for the drinking water supply structures will be prepared during the organisational workshop.

The indicative budget includes the following items, expressed in Euro. Together they generally represent about 46% of the project's formal currency capital goods investments.

Description	Amount in Euro
Organisation workshop	25.000
Setting up the basic structures	32.000
Vehicles and materials	150.000
Drilling and lining of boreholes/wells	300.000
Local labour for boreholes	pro-memorium
Washing places (LETS)	pro-memorium
Hand-pump platforms (LETS)	pro-memorium
Solar pumps (273)	267.000
Panel supports (273)(LETS)	75.000
PV panels (113.2 kwp)	396.800
Hand-pumps (177) partly from Gypsum composites	80.000
Cable and pipes for pumps/wells	148.000
Feed pipe to water tanks (km150)	100.000
Labour to lay feed pipes (LETS)	pro-memorium
Water tanks 273 (mostly LETS)	60.000
Tank bases 273 (mostly LETS)	30.000
Preparation maintenance operators	15.000
Initial stock of spare parts	20.000
Permits and formalities	1.000
Preparation of specifications	6.000

Total (about 43% of the total project cost)	1.705.800

Funds eventually not used will be added to project reserves and circulated in the form of interest-free micro-credits to increase local productivity. For example, certain materials and equipment may be locally available.

The workshop may take the following aspects into consideration:

2.8.7.1 Establishing base camp and stores
$ 32.000

2.8.7.2 Forming the supervisory team for wells and drilling

Personnel : team made up of 6 people
-Team leader brigade
-2 x drivers/mechanics
-3 x part-time workers

2.8.7.3 Assemble well work groups

Personnel : 4 teams each with 7 men:
-Group leader
-Lining worker
-5 labourers

2.8.7.4 Materials to be written off over the period of the interest-free loan (this is subject to review when more information on water depth and the need to drill boreholes is available. Some of these funds may be transferable to help cover the costs of drilling.

8.7.4.1.01 Truck 7 ton
4.1.02 (Toyota???) double cabin 4x4
4.1.03 Equipement de perforation
4.1.04 generator
4.1.05 welding group
4.1.06 Compressor
4.1.07 air pressure pumps
4.1.08 hydraulic hammers
4.1.09 heads for hammers
4.1.10 lengths 20m pipe dia.25mm
4.1.11 lengths 20m pipe diam.19mm
4.1.12 Vibration head diam.
4.1.13 Motor for 4.12
4.1.14 winches
4.1.15 Containers 50 litre
4.1.16 Forms
4.1.17 Tools
4.1.18 Cutting group
4.1.19 Form for platforms

Reserve 7.4.1 vehicles and equipment Euro 150.000

2.8.7.4.2 Cost materials

4.2.1 Gypsum composites/anhydrite
4.2.2 Steel (????)
4.2.3 Sand and shingle
4.2.4 Wood and various

Reserve materials 7.4.2 Euro 60.000

2.8.7.5 WELL/BOREHOLE CONSTRUCTION (15 MONTHS)

2.8.7.5.1 Works
-Boreholes at least 8" internal diameter
-Hand dug wells indicatively diam.ext. 2m diam.int.1.8m.
-Linings
-Well platform 0.5m high as per drawings

2.8.7.5.2 Personnel and fuel
5.2.01 Head of brigade
5.2.02 4 x group leaders
5.2.03 4 x lining workers
5.2.04 20x labourers
5.2.05 2 x drivers/mechanics
5.2.06 3xpart-time labourers
5.2.07 Diesel for truck 100km/day
5.2.08 Diesel for compressor
5.2.09 Petrol for (Toyota???) 150km/day
5.2.10 Fuel for drilling equipment
5.2.11 Unforeseen

2.8.7.5.3 Drilling

Drilling operations will be let out to local operators from the Samburu County.

Forecast group 7.5 Euro 300.000

2.8.7.6 BUILDING OF ABOUT 42 PLATFORMS FOR HAND-PUMPS

6.1 The platforms can be sited next to the wells since the chosen hand-pumps work with bends in the feed pipe (See drawing in Schedule 5)

6.2 Material necessary :
-2.25m3 Gypsum composites
-Piece of polyethylene other pipe for drainage to sink pit.
-Stones for sink pit.
-Access to the hand-pumps and the platform areas shall be laid out with shingle paths so that the users feet do not get wet.

6.3 Both the platforms themselves and the labour will fall under the local money LETS systems

2.8.7.7 BUILDING OF ABOUT 42 WASHING PLACES

7.1 The washing places will be placed near the wells. No decision has been taken as to whether the water for the washing places is to come from the hand-pumps or whether solar pumps with tanks be installed for the purpose. The washing places must meet hygiene criteria with:

7.2 Hygienic drainage of water to a sink pit or to gardens
7.3 Surfaces hygienic and easy to keep clean
7.4 No contact between users feet and water on the ground or water on or around the washing place.

The washing places will be built and installed under the local money LETS systems

2.8.7.8 AREAS AROUND THE WELLS and BOREHOLES

8.1 The area around the wellsand boreholes must be well protected against unauthorised access by persons and access by animals.

8.2 The wells and boreholes themselves must be completely sealed off against insects and anything that could cause contamination of the water.
8.3 Access to the PV panels should not be permitted. Fences and/or other protection must be used. In connection with the risk of theft, the panels should always be under the supervision of members of the well commissions.
8.4 Invidual PV panels will be fitted with a "chip" enabling recovery in case of theft. The glass of the panels will be engraved in the centre with the name of the project to further discourage theft.

2.8.7.9 LAYING OF PIPELINES TO THE TANK INSTALLATIONS

9.1 From each well and borehole about 4-9 hygienic pipelines will be laid to the tanks situated near the homes of the users. In some cases these pipelines may be several kilometers long. The various separate pipelines will run through a common shallow trench for as far as possible, and then branch off each pipeline in a separate shallow trench over the last few hundred meters to its dedicated tank installation. A few extra lengths of pipeline can be laid in the common sections of trench for use should installations later be changed or in case of damage to a pipeline in use. Obstacles such as roads and rivers are to be avoided. In case of risk that a trench be crossed by vehicles, appropriate protection for the pipelines shall be used.

9.2 The trenches can be dug by the users themselves against payment of the normal standard local money daily rate for such work.

9.3 Costs
9.3.1 Pipelines
9.3.2 Double rapid couplings
9.3.3 Protection materials

Total costs 7.9 of pipelines Euro 32.500

2.8.7.10 INSTALLATION OF TANKS(ABOUT 273 x 15.000 LITRES)

Cheaper and better alternatives to concrete tanks will be used. These will be spherical tanks made from (hygienic) Gypsum composites , made locally in a factory to be set up within the project itself. The tanks will be placed on solid supports. Each tank will be fitted with two sets of stainless steel two ball valves. The combination of spherical tanks and supports will offer resistance to all foreseeable weather conditions.

10.1 Costs of tanks
10.1 273 x 15.000 litre tanks reserve Euro 30.000
10.2 273 x tank supports reserve Euro 15.000
10.3 546 x 1" stainless steel ball valves Euro 15.000
10.4 A few drainage pipes
10.5 Shingle for sink pits and paths

Total costs 7.10 tank installations Euro 60.000

2.8.7.11 INSTALLATION OF SOLAR- AND HAND-PUMPS

11.1 Costs

2.8.7.11.01	About 124 hand-pumps to be built partially under LETS systems	80.000
2.8.7.11.02	About 10000m polyethylene 1 1/4" 16 bar feed-pipe for hand-pumps	14.000
2.8.7.11.03	About 10000m safety rope for pumps	4.000
2.8.7.11.04	Double rapid couplings	1.000
2.8.7.11.05	Electric cable	42.000
2.8.7.11.06	Reserve accessories	10.000
2.8.7.11.07	Stock of spare parts for hand pumps	8.000
2.8.7.11.08	About 273 solar pumps	267.000
2.8.7.11.09	About 50000m polyethylene high pressure pipe diam. 26mm ext/19mm	32.500
2.8.7.11.10	Spare parts for solar pumps	12.000
2.8.7.11.11	External transport	15.000
2.8.7.11.12	Inland transport	10.000
2.8.7.11.12	Supervision installation	15.000

Total cost 11.1 Installation solar-and hand pumps Euro 510.500

2.8.7.12 INSTALLATION OF PV PANELS

7.12.1 About 273 panel arrays of 48V 4 x 100Wp in series
12.1.1 About 113.200Wp (with marked glass and chips) Euro 396.800
12.1.2 Panel supports Euro 75.000

The following aspects concerning panels supports have to be decided:
-a) can they be made locally?
-b) will each group have its own support?
-c) which type of support?

12.2 External transport panels Euro 15.000
12.3 Local transport panels Euro 12.500

Total cost 2.8.7.12 Installation of panels Euro 498.800

2.8.7.13 INSTALLATION OF UV WATER PURIFICATION UNITS (SCHOOLS AND CLINICS)

13.1 The water is clean when it reaches the tank installations. The reason for the tank installations is that the following must be taken into account:
-a) Users need water to be available 24 hours per day.
-b) A water reserve must slowly be built up in case of bad weather (three days).
-c) The capacity of the tanks must be in line with the capacity of the pumps.
-d) If water is kept in the Waso area in a tank for several days, however well protected against infection it is, steps should be taken to ensure it stays clean. UV purification systems are therefore foreseen for schools and clinics within the framework of phase 3 of the project. If sufficient finance is available, similar protection can be used in the other tank installations in phase 3, otherwise it can be installed (under an eventual phase 4) later on.

Water purification technology is still under development. This section is subject to the availability of mature technology at the time the installation.

Reserve 2.8.7.13 during phase 4 Euro 25.000

2.8.7.14 TRAINING OF MAINTENANCE OPERATOR AND ASSISTANT

Training will be carried out during the Water Supply workshop

2.8.7.15 COMMISSIONING OF WORKS

15.1 Every well group with associated +/- 6-9 tank installations will be handed over to the well and tanks commissions after payment of the users contributions for the first month. The system remains the property of the project until the loans have been repaid. On completion of loan repayment:
- property in the wells, hand-pumps, washing areas, and PV enclosures passes to the well commissions.
- property in the dedicated PV arrays, PV pumps, pipelines and tank installations pass to the tank commissions.

2.8.7.16 HEALTH ASPECTS CONCERNING USE OF WATER

The organisational workshops will establish a network for the systematic control of water quality. The following are some possible indications:

16.1 Organising systematic water sampling to keep a close check on water quality in the wells and in the tank installations.
16.2 Hygiene education. Cooperation through the established Health Clubs with locally operating health workers and the Regional Department of Health to spread information and training of the users in the correct use of clean household utensils, washing of hands before eating.
16.3 Equipment for water testing will be supplied to one of the local clinics and paid for by the users on condition that water testing within the project area be carried out free of charge.
16.4 Organisation of regular water sampling
16.5 Water testing programme
16.6 Hygiene education courses in schools
16.7 Rules concerning special industrial and medical waste products

2.9 PV LIGHTING, TELEVISION AND REFRIGERATION

2.9.1 INSTALLATION OF 273 PV LIGHTING SYSTEMS FOR STUDY

The project provides for PV powered lighting for study purposes in each of the 267 or so tank localities included in the project. Few of the areas will have a suitable study room so suitable rooms will have to be built to qualify for the PV lighting. Study rooms will be built under the LETS local currency system, and each of the LETS members in that tank area would be debited for his/her share of the building cost. As an incentive to build study rooms, the costs of the PV lighting have been included in the general project costs. Over time, all 267 tank area groups may see fit to provide study areas for their students. The tank commissions will be responsible for PV lighting in their area. Some may wish to install a PV powered television set for educational use as well. However, there are practical problems in managing TV sets, and these will need further discussion when the project is being finalised.

PV lighting and/or PV refrigeration facilities for clinics within the project area would also be the responsibility of the tank commissions where the clinics are located. The situation concerning schools or clinics outside the project area serving in part users living within the project area presents practical problems which will need to be discussed case by case when the project is finalised.

PV lighting or power sources needed for production will be financed on a case by case basis using micro-credit loans.

Financing PV lighting or power sources for (home) systems not used for production can be negotiated between individual users and the Local Bank when those users have enough income to meet the extra cost. The terms of the hire-purchase loan and lease agreements for Solar Home Systems will be agreed with the local bank before the project starts. Terry Manning will supply the SHS systems.

2.9.1 Cost of equipment
2.9.2 Cost of installation (will be done under the LETS systems)

Total cost Euro 200.000

The project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and maintenance in the clinics under the local money LETS system.

2.9.2 INSTALLATION OF PV LIGHTING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS IN CLINICS

Sixteen clinics and health centres have been included within the project area, each having one refrigerator for vaccines.

A budget of Euro 5.000 has been allowed for lighting and another Euro 5.000 for refrigeration in each clinic.

Total budget 4.2 PV lighting and refrigeration in clinics: Euro 50.000

Cases where clinics outside the project area serve users inside the project area are mentioned pro-memorium and will need to be discussed on a case by case basis.

2.9.3 INSTALLATION OF PV LIGHTING IN SCHOOLS

There are some pre-schools, primary schools and one secondary school listed in the project area. Evening classes are net held. It is assumed that as the project progresses, the schools will be used for evening classes. The project therefore foresees provision of two PV lighting systems for each of the schools in the project area.

An amount of Euro 38.000 has been reserved for this purpose.

2.9.4 INSTALLATION OF SOLAR UV WATER PURIFICATION IN EACH TANK

Up to 273 tanks could be involved. In case of contamination of water in a tank, especially where this occurs systematically, supplementary steps will be needed to ensure the purification of the water. Various technologies are currently under development, from filtration systems susceptible to local manufacture to more complex and relatively expensive systems operating with ultra-violet rays which have to be imported into the project area.

In cases of contamination, means must be found to keep the water safe. A limited reserve for Euro 68.500 has been set aside in the budget. The purpose of the project is to await the results of technological developments as long as possible before acting. How this money will be spent will also depend on the outcome of the tests conducted with the installations in schools and clinics. In the meantime the funds will be made available for interest-free micro loans.

2.9.5 INSTALLATION OF PV TELEVISION SETS FOR STUDY

This is listed pro-memorium for further discussion as there are some practical problems with the use of TV sets.

In principle the tank commission can approve the installation of a PV operated TV system (FOR STUDY PURPOSES) provided:
a) A study room has been built and correctly protected against weather, dust, and theft
b) Sufficient didactic material is available in the local language to justify the installation of a TV set.
c) Warranty is given that the TV set not be "confiscated" for purposes of "comfort" for group vision of commercial TV programmes.

The funds necessary for the installation in good faith of TV equipment will be transferred from the project reserves.

2.10 REFORESTATION AND WATER HARVESTING

2.10.1 REFORESTATION AND EROSION PROBLEMS

These will be analysed project by project. Measures needed to combat erosion in the project area are expected to be taken within the local currency (LETS)systems. They can take the form of protection of forests by way of reduction of wood requirements for cooking purposes. They can also take the form of concerted management and repopulation of existing forests within the framework of a separate organisational workshop.

In most projects, nurseries for the cultivation of plants will be set up under the interest-free micro-credits systems within the local money systems. Some of the plants grown, especially those of local origin, could be made available for anti-erosion campaigns which can be conducted entirely under the local money systems.

2.10.2 NOTES ON RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS

This project does not cover the many possibilities offered by efficient rain-water harvesting. Instead, it assumes rainwater harvesting systems will be developed in each project as a natural extension of economic activity in the area.

Rain-water is harvested both for irrigation and for drinking water. Some form of purification system is needed when it is used for drinking water as the water may come into contact with dirty surfaces and may need to be stored for quite long periods. Purification needs systematic technology application and careful management. The effects can be disastrous if these things are overlooked. That is why clean water from closed wells and boreholes has been preferred to harvested rain-water in this project.

The solar powered drinking water systems foreseen in this model project offer a limited capacity suitable for human consumption, small animals and small scale drip irrigation applied to high value cash crops. The project does not include water for irrigation and general agriculture for which the use of solar energy, taking into account the cost of PV panels and/or wind generators into account, is still relatively uneconomic.

Rain-water harvesting offers the possibility of providing a water supply suitable for agriculture. The use of Gypsum composites water tanks and reservoirs made under the (LETS) systems means that users do not actually need to have any "money" to start and gradually expand their own rain-water harvesting systems. The tanks can be gravity fed off roofs and/or slopes and/or road surfaces. This water would also be used for personal hygiene such as showers, and for the washing of clothes.

Sloping of surfaces

Surfaces such roofs, roads, squares need to be gently sloped so that water can run along gutters or other channelling material to one or more water collection points. The channelling materials used should be locally made (from Gypsum composites or from clay) to avoid financial leakage from the project area. In any case PVC must not be used. The collection surface(s) should be kept as clean as possible. Contamination of the surface by animals and waste products should where possible be avoided. Green or "living" roofs are ideal for rainwater harvesting. The number of water collection points will depend on the surface being drained and the maximum intensity of the rainfall. Purely indicatively one collection point should serve about 40m2 or 300 square feet.

Filtering

The harvested water is intended for general household use and not for drinking. Should it be required for drinking purposes it must be boiled. Chlorination and other types of water treatment should be avoided except where the water in the rainwater tank is the only source of water available and it is known to be, or there is a reasonable risk that it be, bacterially infected. Even then treatment should only be carried out by a specialist.

The harvested water should however be filtered to keep organic materials, solids and particles in suspension out. This can be done is two phases:
a) At the collection point, with a fine metal grate together, eventually, with a suitable sponge-like material at the top of the down-water pipe.
b) Above the water tank, where the water can pass through a Gypsum composites or other container (but not PVC!) filled with (locally available) shingle, sand, and charcoal.

The size of the filters will depend from case to case according to the maximum amount of flow reasonably foreseeable.

Down-water pipes

Their size will depend on the maximum amount of flow reasonable foreseeable, but will typically have an internal diameter from 3" to 6". Their length will depend on where the water tank is situated. They should be as short as possible. Where they are exposed to the suns rays, the pipes must be resistant to them. Where possible the pipes should be made from locally available materials and supplied within the local LETS money systems. Do NOT use PVC material.

Water tanks

Where possible, the water tanks should be sealed and placed just under the roof, from where they can be gravity fed through pipes to outlet points in or around the house. Recipients can also be placed on a stand between roof level and floor level, so that gravity feeding is still possible. Where neither of these is feasible, ground level recipients can be used. This usually involves the use of lids, ladles, buckets and similar which may not be hygienic and the risk of infection and access by animals and insects is increased. Ground level tanks also occupy extra space.

The water tanks will normally be spherical in shape and made locally under the LETS systems from Gypsum composites. Where they are esthetical in appearance and design, their position is irrelevant.

2.11 THE PROJECT AND THE FUTURE SAMBURU NATIONAL PARK

The future Samburu National park is in the project area. It is under the direct management of the Ministry for the Environment.

The possibilities of correct management and active conservation actives of this National Park, which has inestimable ecological value in the interests of future generations is however seriously endangered because of lack of formal money funds.

There are interesting margins for productive cooperation between the inhabitants of Waso, through the various structures created by the project, and the administration of the park to ensure the development and the fully sustainable exploitation of the park.

Should, for example, the Administration of the Park become a member of the local money systems set up, the Administration can use local labour without any need for formal currency (Kenyan shillings) for many services and activities, including for example, maintenance, planting, park wardens, guides, conservation of animals and flora, and infrastructure construction. There is a possibility that, one request of the administration and the agreement of the inhabitants, photovoltaic water pumping structures be placed in the park to supply water to the wild animals there.

The costs (expressed in LETS system debits) to the charge of the Park Administration for these services could be discharged through careful management of the resources of the Park. Examples are the sale of wood, meat, commercial licences etc to the local population.

2.12 THE PROJECT AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES

2.12.1 Pre-schools and primary schools

It is not the purpose of this Model that the various project applications substitute the states obligations for the supply of proper scholastic structures in the project areas, except for safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, and, eventually PV lighting for evening classes.

Formal currency investments in school structures are not susceptible to the rapid interest-free re-cycling at the basis of self-financing development projects.

Where, however, local school systems are mostly to the charge of the parents and there is an acute lack of:

a) Building infrastructure
b) School furniture
c) Didactic material
d) Teachers

it may in some cases be possible to improve circumstances under the project by taking advantage of the possibilities offered by:

a) The local tank commissions
b) The local money LETS systems
c) The local Gypsum composites factories

In practice any goods and services which are locally available can be paid for under the local money systems. These goods and services can include:

a) Gypsum composites elements, including load bearing structures, for school buildings
b) Gypsum composites school furniture
c) Services of teachers willing to work under the local money systems with salaries paid in the local LETS points
d) Reproduction of didactic material through PV television systems and/or through documentary reproduction by local consultants set up under the micro-credit systems.

Groups of parents and or groups of tank commissions can take initiatives under the local money systems and distribute their costs (expressed in LETS points) amongst the groups directly involved. In this sense the groups involved can be registered under the LETS systems in the same way as clubs or other social groupings.

2.12.2 Schools for trades

The people in the project area have indicated there is a pressing need for one or more schools in the area where young people can learn trades when they leave school.

The comments made under 2.12.1 in connection with pre-schools and primary schools apply also to Polytechnic structures where young people can learn trades.

The project cannot substitute the national government for its obligation to educate its citizens. Some school structures can be built under the local money systems. Some teachers (including local tradesmen and craftsmen) may be willing to give lessons under the local money systems. A small reserve has therefore been set aside for the purchase for a such a school of equipment which necessarily has to be purchased in formal currency. An application will be made to the Department of Education of the State of Kenya to contribute the remaining formal currency costs.

2.13 THE LOCAL RADIO STATION

The establishment of a local radio station is an integral part of the project. The station is a part of the management of communications concerning the project. Radio is an excellent way to spread information on the project developments and the management of the structures set up. It also enables users to discuss initiatives taken and to be taken, and to express their criticisms. It can also become a vehicle for local commerce.

The station will have two transmitters one placed in Kitta Han and one in Sere Olipi so as to limit the transmission radius. A PV operated station may be preferred to one running on "imported" electricity, as this increases the autonomy of the station and reduces long term financial leakage from the project area.

The management of the station will be completely autonomous.

Without influencing this independence in any way, the programme could indicatively comprise the following elements:

(a) Transmission of information on project activities (news bulletins)
- Convocation of meetings for structures (tanks commissions, LETS systems etc)
- Information on decisions taken during meetings
- Information on progress made with the installation/setting up of the various structures
- Information of interest-free micro-credits conceded

(b) Transmissions by interest groups
- Initiatives the groups wish to take
- Information on initiatives under way

(d) Emergency services

(e) Promotion of the project towards the outside.

FINANCING

The setting up of the station is covered by a separate item in the indicative balance sheet.

The workshop must decide how the station reimburse this interest-free credit.

- Work is carried out under the local LETS money systems - Expenses in formal currency (electricity?, equipment and the costs of running it) would need to be paid back over 3 or 4 years. How:
-a) Collection of a small (formal currency) contribution at household level?
-b) Payments for services rendered to people living in the areas surrounding the project area
- c) Advertising by producers in the project area towards people living in the surrounding areas

2.14 WATER HARVESTING FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE

Arid conditions with a very low rainfall dominate the project area. Numerous water courses form in spacious catchment areas during the rainy season, often because of the limited capacity of the dry sandy soils to absorb rainwater when it does fall.

For health reasons, and loss through evaporation, harvesting part of this water in open ponds and reservoirs is not considered a valid option. An alternative is creating underground water storage facilities in or near river and stream beds for use for value cash crops during the dry season.

These storage facilities are of special interest to the local people. They will be placed in the vicinity of inhabited centres for small scale gravity drip irrigation of cultivated plots. Based on a water supply of 20m3 per day per hectare, water storage needed for a dry period of 200 days amounts to 40000m3 per hectare. Assuming each family cultivate an average area of 500m2, each hectare will contain gardens for 20 families.

Requirements are therefore :

Waso West

Town	Hectares	Water m3
Lengusaka (1167 families)	58	2.320.000
Naisunyai (835 families)	42	1.680.000
Remote (1000 families)	50	2.000.000
Ongiroa (500 families)	25	1.000.000
Lpus Leluai (333 families)	17	680.000

Waso West 3835 families	192	7.680.000

Waso East

Town	Hectares	Water m3
Kitta Many (665 families)	33	1.320.000
Samburu Lodge (167 families)	8	320.000
Archer's Post (1500 families)	75	3.000.000
Wakawamor (83 families)	4	160.000
Mpasion(83 families)	4	160.000
Laresovo (167 families)	8	320.000
Kalama (167 families)	8	320.000
Lerata (333 families)	16	640.000
Losesia (333 families)	16	640.000

Waso East 3498 families	175	7.000.000

Sere Olipi

Town	Hectares	Water m3
Kaure (167 families)	8	320.000
Sere Olipi(500 families)	25	1.000.000
Merille(500 families)	25	1.000.000
Ladasait (167 families)	8	320.000
Ndonyo Uasin(1000 families)	50	2.000.000

Sere Olipi 2334 families	116	4.640.000

The total amount of water to be stored is therefore 19.320.000m3. To show the size of the task, this represents an area of approximately 10km2 to a depth of 2 meters.

While most of the costs of constructing the tanks are expected to be covered under the local money systems, a limited reserve has been set up to meet imported costs eventually involved.

The tanks will become the property of the well commissions in whose area they are built.

LIST OF SUPPORTING SCHEDULES

The project in detail
Schedule 2: Information on Clodomir Santos de Morais and the Organisational Workshops:
BIBLIOGRAPHY ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS
BASIC INFORMATION
Schedule 3: Project maps.
Schedule 4: Solar submersible horizontal axis piston pumps.
Schedule 5: Spring rebound inertia hand pumps
Schedule 6: Gypsum composites technology:
NOTES ON GYPSUM COMPOSITES: General description of the Gypsum composites technology
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS: More information and an example of a more advanced application.
Schedule 7: Health Clubs courses.
Schedule 8: Information on LETS local money systems
Schedule 9: A list of 25 progressive steps for development
Schedule 10: Material for presentations using transparents or Powerpoint
Schedule 11: NGO Paran : Statutes and information
Curriculum of Peter Gatuna

LINKS

MATERIAL FOR PRESENTATIONS USING TRANSPARENTS OR POWERPOINT
The Role of Micro-credit in integrated self-financing development projects
Water supply issues in self-financing integrated development projects for poverty alleviation
PV AND BIOMASS ASPECTS AND THEIR FINANCING
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN ENGLISH

ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS

The authors express their thanks to the following persons who made very useful suggestions incorporated in the original model project:

In alphabetical order:

Mr L.F.Manning, New Zealand, who also painstakingly re-edited the early drafts of the Model
Mr Taake Manning, Netherlands
Mr Eric Meuleman, of EOS Advises, Netherlands
Mrs Juliet Waterkeyn, of Zimbabwe AHEAD, Zimbabwe

Project:

Maps of the Waso project area.

The Waso project.

STICHTING BAKENS VERZET

1018 AM AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS

WASO INTEGRATED SELF-FINANCING RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

NEW HORIZONS FOR WASO

SAMBURU DISTRICT,KENYA

INCORPORATING LETS AND COMMUNITY BANKING

PREPARED FOR THE NGO "PARAN INTEGRATED PROGRAMME", ARCHER'S POST, KENYA

PETER GATUNA, READING, ENGLAND

T.E.MANNING, CONSULTANT, WIERINGERWERF, THE NETHERLANDS

SCHEDULE 01 : THE PROJECT IN MORE DETAIL

CONTENTS

SCHEDULE 1

THE PROJECT IN DETAIL

1. Justification of the project

2. Cooperation of the local people

2.1 HEALTH CLUBS AND HYGIENE EDUCATION

2.2 SOCIAL STRUCTURES

2.3 LOCAL MONEY LETS STRUCTURES

2.4 MICRO-CREDIT STRUCTURES

2.5 THE GYPSUM COMPOSITES FACTORIES

2.6 RECYCLING STRUCTURES

The sanitation and rubbish collection package includes the following elements:

The main principles behind the system are:

Taking the above-mentioned 6 elements in turn:

1) DRY COMPOSTING TOILET TANKS

2. URINE TANKS

3. GREY WATER TANKS

4. COMPOST BINS FOR ORGANIC HOUSE WASTE OTHER THAN FAECES, URINE, AND GREY WATER

5. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND STORING COMPOST

6. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND DISPOSAL OF NON-ORGANIC SOLID WASTE THROUGH RECYCLING CENTRES

2.7 ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES, LOCALLY SUSTAINABLE BIO-MASS PRODUCTION, AND SOLAR COOKERS

BIO-MASS FOR THE ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES

SOLAR COOKER PRODUCTION

2.8 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY STRUCTURES

2.8.0 Water supply and the nature of the project

2.8.1 Siting of the boreholes/wells

2.8.2 Basic project specifications

2.8.3. Summary of water supply

2.8.4 Principles for siting water supply structures

2.8.5 Well linings

2.8.6 Equipment at water points near the users' houses

2.8.7 Budget items relating to the water supply structures

2.9 PV LIGHTING, TELEVISION AND REFRIGERATION

2.9.1 INSTALLATION OF 273 PV LIGHTING SYSTEMS FOR STUDY

2.10 REFORESTATION AND WATER HARVESTING

2.10.1 REFORESTATION AND EROSION PROBLEMS

2.10.2 NOTES ON RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS

Sloping of surfaces

Filtering

Down-water pipes

Water tanks

2.11 THE PROJECT AND THE FUTURE SAMBURU NATIONAL PARK

2.12 THE PROJECT AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES

2.12.1 Pre-schools and primary schools

2.12.2 Schools for trades

2.13 THE LOCAL RADIO STATION

2.14 WATER HARVESTING FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE

LIST OF SUPPORTING SCHEDULES

LINKS

ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS

Project: