STICHTING
BAKENS VERZET
1018
AM AMSTERDAM , THE NETHERLANDS
Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED
Wieringerwerf,
The Netherlands.
Tel:
0031-227-604128.
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail:
(nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet
"Money is not
the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them."
Gesell, Silvio The
Natural Economic Order.
Revised English
edition, Peter Owen,
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-Non commercial-Share Alike 3.0 License
YERI INTEGRATED
SELF-FINANCING RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
"NEW HORIZONS
FOR YERI"
MVOLO COUNTY , SOUTH SUDAN
A HUMANITARIAN
RELIEF PROJECT INCORPORATING LETS AND COMMUNITY BANKING
PREPARED FOR THE
NGO "SUDAN INLAND
DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (SIDF)", MVOLO, SOUTH SUDAN
BY
YOWANI NGOLI, OF
YERI, SOUTH SUDAN
AND
T.E.MANNING,
CONSULTANT, WIERINGERWERF, THE NETHERLANDS
Edition 06: 23 July
2003
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
LIST OF KEY WORDS
Anhydrite use of,
Banks role of in development, Bio-mass for cooking, Briquettes bio-mass,
Capacitation workshops, Chain control integral, Clodomir Santos de Morais, CO2
emissions reduction of, Communication flows in development projects, Compost
recycling, Composting toilets, Cookers high efficiency, Cooperation role in
development, Development projects structures for, Development sustainable,
Drinking water supply, Economy developing countries, Economy development
projects, Economy foreign aid, Economy industrial development, Economy
interest-free development, Economy Local Exchange Trading (LETS) systems,
Economy nominal local currencies development of, Economy micro credits, Economy
self-financed development, Economy taxation and development, Education hygiene,
Gender role of women, Gypsum cheap, Gypsum composites products, Hand pumps, Health Clubs
development projects, Hygiene education, Industrial development, Information
flow in development projects, Integral chain control, Integrated development
projects, Interest role of, LETS systems, Loans interest-free, Local currency
systems, Local Exchange Trading (LETS) systems, Micro-credit systems, Morais
Clodomir Santos de, Mvolo County development Yeri district, Organizational
workshops (OW), Photovoltaic (PV) home systems, Photovoltaic (PV) lighting,
Photovoltaic (PV) pumps, Photovoltaic (PV) refrigeration, Poverty alleviation,
Products regeneration of, Pumps solar, Pumps hand, Rainwater harvesting,
Recycling compost, Recycling shops, Recycling waste, Regeneration of products,
Rural water supply, Sanitation developing countries, Sanitation dry,
Self-financing development projects, solar pumps submersible, Stoves high
efficiency, Sudan development Yeri, Sustainable development, Tanks gypsum
composites local manufacture, Toilet
facilities Gypsum composites , Toilets dry, Urine disposal, Washing places,
Waste collection systems, Water purification UV, Water supply projects, Water
supply rural, Water tanks gypsum composites , Women role of in development,
Workshops Moraisian, Yeri development Sudan
THE PROMOTERS
TERRY MANNING
Terry
Manning is a developer of technologies and self-financing integrated
development concepts for the world's poor.
He also supports the promotion of the "Gypsum composites "
technology developed by the Dutch technology developer Eos Consult. Gypsum
composites technology enables many
items important to local development projects to be made in low-cost
labour-intensive local production units with 100% local value added.
He supports hygiene training programmes based on the formation of
Community Health Clubs and on-going hygiene education in schools. These have
been successfully developed and introduced by the NGO Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D.
He supports the use of mass capacitation techniques, as introduced by
the Brazilian Clodomir Santos de Morais, through which the users themselves
organise, execute, run, maintain, pay for and own the structures set up under
the project.
YOWANI NGOLI
Yowani Ngoli is an experienced borehole mechanic who comes from the
project area. He has experience in local development in the
THE
The Sudan Inland Development Foundation (SIDF) is an indigenous local
non governmental, non profit making humanitarian organisation. Its mission is
to alleviate the suffering of vulnerable groups of people by provision of
medical and non-medical relief assistance to the population of
The SIDF was formed in
SCHEDULE 11 Constitution and Statutes of the
NGO SIDF Sudan Inland Development Foundation, with general information..
THE FOLLOWING DRAWINGS AND GRAPHS FORM AN
INTEGRAL PART OF THIS PROJECT PROPOSAL
|
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (ITEMS
1-30 OF THE BUDGET) |
|
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (ITEMS
31-58 OF THE BUDGET) |
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED
|
Abbreviation |
Description |
|
CASO4 |
Calcium sulphate |
|
DIAM |
Diameter |
|
DIAM EXT |
External diameter |
|
DIAM INT |
Internal diameter |
|
EG |
For example |
|
H2O |
Water |
|
LETS |
Local exchange trading
system |
|
NGO |
Non governmental
organisation |
|
PV |
Photovoltaic |
|
SHS |
Solar home systems |
|
TV |
Television |
|
UV |
Ultra-violet |
|
V |
Volt |
|
Wp |
|
CONTENTS
|
Page |
Contents |
|
|
|
|
|
General cover |
|
|
Draft letter to Minister |
|
|
Cover page to executive
summary |
|
|
Executive summary |
|
001 |
Cover page project document |
|
|
List of key words |
|
002 |
The promoters |
|
003 |
Drawings and graphs part of
the project documents |
|
004 |
List of abbreviations used |
|
|
Contents |
|
|
|
|
007 |
1. Project background |
|
014 |
2. The project |
|
016 |
2.01 Immediate goals |
|
|
2.02 Long term goals |
|
017 |
2.03 General economic bases
of the project |
|
019 |
2.04 Principles behind the
project |
|
|
2.05 The five conditions
precedent for a project applications |
|
020 |
2.06 Institutional
structures |
|
027 |
2.07 The question of ownership |
|
|
2.08 Assurances as to
performance |
|
|
2.09 Taxation under the
local exchange trading (LETS) systems |
|
|
2.10 The effects of
inflation on seed loan payments and gift content |
|
030 |
2.11 Insurance and gift
content |
|
|
2.12 Information flow |
|
031 |
2.13 Recycling of funds and
imported goods |
|
032 |
2.14 Project auditing |
|
|
|
|
033 |
3. Planned works and results |
|
|
3.0 Onchocerciasis
(river-blindness eradication programme) |
|
036 |
3.1 Hygiene education structures |
|
|
3.2 Sanitation facilities |
|
038 |
3.3 Local Gypsum
composites production units |
|
039 |
3.4 Water supply structures |
|
040 |
3.5 Institutional
developments |
|
041 |
3.6 PV lighting television
and refrigeration |
|
042 |
3.7 Domestic solar home
systems |
|
|
3.8 High frequency radio
network |
|
043 |
3.9 Payments and on-going
costs |
|
|
|
|
044 |
4. Work plan |
|
|
4.1 First, initial research
phase |
|
045 |
4.2 Second phase |
|
|
4.2.0 Payment of the project
funds |
|
|
4.2.0.1 Onchocerciasis
(river-blindness) eradication programme |
|
048 |
4.2.1 Health Clubs |
|
050 |
4.2.2 Local social
structures |
|
051 |
4.2.3 LETS local money
systems |
|
052 |
4.2.4 The radio network |
|
053 |
4.2.5 Micro-credit system
structures |
|
055 |
4.2.6 Gypsum composites
production units |
|
056 |
4.2.7 Recycling structures |
|
058 |
4.2.8 Structures for the
production of bio-mass for stoves |
|
059 |
4.2.9 Structures for
drinking water distribution |
|
060 |
4.3 Third, implementation
phase |
|
061 |
4.4 Fourth, second
implementation phase |
|
|
|
|
061 |
5. Short indicative budget |
|
|
Outgo (capital) |
|
063 |
On-going costs and income |
|
|
Comments |
|
064 |
6.Short indicative budget
onchocerciasis eradication programme |
|
065 |
Recycling of funds for
micro-loans |
|
|
|
|
066 |
SCHEDULE 1 - The project in
detail |
|
|
|
|
|
01. Justification of the
project |
|
068 |
02.0 Cooperation of the
local people |
|
069 |
02.1 Health clubs and
hygiene education |
|
070 |
02.2 Social structures |
|
|
02.3 Local money LETS
structures |
|
072 |
02.4 Micro-credit structures |
|
074 |
02.5 Gypsum composites production units |
|
|
02.6 Recycling structures |
|
078 |
02.7 Energy efficient stoves
and bio-mass production |
|
079 |
02.8 Drinking water supply |
|
|
02.8.1 Siting of boreholes
and wells |
|
079 |
02.8.2. Basic project
specifications |
|
094 |
02.8.3. Summary of water
supply |
|
095 |
02.8.4. Principles for
siting water supply structures |
|
|
02.8.5. Well linings |
|
096 |
02.8.6. Equipment of water
points near the users' houses |
|
|
02.8.7 Budget items relating
to the water supply systems |
|
102 |
02.9. PV lighting,
television and refrigeration |
|
104 |
|
|
106 |
02.11. The project and educational
structures |
|
|
02.12. The project and
communications structures |
|
107 |
List of supporting schedules |
|
|
Schedule 01 : The project in
detail |
|
|
Schedule 02 : Information on
Clodomir Santos de Morais and the Organisational Workshops |
|
: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
SCHEDULE
03 Project maps |
|
|
SCHEDULE
04 Technical information on solar pumps |
|
|
SCHEDULE
05 Technical information on hand-pumps |
|
|
SCHEDULE
06 Technical information on the Gypsum composites process |
|
|
SCHEDULE
07 The hygiene education programme |
|
|
SCHEDULE
08 Operation of the local currency (LETS) systems |
|
|
SCHEDULE 09 25 progressive steps for local
development |
|
|
SCHEDULE 10 MATERIAL FOR PRESENTATIONS
USING TRANSPARENTS OR POWERPOINT |
|
|
SCHEDULE 11 Constitution and Statutes of NGO SIDF,
Mvolo, |
|
|
The
Role of Micro-credit in integrated self-financing development projects |
|
|
Water
supply issues in self-financing integrated development projects for poverty
alleviation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PV, a
cornerstone of self-financing development projects for poverty
alleviation in developing countries |
|
|
New
horizons for RE technologies in poverty alleviation projects |
|
108 |
Acknowledgements |
|
|
|
1. PROJECT BACKGROUND
1.01 Introduction
Basic hygiene
education, sanitation, waste recycling, and clean drinking water are
fundamental to healthy life. A third of the world's population still lacks
access to clean drinking water. An even larger number lack reasonable
sanitation.
Supplying such basic life needs warrants top priority within the
framework of foreign aid programmes for the benefit of the poor in developing
countries, including
The situation of the people in
The project "New Horizons for Yeri" will be financed using a
10 year interest-free development loan for Euro 3.500.000, local currency or
LETS (Local Exchange Trading) systems and a cooperative interest-free
Micro-credit system modelled on the successful Grameen banks in
The financial proposals allow funds in both the local LETS currencies
and the formal, or ordinary, currency to be re-circulated - interest free- as
many times as possible within the participating communities. Financial leakage
from the project area is discouraged.
A local cooperative bank (the Yeri Cooperative Local Development Bank)
dedicated to development in the project area will be set up to support the
project by pioneering the introduction of interest-free cooperative
micro-credits for productivity development in the Yeri district.
The project is founded on the idea that most people in the Yeri project
area, despite their extreme poverty, are willing to pay for their own hygiene
education, water supply, sanitation, rubbish disposal and bio-mass production
structures provided they have the seed money necessary to get started. The seed
money will be interest-free.
Potential to develop the production of goods and services at community
level in the project area exists. Development there is presently restricted by
a chronic lack of formal money and extreme isolation. The little formal money
that there is, leaks from the local economy to national, or more often,
international, havens. Leakage of financial resources away from the project
area makes problems worse because it artificially limits the people's basic
right to produce and exchange goods and services.
The project will permanently improve the quality of life and stimulate
on-going local economic development of the people in the project area. It will
establish local exchange trading (LETS) systems for the exchange of local goods
and services and provide interest-free seed money to fund micro-credit loans.
It includes hygiene education, sanitation, clean drinking water, lighting for
study, efficient cooking equipment and means of producing bio-mass to fuel the
stoves as well as a system for recycling non-organic solid waste. It also
includes a programme for the eradication of onchocerciasis (river-blindness)
and the useful integration of the blind into local society and a basic high
frequency radio communications network. Services may be extended in a later
phase to rainwater harvesting and Solar Home Systems. The project will also
encourage local contribution to improved primary and junior secondary education
structures.
The proposed hygiene training, sanitation, and drinking water systems
take the social structures of the communities into account. All structures,
with the exception of the emergency programme to eradicate onchocerciasis, are
self-financing, subject to certain aspects involving interest payments,
exchange rate variations and "insurance" set out in detail in the
project document. They remain financially viable and sustainable without the
need for further seed money once the initial interest free seed loan has been
repaid.
1.02 The Mvolo
County
The population of smaller centres varies between 1800 and 8000 people,
but in the larger towns such as Mvolo, Yeri and Wulu populations are over the
30000 mark. However, most of the population in the county live in scattered
villages, which are not all marked on the map.
The main rivers are the Naam, and the Yei, which are seasonal, and the
Geli.
There are 14 boreholes and wells in the county. These are at Mbara,
Yeri, Domeri, Kila, Minikolome, Kulu, Wulu, Woko and Morokoci. The other 40
centres, including Mvolo itself, have no source of clean drinking water.
Access throughout most of the county is feasible only during the dry
season (Nov April). The roads are
not sealed.
Primary Schools are located in Morokoci, Kulu, Mvolo, Kila, Domeri, Yeri
and at Mbara. The enrolments per school range between 250 and 540 pupils for
populations of up to 30.000. This evidences the chronic lack of educational
facilities in the area.
There are clinics at Mbara, Yeri, Domeri, Mvolo and in Wulu but all with
exception of the one in Wulu have no medicines at the moment. There is no donor
yet to supply the clinics with medicines. The International Rescue Committee
(IRC), an American originated humanitarian organization, is supporting the
clinic in Wulu.
The area was politically oppressed until August 2001 when the Government
of South Sudan (SPLM) decided to create an independent county (
The county is divided into seven administrative areas known as payams
(sub-districts). Each payam consists of two Area Councils, or bomas. Each payam
is headed by an Administrator who is directly accountable to the
1.03 Basic economic information
Mvolo county is one of the
poorest areas in the
Agriculture, animal rearing and fishery support the livelihood of the
people. The main crops are sorghum, sesame seeds, groundnuts, cassava,
pumpkins, beans, maize, yams and various types of fruit trees.
About 97.5% (ninety-seven point five percent) of the population is
illiterate.
Annual individual income is about $ 120 for top class and $ 66 for
middle class individuals. Annual income for a typical family of six therefore
varies between Euro 462 and Euro720. This income is mainly earned through
exchange of farm produce for other essential commodities or some cash. Men are
the prime earners in the family. Women earn a little income mainly as pay for
labour.
The general life style is very basic. A considerable amount of time is
spent on looking for water and firewood and processing daily food.
The ongoing civil war in the country has worsened the situation. Many of
the families are not in position to afford basic necessities such as clothing,
blankets, mosquito-nets, and soap. Many parents are too poor to afford clothes
for their children. Girls cover themselves with leaves and knitted strings.
Boys use barks of trees or rags as loin-cloths wrapped between their legs.
Since the economy in
Most people live in isolated villages based on clans and ancestral
linkages. Displaced people tend to go to the towns where families can settle
regardless of which tribe they are from.
There
is no electricity at all in the County or in the project area.
Some
economic potential is offered by a sustainable exploitation of the forest areas
in the region.
Maps
of the area are available in SCHEDULE 03 - Project
maps.
1.04 The Yeri project area
The Yeri project area is one
of the seven, and one of the poorest, administrative divisions or payams in
The project covers an area of about 200 km2 in the south-eastern corner
of Mvolo county, to the west of the Yei river. The area covers about
Yeri town with its "suburbs" has a population of 33247. There
are 5541 households with an average of 6 persons per household. The people
there speak Nyamosa which is a dialect of Modo, the main language spoken in
Mvolo county. Nyamosa, with Wira and Beli, is one of a cluster of dialects
related to Modo. The people using the various dialects can understand and
communicate with each other.
Most of the people are Christians. There are a few animists.
The litreacy level of the area is only 2.5%. That means that 97.5% are
illitreate. The town of
There
is clearly a severe lack of schools at all levels, and of facilities for
evening classes and vocational training centres, to cater at least for minimum
educational needs of the entire population.
1.05 Water, a critical, urgent problem.
Annual rainfall in the project
area varies from about 480 to
Water is a major problem throughout the project area. It is so serious
that some women in the Yeri area in summer get up at
Apart from the main rivers (the Naam, the Yei and the Geli) there are
some small streams and water-holes where water can be found during the rainy
season, which runs from May to October. People can then collect water from mud
pools in the middle of the roads.
The water situation worsens intolerably during the dry season (November
to April). The streams dry up, the rivers recede and turn into stagnant ponds.
Even these water sources are usually many kilometres away from the villages.
The Naam river in particular is the breeding place of the black-fly, a vector
transmitting onchocerciasis or river blindness, which has reached nightmare
proportions in some parts of Mvolo county.
Open hand-dug wells have proved ineffective. The soil is of a collapsed
sand type. Digging is easy, but when it rains the soil caves in and the wells
fill up with sand. Some of the few boreholes in the county, there are just 14
of them, are 20 years old and still function well. The project foresees however
digging wells wherever possible and lining them properly to avoid caving in,
and boreholes where the water table is set deeper.
The amount of water consumed is not more than 5-
Water is stored in clay-pots, gourds and plastic jerry cans, which in
these areas are considered a luxury. During the beginning of the rainy season
some rainwater is harvested and kept in large clay pots.
The highly contaminated water is generally consumed unfiltered. Apart
from onchocerciasis which has already been mentioned, water-related diseases
such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, all types of worms, amoeba, and bilharzia
are also all endemic. The containers are washed and dried in the hot sun when
empty.
Hot water is used almost exclusively for cooking. Apart from the effort
required for the water, the human cost in collecting and transporting firewood
to heat the water is also enormous.
There are at present just 3 boreholes for the 45000 people in the
project area. One is in Yeri, one in Mbara and one in Gulu. Yet the water table
is not excessivly deep. It is thought to vary between 18 and
1.06 Diet
Staple foods, all
locally produced, include a thick-porridge and a pancake- like bread made of
sorghum/millet or cassava flour with green vegetables. Fish is used for soup.
Beans, yams and groundnuts also make common dishes.
Food preparation is a long process. It involves grinding sorghum or
maize using a grindstone or pounding it with a mortar. Fetching water and firewood,
boiling vegetables for soup, baking bread and preparing porridge are extremely
time consuming activities. The whole process of food preparation takes
approximately from one to two hours for each meal, depending on the quantity to
be cooked.
Local food production is usually enough for family needs. It is
non-monetised. Costs are expressed in terms of human labour. Locally produced
food for local consumption is stored in granaries, or in leaves, or tied up in
special types of grass. Any surpluses tend to be passed on to needy relatives.
Only a small portion is exchanged for other essential commodities, partly due
to the lack of markets and commercial outlets in the area.
Common foods imported into the project area include salt, cooking oil,
and onions.
There are currently no restrictions to landholding because of the
availability of free lands. Choice of land and settlement sites by individuals
or family members is free. Work is divided between men and women. Men
traditionally do land preparation and planting while women take care of weeding
and harvesting.
Common diet-related diseases are kwashiorkor, anaemia, goitre, pellagra,
scurry, rickets, and general malnutrition.
Three quarters of the foods consumed are cooked by the women, usually by
boiling food in clay pots heated on an open fire. The fuel used is firewood.
Grasses and dry rubbish are also used. A lot of firewood is needed to prepare
each meal. The thickness of the clay pot calls for a high temperature for
initial heat-up. More time is also needed to cook the food than would be the
case with more efficient systems.
If the wood used is not collected by the women and children themselves,
its cost represents a major charge on the family budget. Each family typically
uses at least 4kg of wood per day or about 1.5 tons per year. The total
consumption in the project area is therefore about 10,000 tons of wood per
annum.
The unsustainable use of wood for cooking leads to de-forestation and
erosion, air pollution and health hazards. Moreover, the traditional cooking
methods used are inefficient. The project therefore introduces high efficiency
stoves. They will be locally manufactured within local currency LETS systems.
Bio-mass needed to fuel the stoves will also be locally produced and treated,
without limiting the use of the natural fertilisers in local agricultural production.
An important part of all loan repayments and expenditure under this project
will be funded by savings brought by the use of energy efficient stoves
and growing bio-mass for fuel under the local money systems.
Locally manufactured solar cookers will also be introduced where daytime
cooking does not contrast with local customs.
1.07 Lighting and study
Practically the
only means of lighting in the project area, apart from the sun itself, is an
open fire in the evening. The fire is fuelled by firewood, grasses and dry
rubbish. The collection of firewood has a serious social cost in terms of human
effort. Shea nut butter is also sometimes used for lighting.
Lighting is needed for reading and protection from stinging insects such
as scorpions. There is an urgent need for lighting for students. The only means
of lighting currently available to them in the evening is an open fire or
shea-nut butter. Despite the need for them, evening classes cannot be held in
the project area because there is no lighting available. Adult education is
best carried out in the evening because the temperature is cooler and
more conducive to studies.
1.08 Transport
Because of the cost
of other means of transport, most people move from one place to another by
foot. It may take a woman two days to reach a health centre to have her child
vaccinated against polio. As well as carrying the child, she has to carry food
and water for herself and for the child as well.
Animals are not used for transport. Available means include bicycles
and, rarely, lorries. People use them to transport goods and sick people to
towns. Sometimes they are used for fetching water and firewood. Lorries cost
about $ 0.2 cent per kilometre per person.
Transport is difficult in the wet season because of the bad, unsealed,
roads.
For outsiders, Mvolo county is best reached by air. The Mvolo air-strip
has been repaired, making it possible to land there throughout the year. There
are no commercial line flights into Mvolo. Charter flights from
While Mvolo is on the main north-south road, it can only be reached that
way during the dry season, from November to May. The trip from
1.09 Communication
There are no post
offices or radio or high frequency facilities available to the general public
in the project area. Information is passed through hand-delivered letters,
drums and oral messages usually sent by Government officials and church and
community leaders. Transport and delivery of such messages has considerable
human cost.
There is no electricity and no fax or telephone service. Mobile
telephones cannot be used because there is no provider coverage in the area and
the SAT system is un-payable.
Improved communication is perceived to be vital for the development of
the project area. Setting up a radio station is considered to be unwise for
security reasons, as it could become a target for bombardments. The project
therefore foresees setting up a basic high frequency radio network for
communications purposes throughout the project area.
1.10 Hygiene education and health
There are three
PHCU (Public Health Care) units in the project area, in Yeri, Mbara and Gulu.
However none of them is operative, and there are no medicines available. There
are no international NGO's operating in the area with the capacity of bringing
medicines. More recently the local Health Department has formed an association
called Health Welfare. A Women's Development Forum is also active in the area.
Traditional and primitive principles of hygiene are passed orally from
generation to generation.
There is a Women's Association working in the project area. Monica
Samuel, its General Secretary, is based in Yeri. Some basic short term courses
have been offered since the year 2000. These include, apart from adult literacy
classes, some basic community health education and basic skills development
programmes.
There are only three primary schools in the project area. These reach
just a tiny part of the population and courses related to hygiene education are
non-existent.
A
traditional practice of thorough general body cleaning for expectant mothers is
applied to bless the child about to be born.
Cooking
utensils are mainly washed and then dried in the sun.
1.11 Sanitation
The people have
generally no private sanitation facilities. A few people have hand-dug
pit-latrines. Others relieve themselves in the bushes. Privacy is considered
important. Urine and excreta are disposed of privately in the fields and on the
roadsides. Urinating in the house compound or in the middle of a footpath is
believed to bring bad omens.
Leaves, twigs, old paper and smooth pieces of stone are used for cleaning
after defecation.
It is customary to wash hands before and after eating.
1.12 Rubbish collection
Rubbish in the
project area usually consists of fallen leaves, grasses, chaff from crop
harvests and refuse from ruined huts. There is not much of it and it is often
composted. The tradition of burning of crop waste can be harmful to soil
nutrition. Most of the waste products could be collected or harvested and
profitably used for making briquettes for the high-efficiency stoves planned.
1.13 Housing
Houses are
semi-permanent and locally built with thatched-roofs with mud or woven-grass
walls. They are usually between 3 by
Heating
of the rooms is needed during the wet season but is not available.
2. THE PROJECT
The project is
centred on basic hygiene education, on the installation of sustainable
sanitation, distributed clean drinking water, PV lighting for study, and a
basic communications system for the people of the Yeri area in the
A special tranche has been added to the project for the purposes of
Onchocerciasis eradication in the whole of
The project includes setting up Community Health Clubs for hygiene
education and hygiene education courses in the few existing schools; provides
sustainable toilet and wastewater facilities, wells and boreholes wherever
necessary, pumps, and water tanks. It establishes a local exchange trading
(LETS) system to promote local exchange of goods and services. It implements an
interest-free revolving micro-credit system to pay in formal currency for items
and services originating outside the local communities and a cooperative bank
for local development to manage the system.
Within the framework of the local money system set up, initiatives will
be undertaken to establish primary education facilities using qualified local
teachers.
The project also refers to PV (photovoltaic) lighting for study and in
clinics, and PV refrigeration for medicines. Any PV lighting needed for
separate local production initiatives would be included within their respected
micro-credit schemes. PV operated TV sets for education can be included.
Private Solar Home Systems (SHS) may be financed by the Local Development Bank
where users are able to sustain their obligations under a hire purchase
agreement for the SHS as well as meet their obligations under the project
itself.
Where daytime cooking is not in conflict with local customs, local
manufacture of Gypsum composites
solar cookers will be set up under the LETS systems.
Harvesting rain-water to increase agricultural production and the
general quality of life is promoted.
The project cost is Euro 3,500,000, which can be 100% financed through
an interest free loan with a 10 year repayment time. Of the interest-free loan,
95% is expected to be made available by an external support agency, as the
government of
A
detailed indicative budget is set out on page 061.
The
project will be continued for at least a further 8 years beyond the initial two
years' start-up period. After the initial two years, further development will
be generated by the communities themselves under the supervision of the Project
Coordinator.
The
initial project will take 24 months from the date funding is approved, more
particularly:
- Phase 1 : preparation and submission of the basic project.
- Phase 2A : Emergency programme for the eradication of onchocerciasis
- Phase 2B : final project preparation, arrangements with tax authorities,
formation of Health Clubs and starting hygiene education, starting organisation
of Gypsum composites production units, setting up of local currency LETS
groups, setting up the communications network; final project approval : 6
months
- Phase 3 : continuing hygiene education, building the sanitation services,
installing wells, pumps and tanks, starting cooker production, organising
bio-mass production, setting up the recycling centres : 18 months
- Phase 4 : installing water purification units and PV lighting systems for
study purposes. Continued production of cookers and of bio-mass to fuel them.
Rain-water harvesting.
From
the third year onwards local development will be continued and extended to
phase 5.
-
Phase 5 : Extension to Solar Home Systems, water harvesting, and soil
conservation and reforestation projects.
2.1 IMMEDIATE GOALS
The immediate goals of the
project are:
a) To
promote hygiene education activities by establishing Community Health Clubs in
the Yeri area and promoting formal hygiene education courses in schools.
b) To
install technically appropriate sanitation facilities for the people in the
Yeri area.
c) To
provide a permanent safe drinking water supply in the project area in all
foreseeable circumstances.
d) To
make safe drinking water available within a radius of 150-200m from users'
homes.
e) To
contribute to the fight against water-related diseases through onchocerciasis
eradication, hygiene education, the supply of appropriate sanitation and clean
drinking water systems.
f) To
reduce the work load on women
g) To
provide for the continuity of health, sanitation and drinking water systems by
establishing appropriate institutional structures.
h) To
eradicate onchocerciasis (river blindness) from
i) To
enable students and others who wish to study in the evening to do so.
j) To
reduce the use of wood and promote reforestation.
k) To
introduce efficient bio-mass fuelled means of cooking and solar cookers for
daytime applications.
l) To
create added value through recycling of non-organic waste.
m) To
keep available financial resources (LETS money and formal money) revolving
within the beneficiary communities.
n) To
stimulate on-going local industrial and agricultural development through the
use of local currency (LETS) and micro-credit systems.
o) To
create large-scale job opportunities
p) To
integrate the blind in the local social structures
q) To
set up a basic high frequency radio communications network in the project area
r) To
set up primary school facilities in the project area
2.2 LONG TERM GOALS
The long term goals of the
project are:
a)To
sustain on-going improvement of the general quality of life wellbeing and
health of the local people.
b)To
free more human resources for local production and development.
c)To
reduce water-borne diseases so that medical staff and financial resources can
be re-directed to other health objectives such as vaccination programmes and
preventive medicine.
d)To
decrease infant mortality and promote family planning.
e)To
increase literacy levels.
f)To
avoid dependency on fuels imported from outside the project area.
g)To
help reduce deforestation and global warming.
h)To
create value added from locally recycled non-organic solid waste.
i)To
create a "maintenance culture" to conserve the investments made.
j)To
increase the local pool of expertise so that local people can improve their
sustainable well-being and development by identifying and solving problems,
including erosion, with a minimum of outside help.
k)To
create full employment in the project area.
l)To
integrate the disabled and blind into the local society.
2.3 GENERAL ECONOMIC BASES OF THE PROJECT
a)The project will be financed
by interest-free seed capital in the form of a 'green' loan repayable over a
period of 10 years. The special tranche for Onchocerciasis will be financed
separately by way of grant.
b)95%
of this capital will be contributed by a external support organisation
recognising the urgent humanitarian nature of this project, and the remaining
5% by the Mvolo County Council and/or the Government of Southern Sudan.
c)General
financial supervision will be in line with section 2.14 of this project, on terms
agreed with the lenders of the seed capital, but with the elimination of
unnecessary bureaucratic restraints.
d)Seed
capital repaid by users in monthly instalments will be retained in the local
area until the end of the loan term. During that time, the repayments will be
used to grant revolving interest-free micro-credits for local development.
e)Seed
capital not required for short term use, will similarly be used to grant
interest-free revolving micro-credits.
f)Local
currency (LETS) systems set up within the framework of the project will form
the general method of payment for most local goods and services produced at
community level, including those provided for the project from within the local
community.
g)The
part of the maintenance money destined for long term replacement of capital
items will also be recycled as interest-free micro-credits until it is needed.
h)Users
will be 100% responsible for on-going administration, capital repayments, and
maintenance costs. Each household will pay a monthly contribution of Euro0.60
per family member (Euro 3.60 per family of 6) to cover all on-going maintenance
and capital repayment costs. The instalments will be to a large extent covered
by savings on funds traditionally spent on fuel and water and by way of
registration for Carbon Emission Reduction certificates under the
i)The
project encourages open competition and free enterprise within the framework of
a cooperative and non-profit-making global financial structure.
j)Administration,
construction and maintenance work will be done by local operators and villagers
who will be paid mostly in local LETS currencies.
k)Local
work will be paid for at current local pay rates expressed in the local LETS
currencies.
l)The
on-going administration costs of the Project Coordinator are specified in the
project budget.
m)Users
must make their first monthly contribution in advance, as project structures
are put into use.
n)The
tank commissions will be paid a small monthly allowance in formal currency, and
receive an allowance in local LETS money for their work. The well commissions
will be paid a monthly allowance under the local LETS currencies for their
work.
o)Individual
women or women's groups will, without payment, each look after their own sanitation
units.
p)Regular
inspection of installations will be paid as necessary in the local LETS
currencies.
q)The
operation of the local bank (The Mvolo Cooperative Local Development Bank) to
be set up may be supported and supervised by a international Green Bank to be
named.
r)The
Mvolo County Council, the Government of Southern Sudan have undertaken not to
intervene to impede the development of the local LETS currencies either during
or after the project period.
s)The
Project Coordinator will reach a specific agreement with the ( applicable tax
authorities) before the start of the project as to taxation of activities under
the Local Exchange Trading (LETS) systems.
t)Before
the project starts, a formal agreement will be made to ensure ownership of the
project is vested in the beneficiary communities, subject to formal handing
over when the final instalment of the interest-free seed loan is repaid.
u)The
local people design, execute, install, run, maintain, own and pay for all
project structures.
v)All
products and services supplied by the local people for the project will be paid
under the local money systems. Those supplying products or goods for the
project before the local money systems are set up will be paid from the project
funds in formal currency.
2.4 PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE PROJECT
2.4.1 The basic principles
behind the project are:
a)The
enhancement of self-sufficiency in local economies.
b)Existing
social traditions will not suffer.
c)Local
expertise, labour and materials will be used.
d)Women
will play an active role in the project.
e)The
people of the Yeri area must be able and willing to take full responsibility
for all goods and services provided under the project and for its
administration.
f)The
users must contribute financially to loan repayments, cover on-going costs and
accept the powers of the elected tank- and well commissions.
g)With
the exception of the tranche for the eradication of onchocerciasis, the project
will be self-funding. Savings on traditional fuel costs for cooking and
services will cover most of the project costs.
h)The
supply of traditional natural fertiliser for agricultural purposes will not be
compromised.
i)Each
individual user will be enabled to meet his financial commitments to the
project.
Household
difficulties in meeting monthly quotas can be cushioned either from the monthly
allowances received by the tank commissions, or by creating a simple LETS
system safety net. Members temporarily in difficulty could be allowed to run up
a larger than usual debit balance. Members permanently in difficulty could
perform services within the LETS group in exchange for group payment of their
outstanding debts.
j)'Small
is beautiful'. Small decentralized systems are to be preferred wherever
possible. This promotes close contact of the people of Yeri with the
installation and running of their own local infrastructure.
k)
Local LETS currencies will complement the use of formal money. They will make
up for the lack of formal money that would otherwise be needed to expand the
quantity of local goods and services. Economic development within the LETS
systems will also stimulate growth in the formal economy and increase its
formal tax base.
l)The
seed loan capital will be systematically recycled to users as interest-free
micro-credits for productivity development. The micro-credits will allow goods
and services that cannot be locally produced to be bought with formal currency
outside the project area.
m)Leakage
of formal currency out of the project area will be reduced. Seed capital will
be retained in the local area during the 10 year interest-free loan period.
2.5 FIVE BASIC CONDITIONS
This project has been worked
out with the users, who execute, run, maintain, pay for and own all the structures.
Five basic conditions have been accepted by the users. Without them, this
integrated self-financing development project could not be executed.
They
are:
2.1 Acceptation of Health Clubs. These do not only serve the purposes of
offering basic hygiene education courses. They also serve as a platform for
women, so that they can organise themselves and participate and play an
important role in the various structures foreseen. The health clubs therefore
constitute a means of addressing the so-called "gender problem".
2.2 Willingness to pay at least the equivalent in Old Sudanese Pounds
(or new currency to be issued) of Euro0.60 per person per month (the equivalent
in Old Sudanese Pounds of Euro3.60 per family of 6) into a Cooperative Local
Development Fund. This payment covers the entire package of basic services
foreseen including hygiene education, drinking water supply, sanitation, waste
removal, high efficiency stoves and fuel for them, and lighting for study
purposes. It does not include the costs of the emergency action to eradicate
onchocerciasis.
2.3 Acceptance of the use of local exchange trading (LETS) systems,
which enable goods and services originating in the project area to be exchanged
without the need for formal money.
2.4 Acceptance of the GYPSUM COMPOSITES process which enables most of
the items required for local development to be made locally with 100% local
value added within the framework of the local LETS systems in local low cost
labour intensive production units.
2.5 Acceptance of dry composting toilet systems with the separation of
urine and faeces. Aspects relating to the form, the colour, the finish, privacy
and similar will all be discussed with and decided by the users. The dry toilet
systems foreseen enable waste to be recycled at household level so that
problems connected with the pollution of surface and ground water can be
addressed at local level without the need for major investments.
2.6 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES
FOR A DRAWING SHOWING THE PROJECT STRUCTURES SELECT:
DRAWING
OF STRUCTURES
The NGO "SIDF SUDAN INLAND DEVELOPMENT
FOUNDATION", MVOLO, SUDAN
AUDITING STRUCTURES
CASH FLOW DIAGRAM
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
TANK COMMISSIONS - THE KEY STRUCTURES
WELL COMMISSIONS
The
responsibilities of the various parties which would presumably be involved in
the project are:
2.6.01
THE LOCAL NGO "SIDF
THE LOCAL NGO "SIDF SUDAN INLAND DEVELOPMENT
FOUNDATION" Domeri,
The NGO "SIDF" officially fronts for the project. Its
constitution and statutes are attached to this project as Schedule 11. The members of the board of the NGO
SIDF are fully representative of the people in the Project area and enjoy the
full confidence and support of the people. Their functions are honorary.
Financing parties may nominate their representatives (eventually paid by
the financing parties themselves) to the board of the NGO, with the task of
acting as auditors and for the purpose of monitoring progress.
The NGO approves the project and presents it for financing by an
external support agency.
The NGO nominates the project coordinator and puts the project funds at
the free and unconditional disposal of the Project Coordinator in a bank
account in the name of the Project.
The NGO does not interfere in the execution of the project, except to
carry out its auditing and monitoring duties. It is the counterpart of the
project coordinator.
2.6.02 THE PROJECT COORDINATOR (Yowani Ngoli)
Yowani Ngoli is responsible, together with Terry Manning, for the
project preparation, for contacts with local authorities and banks and with the
users, for the actual implementation of the project. Mr Ngoli is also
responsible for all professional work or operations that cannot, at the time of
the project, be provided from within the local communities. He is also in
charge of the maintenance of the project structures, for collecting the monthly
contributions of the users (through the tank commissions) and for general
supervision of payments out of the project accounts. Mr Ngoli will also
coordinate the establishment of the local Gypsum composites production units and the network of
recycling centres. Mr Ngoli's fees are in the public domain and formalised in
the Project budget.
Curriculum Mr Ngoli
2.6.03
TERRY MANNING
Terry Manning is responsible for formulating the project, initial coordination
with the NGO Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D., initial contacts for setting up the
Organizational Workshops, for the organisation (through the Workshops) of the
local money LETS systems, setting up a Micro Credit system, coordinating with
EOS Consult in setting up local Gypsum composites production units, delivering
pumps, PV-panels and related materials needed to implement the project. He will
act as consultant to the Project Coordinator (through the Workshops) for the
training and supervision of water supply, water quality and hygiene control and
maintenance personnel identified during the Workshops.
2.6.04 ORGANISATIONAL WORKSHOPS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS
All activities will be executed by the local people themselves.
Organizational workshops (mass capacitation workshops or OW's) following the
method of the Brazilian Clodomir Santos de Morais will be held for the various
sectors of activity involved. During the workshops the users will organise
themselves respecting the principles of the division of labour.
Amongst
the activities for which Organizational Workshops would be held are:
Setting
up Health Clubs
Setting up Tank and Well commissions
Setting up the local communications network
Setting
up the local money (LETS) systems
Setting up Gypsum composites production units
Setting up structures for the water supply systems
Setting up structures for the sanitation systems
Setting up structures for the growing of bio-mass to fuel high efficiency
stoves
Setting up the local bank and/or the Cooperative Development Fund
Setting up the waste recycling system
Setting up structures for rainwater harvesting
Setting up export-import cooperatives
Setting up a net-work of local agrarian consultants
The
costs of the Workshops are set out separately in the balance sheet.
The
Organizational workshops will typically directly involve about 4.000 users
representing some 15% of the adult population.
No workshop
is foreseen for the emergency action for the eradication of onchocerciasis.
Much of the work under the action can, however, be conducted under the local
money system once it has been set up.
2.6.05
EXTERNAL SUPPORT AGENCY ADMINISTRATOR(S)
The administrator(s) of the external support agency which agrees to
supply the project funds will, on acceptance, make available its 95% share of
the interest-free loan necessary for the project and nominate structures and
channels for supervising the project expenditure and liaising with other
parties.
2.6.06 THE MVOLO COUNTY COMMISSIONER (or government of
The Mvolo County Commissioner will be an enabling body only. He will
guarantee the continuity of the local currency (LETS) system. Before the project
begins, he will guarantee transfer of ownership of the project structures to
the local communities when the seed loan is repaid. He will ensure, by
agreement with the Central Government of South Sudan, that goods imported for
the project come into South Sudan Duty Free. He will authorise without creating
unjustified obstacles the siting of boreholes, wells, feed-pipes, tanks and
others structures necessary to the execution of the project.
He may take full political credit for the project, but will agree not to
otherwise intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day running.
2.6.07
The Mvolo County Secretary for Rehabilitation and Relief has agreed to
do everything in his power to guarantee respect by the national, regional and
local administrative authorities for the continuity of the local currency
(LETS) systems. He agrees to the importation of goods destined for the project
without the application of customs duties taxes or other formal levies, and to
the transfer of the project structures to the users.
He will act as liaison points between the Project Coordinator on the one
hand and the local funding authority and the local political institutions on
the other. He may take full political credit for the project, but will agree
not to otherwise intervene in its organisation, implementation or day to day
running.
2.6.08
THE YERI PAYAM ADMINISTRATOR
The Yeri payam administrator will formally approve the project after
having obtained the acceptance of the two local area councils (Bomas). He will
act as an enabling body. He may take full political credit for the project
implementation, but will not otherwise intervene in the organisation,
implementation or day to day running of the project. He will guarantee and
respect decisions of the vested authorities in relation to ownership of the
project goods and services, and fully support the local currency (LETS) system
and the duty-free entry into the project area of goods to be used in the project.
The Administrator will approve reasonable project proposals for laying
and embedding water pipelines to dedicated water tanks, drilling bore holes,
digging wells, locating and building sanitation facilities, siting of Gypsum
composites manufacturing units,
siting of, and collection of rubbish by, recycling centres. He will support the
adaptation of local market places and supplying them with drinking water and
sanitation facilities.
2.6.09 THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT
The Health Department is formally responsible for health services in the
project area. It will respect the administrative decisions taken by the Yeri
payam administrator relating to the Project and will approve of the use of its
own Health Workers within the framework of the Community Health Clubs' hygiene
education programme to be set up by Zimbabwe A.H.E.A.D.
The health department will approve that its workers be paid in the local
LETS currencies for any work not already covered under their existing salaries.
It will approve that ownership of drinking water facilities, sanitation
services where supplied, PV lighting, PV refrigeration, and water testing
equipment placed in clinics within the project area be vested in the tank
commissions in whose areas the clinics are situated.
It will support the emergency onchocerciasis eradication programme
instituted under the project, and make its personnel available for the purpose
where necessary.
It will support formal hygiene education courses in schools in the
project area.
It will reach an agreement with the project coordinator to ensure
training of (women) users at on-going checks of water quality, and systematic
inspections of the sanitation facilities built within the framework of the
project. Testing and inspection work not already included within the Health
Workers' salaries will be paid for in the local LETS currencies. The equipment
for conducting such systematic water quality tests will be made available under
the project to a local clinic or hospital and financed by testing work carried
out by the clinic for third parties outside of the project area.
PV lighting, sanitation where needed and refrigeration for medicines for
the clinics in the project area which are not on the grid will be paid for by
the communities as they do for drinking water facilities dedicated to the
clinics and schools in the project area. Ownership would in this case be vested
in the tank commission in whose territory the clinic is located. PV lighting
and refrigeration installations in clinics outside the project area serving
users inside the project area need to be separately discussed. The disposal,
where required, of specialised waste from clinics will be addressed separately.
The health department will help train people to make regular hygiene
inspections of the local recycling centres where these are set up .
2.6.10 THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
The education department will approve that ownership of drinking water
and sanitation facilities and PV lighting placed in schools within the project area
be vested in the tank commissions where the schools are located. It will also
approve that the teachers' commissions nominated to operate water and
sanitation services and PV lighting report to the local tank commissions.
It will support ongoing hygiene education courses in the schools in the
project area and approve the reasonable course curriculum presented by the
Project Coordinator and apply it during normal school hours.
It will fully support the efforts of the project to extend education
basic facilities and opportunities for adult education and evening classes.
2.6.11 THE LOCAL TAX AUTHORITIES
The Project Coordinator will reach a binding agreement with the tax
authorities, before the Project gets under way, to ensure that the tax
authorities are not deprived of current tax revenue.
The
project is based on a tax moratorium of at least 20 years on all LETS
activities.
The
tax authorities will define LETS activities carried out in LETS currencies
under the project as non-commercial, and therefore non-taxable.
2.6.12
THE MVOLO COOPERATIVE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BANK
After its institution, the Mvolo Cooperative local development bank will
administer project funds actually deposited in the Yeri project area of the
The bank will autonomously finance and administer micro-loans for the
installation of solar home systems for individual non-productive household use.
2.6.13 THE EXTERNAL BANK (BARCLAYS
The external funding authority will pass its financial contribution
through an appropriate financial institution, where possible a Green Bank
willing to act as adviser to the Mvolo Cooperative Local Development bank. The
external Bank will, on the instruction of the project coordinator, administer
the project monies deposited in
2.6.14 THE LOCAL GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTION UNITS
These units will make, with a sanitary finish where necessary,
ecological items such as water tanks, water containers, well-linings, san-plats
in low cost labour intensive production units with up to 100% local value
added. They will also make the high efficiency stoves and solar cookers. The
Project will finance them on an interest-free basis with a pay-back period of
3-5 years. They will operate autonomously and negotiate payment of any
royalties directly with the Technology Owner. They will usually sell their
products within the project areas in the local LETS currencies, and outside the
Project areas in formal currency. Precedence will be given to making items of
top priority to the Project. Ownership of the production units will pass to the
factory owners when the loans have been repaid. Until then the factory owners
will be responsible to the Project Coordinator.
2.6.15
TANK COMMISSIONS
TANK COMMISSIONS - THE KEY STRUCTURES.
Every water tank supplies an area or group of households with water. A
tank commission, elected by the users, will supervise the use of the tank and
its associated works, the collection of the monthly contributions and the
carrying out of minor operations such as keeping tank areas clean. Each tank
commission will be paid a small monthly fee in formal currency, equivalent to
perhaps Euro 5 per month, which it is free to spend as it wishes. Since women
enjoy the greatest benefits from the execution and on-going management of the
project, they should provide most of the tank commission members.
Ownership of a given tank and its associated works, of the dedicated
solar pump, PV array and array support, and of the dedicated pipeline from the
pump to the tank is vested in its respective tank commission. Passage of
ownership of existing structures to the tanks commissions to be decided by the
people themselves.
The tank commissions will nominate one of their members to liaise with
the system maintenance structures set up.
The tank commissions would also be responsible for study rooms and PV
lighting and for coordination of recycling in their area.
The tanks commissions will be set up using the Moraisian organisational
workshop method. Their form may vary from one area of the project to another.
They will nominate a literate person to liaise with the local LETS
system coordinator.
The drinking water installations and sanitation services dedicated to
schools and clinics will be supervised by commissions of respectively teachers
and medical staff who will report to the tank commissions where the schools and
clinics are located. Ownership of these installations will be vested in the
local tank commissions with the consent of the local Education and Health
authorities. The costs of loan repayment and maintenance of these installations
are built into the users' monthly payments.
PV lighting, PV refrigeration, and water testing equipment supplied to
clinics in the project area will likewise be run by the medical commission
supervising the water supply. Ownership of these structures will be vested,
with the consent of the Health Authorities, in the tank commissions where the
clinics are located. The medical commission will report to the local tank
commission.
The
problem of specialist waste removal from clinics, where needed, will need to be
studied separately.
The
tank commissions will also convene regular meetings to discuss activities under
their local LETS system and priorities for micro-credits.
The
tank commissions will elect the well commissions.
The tank
commissions will nominate a female candidate from their own area to carry out
cooperative inspection of the sanitation, rainwater harvesting, and cooking
facilities installed, and arrange for her training.
Specific
to this project and not shown on the above illustration, the tank commissions
will own the local high frequency radio communications equipment and nominate
the local radio officer (where possible, a blind person) to run the service.
2.6.16
WELL COMMISSIONS
Every
well/bore hole area comprises:
- The well or bore hole itself
- The backup hand pump installation
- The washing area
- The enclosure for PV systems and supports
- A guard system for the PV installations
Passage
of ownership of existing structures to the well commissions to be decided by
the people themselves.
The
well commission, elected by the tank commissions, supervises the use of the
structures common to the water supply system, and carries out minor maintenance
operations such as cleaning washing areas, well areas, and backup hand pump
systems. The well commission also regulates use of the well area in case of
crisis or calamity. It collectively receives a small monthly payment in the
local LETS currency (e.g. the equivalent of Euro 5 per month) which it is free
to spend as it wishes. Members can be awarded a salary paid out under the local
money LETS system. Since women enjoy the greatest benefits from the execution
and on-going management of the project, they should provide most of the well
commission members.
The
well commission will nominate one of its members to liaise with the system
maintenance structures set up and with those responsible at tank commission
level for maintenance.
The
well commissions will nominate a female candidate from their own area to
monitor the cooperative inspection of the sanitation, rainwater harvesting, and
cooking facilities carried out at tank commission level, and arrange for her
training.
2.6.17
This
NGO from
The
Community Health Clubs will be set up, and local health workers trained to lead
the hygiene education courses during a Moraisian organizational workshop.
A
hygiene education course for use in the schools in the project area will be
developed the same way, and health workers and teachers trained to apply it.
2.6.18
EOS CONSULT
This
Dutch company is the registered owner of the Gypsum composites process.
It
will act as consultant during the Organization Workshop during which the local
Gypsum composites production units
in the project area will be set up, and independently negotiate any conditions
for technology transfer.
2.6.19
MEDICAL COMMISSIONS
Medical
commissions will, where they exist, supervise installations supplied to clinics
under the project. They will report to the tank commission where the clinic is
situated. They will where required arrange with the Project Coordinator
collection of special medical waste products.
They
will fully cooperate with the project in connection with the emergency action
for the eradication of onchocerciasis in the project area.
2.6.20
TEACHERS COMMISSIONS
Teachers
commissions will supervise installations supplied to schools under the project.
They
will support and apply the approved hygiene education courses in the schools
should such courses be conducted.
They
will report to the tank commissions where the school is located.
2.6.21
THE INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
Financing
parties may nominate an independent auditor to co-sign payment authorisations
made by the project. The independent auditor answers to the project NGO. See
par. 2.14 for more information.
2.7 THE QUESTION OF OWNERSHIP
As project
structures are completed, ownership in them will formally pass to the people of
the Yeri area and be vested in the Tank Commissions. Until all debts have been
repaid, the project coordinator will retain the right to recover any
installation supplied under the project should the people not meet their
financial obligations for them. The interest free loans will be repaid over a
period of 10 years. Until repayment has been completed, the project coordinator
will retain formal responsibility towards the funding authorities for
maintenance and administration.
Before the project starts, the project coordinator will offer to provide
on-going maintenance, training of maintenance operators, and administration for
an agreed fee for at least ten years. Pumps and structures have a life-span of
more than 20 years. Once the seed capital has been fully repaid at the end of
ten years, on-going monthly contributions will create a large surplus for
future renewals and extensions of the project facilities. Until it is needed,
this money can be re-invested interest free in micro-credit loans for local
development.
Ownership of drinking water installations, communications systems, PV
lighting and refrigeration and water testing equipment installations in schools
and clinics will be vested in the tank commissions where the schools and
clinics are located.
Ownership of PV lighting sanitation services and refrigeration
installations in clinics outside the project area serving users inside the
project area needs to be separately discussed. Ownership will be vested in the
tank commission in the project area nearest the clinics in question.
2.8 ASSURANCES AS TO PERFORMANCE
The project
involves complex on-going interaction amongst several parties. For the project
to be finished on time, each party must agree to meet his obligations within
the prescribed time. A penalty system may be used in case of late delivery of
goods and services. If any party feels unable to meet the proposed time line he
must say so when the project details are finalised at the start of phase two.
The time line can then be adjusted to suit his needs before work begins.
Financial and political participants should each issue a written
warranty that money, permits, and guarantees they have agreed to provide will
be forthcoming on schedule.
As the project is cooperative in nature, the participating parties, and
in particular those financing the project, are free to impose appropriate
reporting and verification procedures which should be simple and direct to
eliminate "red tape". For more information see 2.14.
2.9 TAXATION UNDER THE LOCAL EXCHANGE TRADING (LETS)
SYSTEMS
For a drawing of the proposed
LETS structures refer to:
DRAWING
OF PROPOSED LETS STRUCTURES.
HOW A LETS TRANSACTION WORKS.
This
project is designed to create rapid, sustainable and durable local development.
The
project coordinator will reach a binding agreement with the (tax authorities
--- name them!!), before the project gets under way, to ensure that the tax
authorities are not deprived of current tax revenue.
The
tax authorities will define LETS activities carried out in LETS currencies
under the project as non-commercial, and therefore non-taxable.
The
project is based on a tax moratorium of at least 20 years on all LETS
activities.
After
the moratorium, the following basic rules will apply:
-1. LETS exchanges where a user helps a friend, or performs a job on a
"one-off" basis are not taxable.
-2. LETS exchanges involving activities not part of the normal business
activities of the supplier are excluded.
-3. The expression "normal business activities" will be interpreted
in the manner most favourable to the users.
-4. Normal LETS exchanges by businesses are taxable.
-5. All costs and business expenses are tax deductible.
-6. Businesses will be taxed in respect of LETS exchanges on the net profits
they generate from them.
2.10 THE EFFECTS OF INFLATION ON SEED LOAN REPAYMENTS AND GIFT CONTENT
This project sets
up a user friendly interest-free financial environment based on the
constructive recycling of a ten year interest-free loan and the creation of
local exchange trading systems.
Users repay the interest-free loan after ten years. At that point of
time they will have been repaying the loan at the rate of the equivalent in Old
Sudanese pounds of approximately Euro0.70 per family member (or the equivalent
in Old Sudanese pounds of Euro 4.20 per family of 6 per month) for 120 months.
Their repayments are, however, made in the local (formal) currency. Should the
local (formal) currency through inflation or exchange measures have devalued
against the Euro, the amount in local currency collected by the users will not
be sufficient to pay the original loan back . This situation is beyond the
control of the parties to the project, and in particular of the users.
A decision on how this risk is to be covered will therefore need to be
made when the project is being financed.
Is the interest-free seed loan to be expressed in the local (formal)
currency or in Euro?
LOAN EXPRESSED IN LOCAL CURRENCY
If the loan is expressed in the local (formal) currency, then the
external bank (working together with the local bank) will need to obtain the
acceptance of the lenders that the amount repaid, when reconverted into Euro,
may be lower than the original Euro loan.
The following are four possibilities:
1) The lenders or their governments formally accept they are willing to
run this risk and write off the eventual difference as a gift.
2) The lenders agree to extend repayment time until the total amount
collected in the fund is sufficient to repay the whole loan expressed in Euro.
This can lead to a "win-win" situation in that the amount available
for recycled micro-loans would remain at a high level. In return for the extra
monthly payments, users have more money to recycle in micro-loans than would
otherwise have been the case.
3) The lenders require payment of the available funds on expiry, and
that the difference be collected using the next following monthly payments,
until such time as the original amount expressed in Euro is balanced. This
solution is negative for users in that for a shorter or a longer period
(depending on the inflation which has taken place) users will not be able to
benefit from re-cycled micro-loans and on-going local development will slow
down and could, in some cases, even stop.
4) The lenders require repayment of the available funds on expiry but
reinvest any difference for a further cycle of ten years. This will reduce
users' funds for renewing capital goods or extending services at the end of the
second period of ten years, but will not negatively affect recycling of
micro-loans for on-going local development under the project.
LOAN EXPRESSED IN Euro
If the loan is to be expressed in Euro, will users' monthly repayments
be indexed to the Euro? If so, how will the monthly rate expressing the amount
payable in Euro be determined, and by whom? How will the users be advised?
If repayments are to be indexed to the Euro, the total amount collected
by users over the ten year period may, when converted into Euro, still be
(considerably) less than the total original amount in Euro. This is because the
indexing of the local payments to the Euro is progressive over ten years while
the exchange rate applicable on repayment of the loan after the ten years' loan
period is the one applicable at the moment of the repayment. The difference
would normally be less than where the loan is expressed in the local currency,
but one of the four options mentioned above would have to be applied to it.
2.11 INSURANCE AND FORFEIT IN THE FORM OF GIFT IN CASE OF LOSS OR DAMAGE
TO CAPITAL STRUCTURES
Long term political
stability in
While capital structures installed within the framework of the project
may, if rarely, be insurable against loss or damage by Act of God such as
lightning, hurricanes, or earthquakes, it is not possible to insure them
against loss or damage deriving from causes such as Act of Political and
Military Authorities, civil war, commotion, rebellion, and strikes. Even if
insurance against such risks were to be available the cost would be so high
that it would constitute a major on-going financial leakage from the project
area, which is just one of the major problems the project is designed to stop.
What happens in case of loss of or damage to the capital structures
installed under the project before repayment after ten years of the
interest-free seed loan must therefore be clearly addressed at the time this
project application is being financed.
The beneficiaries of the project are by definition poor and the loss or
damage in question derives from causes entirely beyond their control. To
require these poor people to repay a loan after ten years for capital
structures they have lost for reasons beyond their control is in profound
contradiction with the short term and long term goals of the project. In some
cases the lending organisations may have forms of insurance available to cover
funds at risk in projects in developing countries. In such cases they would
ensure, at their own cost and by way of gift, that funds for the project are
insured by such Funds. Where, however, such insurance is not available, the
lending organisations should accept that in the case of loss of or damage to
project structures deriving from causes beyond the power and control of the
users the interest free loan be converted into a gift so that users are freed
from their contractual obligations.
Normally, at the time the (uninsured) loss of or damage to the capital
structures occurs, users will have paid a part of the loan into the Cooperative
Local Development Fund.
It
must therefore be clarified whether the money which has already been collected
in the Cooperative Local Development Funds at the time the loss of or damage to
the capital structures occurs:
a) Must be used immediately to reinstate the capital goods lost or damaged
b) Has to be repaid to the lenders at the end of the original ten years'
interest free loan period.
c) Has to be repaid immediately
d) Will, subject to analysis of the current political situation, be integrated
by a further loan to enable complete reinstatement of the capital structures so
that the project application can make a re-start.
2.12 INFORMATION FLOW
The three main lines of
information flow foreseen under the project are:
a) Transfer of information within the project administration
- Vertical, from project
coordinator (who will also liaise with external sources involved, such as education
authorities, schools, health authorities, clinics) to well commission level to
tank commission level to individual users and return back up the line
- Horizontal, for instance within the LETS groups and between LETS groups,
between tank commissions, and between well commissions
- Project website (in Kenya or elsewhere) mainly as a source for b) below and
for information sharing in general for (c) below
b) Local consultants, activity groups, and schools
-Through local consultants
with small businesses set up under interest-free micro-loans under the project,
who help local people choose crops to grow, instruct on agricultural methods,
give professional advice on productivity questions etc
-Local translation bureaus set up under interest-free micro loans under the
projects to put material into a form the local people can understand
-Activity groups working under the LETS systems with any of the parties in a),
such as the Health Clubs foreseen, groups of actors etc
-Local schools, information and courses for children and, eventually, adults
c) Transfer of information from and to external sources
- Incoming information through
"information" shops set up as private businesses (as in b) "
local consultants") under the project. In the beginning these would need
to use structures such as telephones, faxes, computers situated outside the
project area, as the only means of communication to start with will be the
high-frequency radio network. The communications centres can be set up as soon
as the Micro-credit structures are working and the users are willing to lend
funds for the purposes of setting up such centres.
- Outgoing, through cultural and economic websites ( recent experiments in
Communication and monitoring
Within each of the
above specific sectors, complex interdisciplinary relationships can arise. Just
to cite one typical example, to make the integrated sanitation system foreseen
work, users need to be advised on the benefits of better hygiene (Health Clubs)
then practise what they have learned and install their new toilet (and,
eventually, water harvesting) systems. A system of cooperative inspection then
needs to be put in place. A home inspection report has to be developed. Local
women nominated by the tank committees have to be trained to apply the report
system and to advise and help users where they are doing something wrong. Women
nominated by the well commissions have to be trained to monitor the work of the
local inspectors. A woman nominated by the (unified) well commissions will have
to check the work of the well commission monitors. Information and experiences
would need to be exchanged both vertically and horizontally under a).
The same users will at the same time need separate instruction on how
best to recycle their urine, and later, their composted faeces. Basic
recommendations will be developed under the project for this, although single
users, the local tank commissions, or the project coordinator could also obtain
consultancy under b). Where the project supplies recommendations, cooperative structures
similar to those described for hygiene would need to be developed to make sure
they are applied properly.
2.13 RECYCLING OF FUNDS AND IMPORTATION OF CAPITAL GOODS
Purchases in formal money of
capital goods for production purposes will normally need to be imported into
The first series of such purchases is usually made with the original
loan funds. Since the original loan funds will be made available in Euro or
other leading international currency, and converted into the local currency for
the purposes of the project, their re-conversion where necessary from the local
currency into the international currency should not pose a problem.
The amount of capital goods needed for local productivity increase under
recycled micro-loans could, however, amount to several times (5 or 6 times or
more) the amount of the original interest-free loan expressed in foreign
currency.
A condition for the granting of an interest-free loan under the project
is, normally, that the beneficiary be able initially to sell some of the goods
or services in question outside the project area for formal money to enable him
to repay the loan. The beneficiary therefore exports the goods or services
outside the project area for formal local currency, but not necessarily outside
the national borders. Since capital goods will usually need to be imported into
The leakage can only be completely avoided where the project area
succeeds with time to export directly outside national boundaries enough of its
production to earn enough foreign currency to cover the costs of the imported
goods. It is unlikely this be possible at least in the early phases of the project.
The local government must therefore when it approves the project application
accept that this (temporary) financial leakage is going to take place during
the initial stages of the project. Its Finance Ministry must ensure flexibility
in granting leave to convert local formal money into the foreign currency
necessary for the purchase of the capital goods. Failure of the Ministry to do
so would in practice lead to serious delays in project execution. The more
often the project funds are recycled the more rapidly the project area will
develop. The Project Coordinator, on the other hand, is bound to endeavour to
reduce the financial leakage of formal currency in question by purchasing
capital equipment, where available, which has already been imported and is
available on the local market.
The
following schedule will produce a zero national import/export balance for the
project during its execution and a long-term ongoing foreign exchange credit
balance:
First two (executive) years : zero franchise
Third year, at least 35% of imported value exported
Fourth year, at least 50% of imported value exported
Fifth year, at least 75% of imported value exported
Sixth year, at least 100% of imported value exported
Seventh year, at least 125% of imported value exported
Eight and following years, at least 150% of imported value exported
2.14 AUDITING STRUCTURES
AUDITING STRUCTURES
The
project is based on separation of powers between the controlling party (the NGO
SIDF) and the project coordinator nominated by the NGO to execute the project.
Financing
parties have, if they wish, two structures enabling them to carry out on-going
audits of the project works.
1. The project NGO SIDF fronts for the project and maintains on-going auditing
powers to ensure correct project execution. The statute of the project NGO
allows the financing parties to nominate executive auditors to the Board of
Directors. The nominated auditors may be paid salaries by the financing
parties. For practical purposes they should be resident in or near the project
area. The NGO does not intervene directly in the execution of the project, as
this is the responsibility of its nominee project coordinator.
2. Financing parties may also nominate an independent auditor to act the
with project coordinator to co-sign payment authorisations and conduct an
on-going audit of project out-go. The independent auditor answers to the Board
of the NGO, which includes executive audit nominees of the financing parties.
His salary is paid by the financing parties. The independent auditor may not
intervene in the running of the project itself. For practical purposes the
independent auditor must be resident in the project area, either in Yeri itself
or in Domeri.
To avoid conflict of interest, neither the project coordinator nor the
independent auditor may be a member of the NGO. They both report, independently
of each other, through the NGO SIDF to the financing parties.
3. Planned works and results
3.0 Onchocerciasis (river-blindness) eradication programme
Information on Mectizan and
the Merck contribution to onchocerciasis eradication can be found at
http:/www.merck (compplete)
The
source of the following basic information on oonchocerciasis is WHO
(http://www.who.int/ocp/ocp001.htm):
Begin
citation
Onchocerciasis is a major public health problem. It gives rise to
serious visual impairment, including blindness; to intensely itching rashes,
wrinkling and de-pigmentation of the skin; to lymphadenitis, resulting in
hanging groins and elephantiasis of the genitals, and to general debilitation.
The disease is also called "river-blindness"- a name which expresses
its endemic location and its most serious manifestation. Since the fertile
riverside areas where the black-fly vector abounds are frequently deserted
through fear of the disease, it is not surprising that onchocerciasis
constitutes a serious obstacle to socioeconomic development.
Ochocerciasis is caused by a parasite, Onchocerca volvulus. The adult
female macrofilaria, which is 30-80cm long, concentrates in nodules under the
human skin where during its lifetime, averaging 12 years, it produces millions
of microscopic embryos called microfilariae, about 0.3 micrometers in length.
The microfilariae, which live for some two years, move around in the human body
and are the actual agents of onchocercal manifestations.
Microfilariae produced in one person are carried to another by the
black-fly, which in
After mating, the female black-fly seeks a blood meal, necessary for the
maturation of her eggs, and may thus ingest microfilariae if the meal is taken
from a person infected with onchocerciasis. A few of these microfilariae may
transform into infective larvae within the black-fly; they are then injected
into the person from whom the next blood meal is taken and subsequently develop
into macrofilariae, thus completing the lifecycle of the parasite. Onchocercal
manifestations occur one to three years after the injection of infective
larvae.
Close
of citation
The onchocerciasis (river-blindness) eradication programme covers the
whole of
The programme will continue throughout the project period. As soon as
the local money system is set up in the Yeri project area, costs of
administration and labour there will be expressed in local money and passed on
to the inhabitants. The extreme gravity of the situation in the project
area is such that this work must be started using capital funds supplied as a
gift. Retribution for SIDF trainees involved with onchocerciasis eradication in
other areas of
In the Yeri project area the programme is closely interconnected with
the supply of clean drinking water, sanitation facilities, and initiatives for
proper drainage and elimination of stagnant waters under the self-financing
project. The time frame for getting the drinking water part of the main project
in execution involves, however, a step by step process requiring 12-18 months.
This is too long. There is therefore a priority to set up a minimum clean
drinking water supply pending execution of the main project. This means that
some operations such as digging and lining the wells and supplying hand-pumps
and platforms which would all normally have been carried out under the local money
system under the main project will have to be done under the formal money
system.
The
programme comprises:
1.Action
to limit the breeding of the black-fly along the Naam river. This involves:
a) Initial aerial spraying using (herbicide) especially along the Naam river.
This may have a short term effect only as black-flies rapidly develop
resistance to most insecticides. This item has been entered pro-memorium in the
budget pending further development.
b) Under laboratory conditions, the Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS) for
the Galapagos has tested the use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti),
an entomopathogen of the Simulium bipunctatum black-fly larvae. The Simulium
bipunctatum is the black-fly present on the
2.Avoiding
the need to fetch water from the Naam river.
a)Digging and lining 57 wells for drinking water at critical points in the most
infected areas in
Kulu,
population 16770 - 15 wells, 45 hand-pumps
Woko,
poulation 3120 - 2 wells, 6 hand-pumps
Gira,
population 8830 - 8 wells, 24 hand-pumps
Bogori,
population 13830 - 11 wells, 33 pumps
Domeri,
population 12985 - 11 wells, 33 pumps
Bilebi,
population 310 - 1 well, 2 single pumps
Lali,
population 9420 - 8 wells, 24 pumps
Dotira'ba,
population 630 - 1 well, 3 pumps
b)Sealing
the wells and fitting each well with a triple hand-pump system and a platform
ensuring users keep their feet dry, and a proper run-off area
Costs: Euro 90.000
3.Action
to cure existing infections so as to avoid further cases of blindness
a)No medicine capable of killing the onchocerca volvulus worm is yet available.
The Merck product Mectizan acts to block the millions of microscopic embryos
(microfilariae) each female worm produces during its lifetime. Since the
average lifetime of the worm is 12 years but can be longer, Mectizan must be
administered regularly to all eligible persons for a period of at least 15
years.
a)Those infected are reached and identified by noting individual cases during
general controls. These controls have already been conducted and 120000
infected people in
b)A supply of 720,000 Mectizan tablets per year is needed to treat a total of
120,000 eligible persons victims of the disease. Each person will be given 3
tablets twice a year. (SIDF has only so far received a donation of 36,000
tablets towards this program from Healthnet International). Mectizan tablets
are available free of charge through the Merck Mectizan Donation Programme.
SIDF is to become affiliated with the Mectizan Donation Programme.
c)Annual labour costs for 60 operators at Euro 75 per person per month ($US
54000 per year) plus management (Euro6000 per year) until such time as these
costs can be transferred to the local people under local money systems set up
under self-financing development projects similar to the Yeri project. Cost
over 15 years Euro 900.000. SIDF has already trained 56 operators for this purpose.
These operators have to carry out 240.000 interventions per annum, or 3.600.000
interventions over 15 years. This amounts to an average of 10 interventions per
operator per day.
4.
Means of transport for the Onchocerciarsis eradication project
a)60 bicycles are needed for the trained Community Directed Distributors who
will take the medicines and distribute them to the eligible persons in their
homes. Each bicycle costs approximately Euro 100.00 (One hundred dollars). 56
such operators have already been trained by SIDF.
b)A Toyota Landcruiser will be needed for transporting the medicines to the
main centres and effective monitoring of side effect cases. The purchase price
of a Toyota Landcruiser is Euro 38,000 (thirty-eight thousands, US dollars).
The priority call on this vehicle is for the onchocerciasis eradication
programme. When not in use for this purpose it will also be used for the Yeri
development project.
c)Additional funding $5,250 per year will also be needed for fuel, car
maintenance and transport of medicines from
5.
Means of communication for the Onchocerciarsis eradication project
Introduction of a high frequency radio communication network is essential for
effective implementation of the onchocerciasis eradication programme. The
radios can be installed in central locations such as Yeri, Mbara, Lesi, Boyi,
Barigirindi, Domeri, Mvolo, Kulu, Woko, Gira, Bogori, Doteko, etc. A mobile one
will also be installed in the car.
a)Cost of solar operated radio transmitters with a range of 150km. Reserve for
20 systems : Euro 50.000
b)Fee for obtaining a License for frequency use is $250 per radio per year
(pending further negotiation with the local authorities) (US5000 per year). The
radio operators may be able to transmit for the general public against payment
to cover part of these costs.
c)A radio operator can be employed at a monthly salary of $75. Cost per year
Euro 18.000 for 20 operators. Cost over 15 years Euro 270.000 Radio operators
may be able to transmit on behalf of the general public against payment to
recover part of these costs. Radio operators in the Yeri project area will work
under the local money schemes as soon as these are introduced.
6.Reintegration
of the blind into the community
Creation of job opportunities for the blind within the framework of the local
money system to be set up under the project.
a) Bee-keeping. Young males can be trained to weave bee-hives.
b) Sheanut butter production. Females can remove the shells from sheanuts used
for making cooking oil throughout
c) Radio communications operators in the project area. Several hundred will be
needed. There are 300 blind people in the Yeri project area alone.
d) Other activities such as musicians' cooperatives, professional story
telling, poetry , and traditional arts of massage.
3.1 Hygiene education structures
Voluntary Community Health
Clubs are set up within the project area. The members of each Health Club,
which can include men, follow a course normally lasting at least six months.
During the course, hygiene-related topics are discussed under the leadership of
a specially trained Health Worker.
The
structures, rules and administrative aspects of the Health Clubs will be
established during an Organisational Workshops, during which the Health workers
will also receive due training.
For
some indicative information on the courses, refer to Schedule 7. This material
is subject to adaptation according to the preferences expressed by the Workshop
participants. The material will need to be translated into Modo, the local
language.
The
Health Clubs will continue to meet regularly after the course has finished.
Their role is fundamental to the project. They serve as a forum for identifying
community needs, assisting with project planning and implementation, and
developing the sense of unity and cooperation on which the success of the
project depends.
A
system will be set up to provide on-going inspection of the individual
sanitation and water supply systems by local Health workers.
Water
quality will be systematically monitored using testing equipment supplied
under the project. The testing equipment will be housed in the Health Centre in
Yeri.
Hygiene
education courses will be established in the schools in the project area as
soon as the number and coverage of the schools is large enough to justify the
intervention. They will be supported and approved by the local Health and
Education authorities. They will be applied during normal schools hours under
the supervision of the teachers' commissions.
3.2 Sanitation facilities
For a diagram of the proposed
waste disposal system see:
DRAWING SHOWING PROPOSED WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM
COMPOSITES
These are based on the separation of urine, faeces, and grey water.
In urban areas, urine, grey water and fertiliser can be used in vertical
gardens made from Gypsum composites
blocks under the LETS systems.
The number of users for each toilet unit will be decided during phase 2
of the project based on users' preferences and customs in accordance with the
decisions reached during the organisation workshop to be held. Units could be
for an individual or a group of related families.
A typical unit will comprise a small toilet building containing three
Gypsum composites tanks. One tank will be used for urine. The other two tanks
will be used as aerobic composting toilets. Building support structures,
san-plats for urinals and toilet seats will also be supplied by the local
Gypsum composites production units. The toilet structures will be built by
local builders or cooperative groups and paid for using the LETS local
currencies. Use of improved evaporation systems could eliminate one of the
composting toilets. For health reasons we prefer the twin tank method, which is
inherently safe.
Almost the whole sanitation project can be done under local exchange
trading (LETS) systems, with nearly 100% local value added.
The toilets will be supplied with appropriate washing and cleaning means
for personal hygiene.
A small quantity of locally available lime, ash, sawdust or similar
would be added to the urine tank once or twice a day and to the faeces after
use of the toilet. The contents of the urine tank can be emptied at any time. A
mixture containing one part urine and ten parts of water can be safely used for
watering plants. This high quality product has been known to more than double
the productivity of a household garden. An average family with 6 members can
produce about 30m3 of this fertiliser per year.
Users not wishing to dispose of the urine themselves will hire local
operators to do it for them under the local LETS currency systems. The
development using LETS currencies of a collection system may be needed
where users have no gardens or are unable to dispose of their urine.
With the double composting dry toilet system, one properly aerated
toilet tank is used until it is more or less full. It is then sealed and
allowed to compost for at least 9-12 months while the second toilet tank is
being used. The contents need to be moved from time to time. During that time,
the compost in the sealed tank reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of soil
per adult person per year. After 9-12 months composting, the soil can be safely
and profitably used as soil conditioner.
Users not able to dispose of the soil conditioner will hire local
operators to do so under the local LETS currency systems.
Organic material other than urine and faeces will be composted in simple
compost boxes built and supplied under the local LETS currency systems. Alternatively
it can used for animals and/or collected under the local LETS currency waste
recycling structures.
In rural project areas, grey household water from the kitchen and from
household cleaning can be collected in an appropriate closed container and
spread on the family vegetable plot once a day, avoiding the formation of open
or stagnant pools and concentrations of water. It can also be used to dilute
urine. Users not able to dispose of their grey water will hire local operators
to do so under the local LETS currency systems.
In Yeri town, grey water may need to be regularly collected, possibly
together with urine, and taken to the countryside nearby where it can be
recycled. This work would be done under the local LETS currency systems.
Non-organic solid waste products will be recycled in recycling centres
operating under the local currency (LETS) systems, creating more local added
value. In Yeri the centres may be specialised to some extent. Collection
charges will depend on the kind of material being recycled. Environmentally
harmful materials will be charged for at a higher rate than other materials.
Special waste from clinics will be addressed separately.
Appropriate sanitation services where needed for schools and clinics in
the project area will be included in the project.
Useful
references for further information on dry sanitation are:
a)Winblad Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency),
b)
c)Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food
security",
3.3 Local Gypsum composites production facilities
The project
requires the supply of many water tanks, water containers, well-linings,
san-plats, toilet seats, and support structures. Many of these are
traditionally made from concrete, using materials that have to be paid for in
formal currency and are usually not available locally. Concrete and cement are
environmentally unfriendly and are difficult to dispose of after use. Concrete
water tanks can cost up to Euro 4000 per tank. Concrete products are also
subject to production faults and cannot always be repaired when damage damaged.
They are heavy and difficult to transport.
A practical alternative to concrete, is to use a new-age product like
Gypsum composites. Gypsum composites production units can be established
wherever there are local deposits of cheap gypsum (CaSO4 + water) or anhydrite
(CaSO4 + 1/2 water) which are very common, occurring naturally in most parts of
the world. They can be used to make cheap, ecological, hygienic tanks,
well-linings, toilets and other products. Gypsum composites is a
state-of-the-art technology originating in the
Gypsum composites production units are permanent industrial assets. They
will be used to make various load-bearing structures and other building
materials. Gypsum composites can
even be used to weather-proof the mud walls of locally built houses and as a
substitute for construction timber, reducing de-forestation.
Gypsum composites will also
be used to make high efficiency stoves. The stoves can stand temperatures of up
to 500 degrees C. They will recycle heat from smoke circulated around the pot.
The stoves can be safely carried by hand with boiling water in the pot and fire
in the stove. Although they will work with any sort of fuel, mini-briquettes
made from bio-mass will be produced locally under the project.
Gypsum composites will also
be used to make solar cookers under the LETS systems in applications where
daytime cooking is not in contrast with local customs.
The modest cost of Gypsum composites production units will be funded within
the project by interest-free green loans repayable over a period of 4 years.
The initial casting moulds for Gypsum composites products can cost several thousand Euro.
These costs will restrict the initial range of products any single production
unit can make. The top priority will be to service the needs of the project
itself. Additional copies of the initial moulds are, however, very cheap to
make.
The entire system for the production of items in Gypsum composites from
cheap gypsum or anhydrite, the management of the deposits of raw materials, the
construction of the factories, the production and installation on the items
manufactured will be organised during a series of Moraisian workshops for which
a separate allowance has been made in the budget.
While the workshops will work out the details, it is foreseeable that
the Gypsum composites production be highly labour intensive calling for minimum
capital outlay. The products can be made manually without the need for any
machinery, with a professional quality of finish.
Geological research and records in the project area are inexistent. It
is not known whether there are any gypsum or anhydrite deposits in the 200 km2
comprising the project area, or whether the material will have to be brought in
from neighbouring areas. The budget includes a small amount for on-site search
for gypsum.
Refer
to Schedule 6 for more information on the Gypsum composites process:
NOTES ON GYPSUM COMPOSITES for a general description
of the Gypsum composites technology.
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS for some
information and an example of a more advanced application.
3.4 Water supply structures
For a diagram of the water
supply structures refer to:
DRAWING OF WATER SUPPLY STRUCTURES
The situation with regard to clean drinking water in the project area is
disastrous. There are practically no organised drinking water supply systems in
the project area, not even in Yeri itself, where there is just one (open)
borehole. Large diameter wells will be dug and/or boreholes drilled, using
local labour, construction methods and materials supplied under the local LETS
systems.
However, because of the extreme urgency of the onchocerciasis
(river-blindness) eradication programme (refer to paragraph 3.0 above), a first
lot of wells will have to be dug in the very early phases of the project using
formal money. These wells will have to be fitted with hand-pumps and platforms
which will also need to be bought under the formal money system.
In the standard project scheme, about 6-9 solar submersible horizontal
axis piston pumps (see Schedule 4 for a full description) will be installed in
each borehole. Each of the pumps will supply water to a dedicated water tank
serving a local community. The well is the hub of the supply system. The water
pipelines radiating from it are its spokes.
Schools will each receive one dedicated tank. Clinics, for further
safety, will be served by two tanks each with its own pump.
Each borehole will be equipped with back-up hand-pumps (see Schedule 5
for a complete description of the hand-pumps).The hand-pumps will provide water
during unusually long periods of bad weather. As already stated, the backup
hand-pumps will be installed in a very early phase of the project within the
framework of the onchocerciasis eradication programme.
Where culturally appropriate, there will be a communal washing area near
each well so that women used to doing their washing in groups can continue to
do so. The backup hand-pumps may also be used to service the washing areas and
in cases of emergency.
The water supply is based on a water consumption of
Where the water table is not deep, hand-dug wells instead of drilled
boreholes will be prepared. Boreholes will be drilled where it is considered
impracticable to dig wells because of the sandy nature of the soil.
According to the wishes of the people in each tank commission and/or
well-commission area, existing water supply structures can be upgraded to the
requirements of this project and ownership of them handed over to the tank
commissions and well commissions who would then be responsible for their
administration.
3.5 Institutional developments
For a drawing of the
institutional structures foreseen refer to:
DRAWING
OF STRUCTURES
CASH FLOW DIAGRAM
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE
Permanent on-going procedures to maintain and administer the system will
be worked out with the users themselves during Organization Workshop to be run
for this purpose, with the involvement of Terry Manning as consultant, the
project coordinator, the tanks and wells commissions, maintenance and
inspection staff, and the Mvolo cooperative local development bank to be set up
to administer micro-credit loans.
The purpose is to create a "maintenance culture".
Structures to be created include the Health Clubs, the local money
systems, the Gypsum composites factories, systems for installation and
maintenance of the drinking water supply system, waste recycling structures,
structures for the production of bio-mass, the local banking and micro-credits
system, the tank and well commissions, not to forget the local high frequency
radio network.
Multiple re-cycled interest-free micro-credits will provide formal money
needed to develop local production capacity. The rest of the development will
be done with the LETS systems.
The
capital available for re-cycling in the form of micro-credits is made of:
a) Part of the initial seed money until it is needed for the project.
b) Seed loan repayments.
c) Micro-credit repayments.
d) The long term maintenance fund.
e) The system capital replacement fund which will be built up after the ten
years' seed loan has been fully repaid.
For instance, a woman may need a sewing machine to be able to make
clothes. She will need "formal" currency to buy the sewing machine.
That money will be available in the form of an interest-free micro credit. She
will sell outside the local LETS system some of the clothes she makes to earn
the "formal" money she needs to repay her loan. The rest of the
clothes can be sold within the local currency LETS system.
As she repays her loan, the repaid capital can be loaned again for
another interest free micro-credit project, so the available seed money
repeatedly re-circulates within the local economy.
Establishing local exchange trading (LETS) systems to overcome the
chronic lack of "formal" money in the Yeri project area is
fundamental to the project. LETS systems create local currency units to
exchange goods and services. They eliminate common complaints concerning the
operation of development projects such as:
"There's
no money to pay people to write out the water bills"
"There's no money to collect the monthly contributions"
"The people can't afford san-plats for their toilets"
Very
often, all that is needed is a way to transfer goods and services within the
community without having to use formal money.
We propose to make participation in the LETS systems compulsory for all
people in the project area of working age because everybody will benefit from
and participate in some of the community level initiatives undertaken within
the project. For instance, PV lighting for study will be financed at local tank
commission level and its costs written off against the users in that tank area
only. Others, such as tree-planting or road building may benefit the whole
community and every member will be charged for his share. Compulsory membership
is also needed where common assets are being used or sold or when goods and
services for the project have to be supplied in the local currencies.
Nearly all LETS transactions are open to normal "free market"
negotiation between the parties.
Many goods and services like those provided by the Community Health
Clubs, and those needed to build the sanitation and water supply services can
be paid for using the LETS systems. We have included some formal currency
estimates for these goods and services in the budget so that enough
micro-credit loan money is available to start developing local production.
For more information on the nature and organisation of LETS systems,
refer to Schedule 8.
In this project just one LETS system will be set up for the whole of the
project area which is centred on the town of
3.6 PV lighting, television and refrigeration
A PV lighting
system for study can be installed in each tank area once a study area has been
built there using the local LETS currency. The cost of the study area would be
equally debited to all LETS members in the tank area.
Enough money has been set aside in phase 4 of the project to cover 200
PV lighting systems.
The
purchase of a PV operated TV set for each of study area is subject to
discussion and has been listed "pro-memorium" in the budget. We have
done this because:
- it is doubtful that suitable educational material is available Modo or other
language understandable by the local populations.
- the TV set would need to be safely housed in a weather-proof environment
- of maintenance and security problems
We
have also listed the purchase of PV lighting and refrigeration for clinics
outside the project area "pro-memorium" in the budget pending
complete information on the necessity. This is because the willingness to share
the onus of payment will have to be discussed from case to case and consents to
transfer of ownership to the local tank commissions would have to be obtained.
Examples could be clinics in Mvolo, Kulu, and Domeri.
PV
lighting facilities for evening classes in schools and other buildings have
also been included in the budget. This has been set at two sets per location
pending information on real needs with respect to evening classes. It has been
assumed that more basic school facilities will be built, and local teachers
paid to work in them, under the local money system.
3.7 Domestic solar home systems
The situation
concerning home lighting in the project area is tragic. The only lighting is
that from fires and, occasionally, from shea-nut oil. Not even kerosene lamps
or candles are available.
The project will set up a separate cooperative interest-free fund under
which solar home systems can be installed within interest-free self-terminating
building society type structures set up at tank commission level.
The tank commissions will decide the social priorities for the gradual distribution
of these systems. They may for instance decide priorities by drawing lots. The
seed fund is purely to set an example, and cannot supply more than 150-200
systems, one for each tank commission, to launch the system. Capital must
come from the cooperative contributions made by the users participating,
including repayment of the pilot system.
The speed of the distribution of the systems will depend on the
possibilities of all participants in a given tank commission area
to make payments. The tank commissions must consider the possibilities of the
poorest families in their midst. Each participating family in a tank
commission area will pay an affordable amount into the Tank Commission fund and
new systems distributed by lot each time there is enough money in the fund to
pay for them. It will therefore be up to each tank commission to decide how
much the families in their areas are willing and able to pay each month. This
may mean that PV lighting in one area may develop more rapidly than that in
other areas.
Distribution of solar home systems is expected to commence in the last,
phase 4, of the project. Various activities currently cause of financial
leakage from the project area will then be taking place under the local money
(LETS) systems, and it is conceivable that (some) users have more formal money
available than is now the case. They will therefore be able to form buying
cooperatives for solar home systems at tank commission level, whereby each
family contributes an amount (e.g. Euro5) each month into its commission's
cooperative lighting fund. This would allow one family out of 20 to install a
system each 16 weeks. This would mean that each family would have a solar home
system installed within about 6 years after the start of the cooperative.
3.8 High frequency radio network
The project area is totally
deprived of means of communication.
The project therefore foresees setting up a network of about 200
high-frequency radio communication points each with a range of
The project also foresees about 30 long distance high frequency radio
communication points, one at each well commission level, plus one at the
project headquarters, one in each operating clinic, one at each police station,
and one at each administrative centre. The purpose of these points is to enable
communication between the project area and offices situated in
The radio points set up in the project area will also be used for the
onchocerciasis project. Radio points set up in other areas of
3.9 Payments and on-going costs
The following drawings and
graphs form an integral part of this project proposal. They can be accessed
through website http://www.flowman.nl and will be transmitted as e-mail
attachments to any interested parties. The entire website can be sent on
request by air-mail post.
GRAPH SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS .
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE .
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 1-21 of
the budget)
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 22-58 of
the budget)
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FOURTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIFTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SIXTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SEVENTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE NINTH QUARTER
DETAILED FINAL EXPENDITURE
The people of the Yeri area in
The users will pay a monthly fee to be decided during phase 2 of the
project. It is expected to be the equivalent in Old Sudanese pounds of
approximately Euro0.70 per family member (or the equivalent in Old Sudanese
pounds of Euro 4.20 per month for a family of six. This sum will be used:
- to repay the loan itself (excluding the funds granted for eradication
of river- blindness in the area). This money will be re-cycled interest-free
for use as micro-credits to develop local production capacity.
- to pay on-going administration and maintenance costs. This money pays
the monthly fees of the project coordinator and the salaries and transport
costs of maintenance and inspection personnel and of the tank commissions.
- to set up reserves for long term maintenance. These funds will also be
re-cycled for micro-credits but managed so that the capital is available when
it is needed.
Once the original seed money has been repaid, the monthly payments will
create a large fund which can be used to extend the basic services provided
under this project.
The whole cost of the Gypsum composites production units will be covered
by interest-free loans repayable over 4 years. This capital can also be
re-cycled as it is repaid.
There may be large savings in the traditional social costs of collecting
fuel for cooking. The savings will come from using high efficiency Gypsum
composites stoves and local
production of bio-mass for fuel.
Provision
of drinking water under the project will help avoid health hazards and improve
productivity.
Waste
re-cycling under the project will produce savings by creating value added from
resources currently unused.
4. Work Plan
4.1 First, initial, research phase
Relevant details
have been collected and an indicative budget developed. Contacts have been made
with potential suppliers and the basic project technologies selected. The
project coordinator has contacted the local people to discuss their wishes and
willingness and ability to meet any net financial commitments under the
project.
Users have accepted the five conditions precedent to the success of
self-financing development projects of the type here presented:
4.1.1 Acceptation of Health Clubs. These do not only serve the purposes
of offering basic hygiene education courses. They also serve as a platform for
women, so that they can organise themselves and participate and play an
important role in the various structures foreseen. The health clubs therefore
constitute a means of addressing the so-called "gender problem".
4.1.2 Willingness to pay the equivalent in Old Sudanese pounds of at
least Euro0.70 per family member (or the equivalent in Old Sudanese pounds of
at least Euro4.20 per month per family of 6) into the Yeri Cooperative Local
Development Fund. This payment covers the entire package of basic services
foreseen (hygiene education, drinking water supply, sanitation, waste removal,
high efficiency stoves and fuel for them, and lighting for study purposes,
radio communications network.
4.1.3 Acceptance of the use of local exchange trading (LETS) systems,
which enable goods and services originating in the project area to be exchanged
without the need for formal money.
4.1.4 Acceptance of the GYPSUM COMPOSITES process which enables most of
the items required for local development to be made locally with 100% local
value added within the framework of the local LETS systems in local low cost
labour intensive production units.
4.1.5 Acceptance of industrial quality dry composting toilet systems
with the separation of urine and faeces. Aspects relating to the form, the
colour, and the finish of the systems, and privacy and similar will all be
discussed with and decided by the users. The dry toilet systems foreseen enable
waste to be recycled at household level so that problems connected with the
pollution of surface and ground water can be addressed at local level without
the need for major investments.
Map
of the project area are included in Schedule 3.
There
is no budget included for the work during this first phase which has been
carried out free of charge.
4.2 Second phase lasting about 9 months
The following graphs are
available on the CD supplied with the project summary or can be downloaded from
internet site www.flowman.nl or transmitted as attachments to an e-mail message
or posted by air-mail on request.
GRAPH SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS .
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE .
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 1-21 of
the budget)
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER (Items 22-58 of
the budget)
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
This
is the most critical phase during which the basic structures necessary for the
operation of the entire system are set up by way of a series of organizational
workshops following the method introduced by the Brazilian sociologist Clodomir
Santos de Morais.
Refer
to Schedule 2 for some material and a bibliography on Organisational Workshops.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS
The sequential order of the activities and workshops is very important.
One of the first operations is setting up the onchocerciasis eradication
campaign. No workshop is required for this as operations will be funded from a
separate formal money grant.
The first workshops are the ones setting up the Health Clubs, which
offer women a platform from which they can organise themselves. After that, the
tanks commissions, which are the heart of the system, can be established. The
third structure is the local money LETS systems, followed by the radio network,
the micro-credit system, the Gypsum composites factories, the second phase of
the water supply system, and the recycling system.
4.2.0 PAYMENT OF THE PROJECT FUNDS
A plan for the
effective payment of the project funds to the local NGO is to be prepared.
Since the local Mvolo Cooperative Local Development bank will be
instituted later on, given that no suitable banking institution is present in the
project area, the funds will have to be paid into a temporary account in the
name of the NGO SIDF with a leading western bank such as Barclays Bank in
4.2.0.1 Onchocerciasis (river-blindness) eradication
campaign.
The programme is closely interconnected with the supply of clean
drinking water, sanitation facilities, and initiatives for proper drainage and
elimination of stagnant waters under the self-financing project. The time frame
for getting the drinking water part of the project in execution involves,
however, a step by step process requiring 12-18 months. This is too long. There
is therefore a priority to set up a minimum clean drinking water supply pending
execution of the main project. This means that some operations such as digging
and lining the wells and supplying hand-pumps and platforms which would all
normally have been carried out under the local money system under the main
project will have to be done under the formal money system.
The
programme comprises:
1.Action
to limit the breeding of the black-fly along the Naam river. This involves:
a) Initial aerial spraying using (herbicide) especially along the Naam river.
No agreement on this has yet been reached with an organisation (such as the
WHO) capable of paying for and carrying out air-spraying operations. Some put
the use of such action in question, as black-flies rapidly develop resistance
to most insecticides. This item has been included "pro-memorium" in
the budget.
b) Under laboratory conditions, the Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS) for
the Galapagos has tested the use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti),
an entomopathogen of the Simulium bipunctatum black-fly larvae. The Simulium
bipunctatum is the black-fly present on the
2.Avoiding
the need to fetch water from the Naam river.
a)Digging and lining 30 wells for drinking water at critical points in the most
infected areas in
b)Sealing the wells and fitting each well with a triple hand-pump system and a
platform ensuring users keep their feet dry, and a proper run-off area
Costs: Euro 90.000
3.Action
to cure existing infections so as to avoid further cases of blindness
a)No medicine capable of killing the onchocerca volvulus worm is yet available.
The Merck product Mectizan acts to block the millions of microscopic embryos
(microfilariae) each female worm produces during its lifetime. Since the
average lifetime of the worm is 12 years but can be longer, Mectizan must be
administered regularly to all eligible persons for a period of at least 15
years.
a)Those infected are reached and identified by noting individual cases during
general controls. These controls have already been conducted and 120000
infected people in
b)A supply of 720,000 Mectizan tablets per year is needed to treat a total of
120,000 eligible persons of the disease. Each person will be given 3 tablets
twice a year. (SIDF has only so far received a donation of 36,000 tablets towards
this program from Healthnet International). Mectizan tablets are available free
of charge through the Merck Mectizan Donation Programme. SIDF is to become
affiliated with the Mectizan Donation Programme.
c)Annual labour costs for 60 operators at Euro 900 per person ($US 54000 per
year) plus management (Euro6000 per year) until such time as these costs can be
transferred to the local people under local money systems set up under
self-financing development projects similar to the Yeri project. Cost over 15
years Euro 900.000. SIDF has already trained 56 people to make the 240000
annual visits to patients necessary. This is approximately 10 visits per
operator each day.
4.
Means of transport for the Onchocerciarsis eradication project
a)60 bicycles are needed for the trained Community Directed Distributors who
will take the medicines and distribute them to the eligible persons in their
homes. Each bicycle costs approximately Euro 100.00 (One hundred dollars).
b)A Toyota Landcruiser will be needed for transporting the medicines to the
main centres and effective monitoring of side effect cases. The purchase price
of a Toyota Landcruiser is Euro 38,000 (thirty-eight thousands, US dollars).
The priority call on this vehicle is for the onchocerciasis eradication
programme. When not in use for this purpose it will also be used for the Yeri
development project.
c)Driver @ 900/year for 15 years, total $13.500
c)Additional funding $5,250 per year will also be needed for fuel, car
maintenance and transport of medicines from
5.
Means of communication for the Onchocerciarsis eradication project
Introduction of high frequency radio communication network is essential for
effective implementation of the onchocerciasis eradication programme. The
radios can be installed in the central locations such as Yeri, Mbara, Lesi,
Boyi, Barigirindi, Domeri, Mvolo, Kulu, Woko, Gira, Bogori, Doteko, etc. A
mobile one will also be installed in the car.
a)Cost of solar operated radio transmitters with a range of 150km. 20 systems @
Euro2500 Total 50.000
b)Fee for obtaining a License for frequency use is $250 per radio per year
(pending further negotiation with the local authorities) (US5000 per year). The
radio operators may be able to transmit for the general public against payment
to cover part of these costs.
c)A radio operator can be employed at a monthly salary of $75. Cost per year
for 20 operators Euro 18.000. Cost for 15 years Euro 270.000 Radio operators
may be able to transmit on behalf of the general public against payment to
recover part of these costs. Radio operators in the Yeri project area will work
under the local money schemes as soon as these are introduced
5.Reintegration
of the blind into the community
Creation of job opportunities for the blind within the framework of the local
money system to be set up under the project.
a) Bee-keeping. Young males can be trained to weave bee-hives.
b) Shea nut butter production. Females can remove the shells from shea nuts
used for making cooking oil throughout
c) Radio communications operators in the project area. Several hundred will be
needed. There are 300 blind people in the Yeri project area.
d) Other activities such as musicians' cooperatives, professional story
telling, poetry , and traditional arts of massage.
The
Programme organisers will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
system coordination structure for coordination of the programme:
- with the project coordinator
- with the Health department
- amongst the Health department trainers and the persons locally responsible
b) A
materials structure
- full discussion with members of the programme execution groups
- confirmation of the physical structures (premises) necessary
- confirmation of the means of transport necessary and of running and
maintenance costs
- final definition of the medicines and equipment necessary
- preparation of material for the propagation of the programme
- actual physical preparation of the structure
- distribution of the medicines and equipment
c) A
methodological structure
- decisions on how to proceed
- the role of the Health Department specialists if there are any
- the role of the local Health Club leaders where these have been set up under
the integrated project in the Yeri area
- practical exercises
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, programme management, Health
department)
- horizontal, amongst programme officers
4.2.1 HEALTH CLUBS AND EVENTUAL HYGIENE EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS
4.2.1.1 Health clubs
The Health Clubs
must form a socially acceptable platform to get users, and especially women, to
work together as this is the base of the project. They will create a forum for
women, so that they can identify the needs of the community and participate
fully in the planning and execution of the structures to be set up.
One Moraisian workshop will be held in Yeri during which draft Health
Clubs rules will be prepared and discussed with the local people so the
community fully "owns" the project. The Health Clubs will be a
socially acceptable method of getting people used to working together, the
cornerstone for a successful project. Local Health Workers will be trained to
lead Health Club discussions. Material for the Health Clubs and for hygiene
education courses in schools will be adapted, using local artists.
Preference will be given to the use of traditional local art styles. A new
section of the programme will need to be prepared for Onchocerciasis.
Indicative
participation
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
The Zimbabwe AHEAD Consultant
Representative of the ONG
At least 3 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
10 qualified instructors indicated by the Department of Health to guide the
Health Club lessons
200 female initiative takers at the level of the future Tank Commissions
Duration
of the workshop: about three weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
system coordination structure for coordination:
- with the project coordinator
- amongst the main project areas
- with the Health department
- amongst the Health department trainers and the women locally responsible
- the statues and rules for the running of the clubs
b) A
materials structure
- discussion with potential members of the Health Groups
- definition of the content of the courses according to local requirements
- adaptation of the material according to local customs (illustrations,
languages etc)
- actual physical preparation of the course
- distribution of the material
c) A methodological structure
- how to use the material
- the role of the Health Department specialists
- the role of the local Health Club leaders
- practical exercises
- how to call meetings and lead the first lessons
- continuation of the Health Clubs after the termination of the courses
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, Health Clubs leaders, Health
ministry teachers)
- horizontal, amongst local Health Club leaders, use of the (future) high
frequency radio network
e) A
structure at local Tank Commission level
-
Payment of the local Health Club leader once the local money systems have been
formed
-
Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the (future) Tank
Commission
-
Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the Health ministry
teacher responsible for the area
-
Discussion with persons (women) interested in the (future) local Tank
Commission
-
Registration of Health Club members
-
Practical organisation of the lessons and later group meetings
BASIC INDICATIVE COURSE FOR HEALTH CLUBS
4.2.1.2 Hygiene Education in the Schools
The workshop for Hygiene Education programme in the schools will be
suspended until such time as a adequate primary school network has been set up.
At the moment there are just three primary schools in the whole project area
(one in Yeri, one in Mbara and one in Gulu) and these schools can be approached
on an individual basis with regard to hygiene education classes.
Ultimately one Moraisian workshop will be held during which Local Health
Workers will be trained to lead hygiene education courses in the schools.
Material for the courses in schools will be adapted, preferably using local
artists. Preference will be given to the use of traditional local art styles.
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
The Zimbabwe AHEAD Consultant
Representative of the ONG
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Education Ministry
At least 3 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
5 qualified instructors indicated by the Ministry of Health to guide the
lessons
20 teachers from the schools once the schools have been established.
Duration
of the workshop: about three weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
system coordination structure for coordination:
-
with the project coordinator- with the Health ministry
- with the Education ministry
- amongst the Health Ministry trainers and the teachers' commissions
b) A
materials structure
-
discussion of course content according to the different levels of the pupils
- definition of the content of the courses according to age groups
(illustrations, Modo language etc)
- adaptation of the material according to local customs (illustrations, Modo
language etc)
- actual physical preparation of the course
- distribution of the material
c) A
methodological structure
- how
to use the material
- the role of the Health Ministry specialists
- the role of the teachers
- planning the courses
- continuity
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, Health ministry specialists,
teachers' commissions)
- horizontal, amongst the teachers' commissions and the families, (future)
radio programme
e)
Formalities
- Payment in local LETS currencies of the teachers involved.
4.2.2
LOCAL SOCIAL STRUCTURES
One
Moraisian workshop will be held in Yeri. The Tank Commissions form the basic
project structure and the workshop can involve up to 500 people.
Indicative
participation:
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Representative of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 3 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
500 (mostly female) persons interested in participating with responsibility for
the management of projects structures as members of the Tank Commissions. 35%
of these people might be indicated by the traditional chiefs, 65% by the local
Health Clubs.
Duration
of the workshop: about four weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the tanks commissions and the well commissions
- statutes
- rules
- financial aspects
- definition of the tasks
b)
Organisation
- meetings
- use of tanks and well areas
c)
Coordination
- with project coordinator
- (future) local SEL-LETS system
- with the radio network structure to be set up
- between local tank commissions and the well commission
- with local schools once set up
- with local clinics once they become operative
- with (future) recycling systems
- with (future) micro-credit structures
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator)
- horizontal, with the +/- 40 local families
e)
Individual initiatives
-
Payment of the local Health Club leaders once the local money systems have been
formed - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the (future)
Tank Commission - Relationship between the local Health Club leader and the
Health ministry teacher responsible for the area - Discussion with persons
(women) interested in the (future) local Tank Commission - Registration of
Health Club members - Practical organisation of the lessons and later group
meetings - Relationship with the radio network to be set up.
4.2.3
THE LETS LOCAL MONEY SYSTEMS
For detailed information on LETS systems refer to
appendix 8
One
Moraisian workshop will be held in Yeri.
Indicative
participation.
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
2 representatives of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 3 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
50 persons, indicated by the well commissions, who will have indicated their
interest in registering transactions
200 persons (men and women) indicated by the Tank Commissions interested in
taking responsibility for the management of the LETS systems at tank commission
level.
Duration
of the workshop: about six weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the LETS structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
b)
Structure for the registration of transactions
- physical working space (offices)
- adaptation of environments against weather and dust
- safety and back-up procedures to protect information
- purchase of computers, printers, equipment for registration of members et
electrical connections eventually using PV
- distribution of physical structures: LETS boxes, notice boards
- preparation of cheques or other instruments of exchange to be used
- publication of the services available within the system
c)
Coordination with users
- preparatory meetings with users at tank commission level
- presentation of the local coordinator
- registration of members
- distribution of cheques or other instruments of exchange
- starting transactions
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (project coordinator, transaction registrars,
those responsible at tank commission level, users)
- horizontal, with the various persons responsible at the same level (amongst
transaction registrars, amongst tank commission level operators)
- commercial, radio, website
4.2.4
THE RADIO NETWORK
One
Moraisian workshop will be held in Yeri once an appropriate agreement has been
reached with the local authorities on the matter of radio licensing..
Indicative
participation :
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
1 representatives of the ONG
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 3 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
60 persons, where possible chosen from amongst the blind, indicated by the well
commissions, who will have indicated their interest in running long distance
radio-telephone services.
400 persons (men and women), where possible chosen from amongst the blind,
indicated by the Tank Commissions interested in taking responsibility for the
management of local level radio-telephone services.
Duration
of the workshop: about two weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the radio network structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relationships with the LETS local money system
b)
Structure for the registration of transactions
- physical working space (centres); construction under the local money systems
- adaptation of environments against weather and dust
- safety and back-up procedures to protect information
- purchase of radios and accessories and PV panels to power the batteries
- distribution of physical structures:
- preparation of structures for payment of the services
c)
Coordination with users
- preparatory meetings with users at tank commission level
- presentation of the local operators
- distribution of cheques or other instruments of exchange
- starting operations
d) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (project coordinator, LETS transaction registrars,
those responsible at tank commission level, users)
- horizontal, with the various persons responsible at the same level (amongst
operators, amongst transaction registrars, amongst tank commission members)
4.2.5
MICRO CREDIT SYSTEM STRUCTURES
For details of how the system
works, refer to:
CHART
ILLUSTRATING MICRO-LOANS SCHEME
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE
The Mvolo Cooperative Local Development Bank will manage formal currency
funds necessary for running the project, acting on instructions of the project
coordinator given on receipt of the indications received from those responsible
at tank commission level. The funds do not belong to the bank, which will
intervene only in the practical management and transfer of the funds. The
decisions are taken by the users' structures set up under the project. The
funds formally belong to the users until the expiry of the 10 years'
interest-free credit term. The interests of the financing parties are protected
by their representatives nominated to the board of the ONG, who will be invited
to participate in the workshop.
The services of the bank will be paid in local LETS monies at a fixed
rate per transaction to be set during the workshop. The bank can then use its
LETS credits to purchase goods and services inside the project area and sell
them for formal money outside the project area.
One
Moraisian workshop will be held to prepare the Bank structures.
Indicative
participation
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Representative of the ONG acting on behalf of the financing parties
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 3 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
At least 2 qualified persons, 1 indicated by the ONG and 1 by the project
coordinator
200 persons, indicated by the tank commissions, interested in participating
with responsibility for credit arrangements at tank commission level.
Duration
of the workshop: about four weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
4.2.5.1 The bank
a)
Definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relations with the LETS local money system
b)
Physical aspects
- land
- office
- safety
- communications
c)
Financial aspects (Definition of initiatives at each structural level. How much
money is to be distributed at each level?)
- funding of initiatives at general project level (recycling structures,
important productivity initiatives, public works)
- funding of initiatives at intermediate, well commission, level
- funding of initiatives at local tank commission level
- funding of socially based initiatives (clubs, interest groups etc)
- traditional banking activities
4.2.5.2 Organisation of operations
a)
Central structure
b)
De-centralised structure
- Preparation operators
- Meetings at tank commission level
c)
Coordination
- With LETS structures
- With tank commissions
- With project coordinator
d)
Financing of specific projects
- Relations with financiers
e)
Communications structure
-Vertical, at project level (project coordinator, transactions operators, tank
commission level operators, end users)
Commercial, radio, website
4.2.6 GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTION UNITS
For information on the Gypsum
composites process refer to:
NOTES ON
GYPSUM COMPOSITES: General description of the Gypsum composites technology.
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS: More
information and an example of a more advanced application.
Three
Moraisian organisational workshops will be held, one for each production unit
planned. Localities to be decided in accordance with the local availability of
gypsum or anhydrite or the need to import it into the project area.
Indicatively one might be located in Kuyu, one in Miyewe, and one in Pakpawiya.
Indicative
participation (all workshops together)
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant EOS Consult
At least one representative of the NGO
Representative of the Ministry of Health
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 3 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
150 persons (men and women), indicated during meetings held at Tank Commission
level, interested in participating in the activities of the factories. Where
opportune, according to local political structures and traditions, up to 25% of
the people could be indicated by the local chiefs.
Duration
of each workshop: about six weeks.
The
Workshops will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the production units
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects
- relationship with the local LETS systems
b) A
structure for the supply of materials
- geological research for gypsum and/or anhydrite deposits
- locations of gypsum/anhydrite quarries, permits
- activities preparatory to exploitation
- logistics
- coordination of materials depots with the factories
c)
Definition of the items to be made (tanks, toilets, stoves, solar cookers etc)
- coordination with the other production units (specialisation)
- contacts with families
- definition of requirements : articles and specifications
- definition of requirements : design, productive capacity
- definition of the necessary procedures
- preparation of moulds
- tests
- decision on priorities to be given to the various items
d) A
structure for the factories
- land and necessary structures
- design of factories
- construction of factories
- purchase of necessary equipment
e) A
production structure
- organisation of the production
- commercial organisation
f) A
structure for the installation of the items produced
- Relationship factory-installers
- Preparation of the installers
- Installation
- Siting of boreholes/wells
- After sales backup and service
g) A
structure for communications
- Vertical, at project level (project coordinator, factory manager, factory
commissions, installers, end users)
- Horizontal, between production units
- With the local money LETS systems
- Commercial, high-frequency radio, website (in Kenya or Uganda)
4.2.7
THE RECYCLING STRUCTURES
A special fund is included in the budget to cover the costs of setting
up the recycling structures, which have priority. The funds will be repaid by
the beneficiaries in the same way as those made available to the Gypsum
composites factories. They will take the form of interest-free credits
repayable according to the real possibilities of those involved as decided
during the organisational workshops during which the structures are set up. The
repayments will be financed by sale of materials such as fertilisers and
compost outside the project area and by the "exportation" of solid
non-organic waste which are not recyclable within the project area itself. For
an illustration of a possible general structure for the integrated recycling of
waste in project areas refer to:
DRAWING OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
The work of the recycling structures will be carried out within the
local money LETS systems already set up. One of the more interesting features
of LETS systems is that, in contrast with what happens in the western monetised
economies, work considered as "dirty" and/or "heavy" is
usually better paid than "clean" and/or "light" work as the
rates charged will normally be related to the perceived value of an hour's work
in the foreseeable normal working situation.
One
Moraisian workshops will be held.
Indicative
participation:
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Finance Ministry
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 3 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
100 persons (male and female)indicated by the tank commissions, interested in
participating.
Duration
of the workshop: about six weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a)
Definition of the social form of the structures
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including relations with the Micro-credit institution
- relations with the local money LETS systems
b)
Analysis of requirements
c) A
structure for the recycling centres
- Definition of the land requirements and the physical structures necessary
- formalities and permits
- design of the centres
- construction of the centres
- purchase of the necessary equipment
d) A
structure for the collection/deposition of waste
- urine
- composted excreta
- waste water
- other organic waste
- non organic solids
- special industrial wastes
- medical wastes
- who will do what
- definition of individual zones
- definition of specialisations
e) A
commercial structures
- definition of the tariffs applicable to the various types of material
- distribution of urine and composted excreta
- direct recycling of certain materials
- contacts for the exportation of materials not recyclable locally
f) A
monitoring structure
- sanitary conditions
- ecological conditions
- safety conditions
g) A
communications structure
- vertical, at project level (coordinator, centre managers, collection
structures, end users)
- horizontal, between centres
- relations with local money LETS systems
- commercial, radio,
4.2.8
STRUCTURES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIO-MASSE FOR STOVES
For a
typical possible high efficiency stove design refer to:
DRAWING OF TYPICAL HIGH EFFICIENCY GYPSUM COMPOSITE STOVE.
The
structures foreseen are for the production of mini-briquettes for the stoves to
be made by the Gypsum composites production units and for the production of
bio-masse to make the mini-briquettes.
One
Moraisian workshop will be held.
Indicative
participation
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Consultant EOS advises
At least one representative of the ONG
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
50 persons indicated by the tank commissions interested in the production of
mini-briquettes
150 persons indicated by the tank commissions, interested in producing
bio-masse for the mini-briquettes.
Duration
of the workshop: about four weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
coordination structure
- definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including payments
- relations with the local money LETS systems
b)
Analysis of requirements
- detailed analysis of the present systems
- demand in the project area
- demand outside the project area
c)
Analysis of the bio-masse resources available
d)
Definition of the recipes (mixtures) socially acceptable
e)
Creation of the physical structures for briquette production
f)
Logistics
- Assembly and stocking of materials
- distribution of mini-briquettes
g)
Organisation of the cultivation of bio-mass
h)
Commercial
- Availability of micro-credits for growers
- Availability of micro-credits for briquette makers
- Prices for briquette distribution according to the various mixtures
4.2.9 STRUCTURES FOR THE DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
For
possible technical solutions for the drinking water distribution system refer
to:
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.
These
structures incorporate and extend the emergency drinking water system using
hand-pumps, already set up within the framework of the onchocerciasis
(river-blindness) eradication programme.
One
Moraisian workshop will be held.
Indicative
participation
The
Moraisian trainers
The project coordinator
Consultant Terry Manning
Consultant EOS Consult
At least one representative of the NGO
Representative of the Health Ministry
Representative of the Rural Development ministry
At least 5 observers (possible coordinators for future projects)
30 persons indicated by the tank commissions interested in the systematic
maintenance of the structures
80 persons indicated by the tank commissions, interested in drilling boreholes,
drilling wells and building the associated civil and associated works
Duration
of the workshop: about four weeks.
The
Workshop will be expected to produce the following structures:
a) A
coordination structure
- definition of the social form
- statutes
- rules
- professional and administrative structures
- financial aspects including payments
- relations with the local money LETS systems
b)
Analysis of requirements
(Refer to Schedule 1 for full details)
c)
Hydro-geological research
d)
Preparation of maps showing:
- sites of an extra boreholes and wells
- tank sites
- feed-pipe installation lines
e)
Specifications
- Work bases/depots
- Boreholes/wells
- Solar pumps
- Hand pumps
- Washing areas
- Solar panels
- Panel supports
- Borehole/well surroundings
- Laying of pipelines
- Installation tanks
- Eventual installation of UV purification units
- Training of well commissions
- Training of tank commission
f)
Permits
g)
The civil works
- Base for storage of equipment and materials
- Formation of teams
- Planning of works
- Logistics
- Equipment and materials
h)
Installation of the structures
i)
Maintenance
- Creation of the maintenance structure
- Relations with suppliers
- Importation and management of spare parts
- Planning of preventive maintenance
- Maintenance kits
- Monitoring system
- System of statistics
4.3 THIRD, IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
The structures created during
the second phase execute the works they have planned:
- On going execution of the onchocerciasis (river- blindness) emergency
programme
- On going operation of the radio-network
- On-going work in the Community Health Clubs
- On-going hygiene education in schools (as required)
- On-going operation of the local LETS currency system
- Start-up of the Micro-credits
- Start-up of recycling
- Start-up of mini-briquette and bio-mass production
- Completion of Gypsum composites
production units
- Start-up production of Gypsum composites
items for the project, including stoves and solar cookers
- Digging and lining of the wells and boreholes
- Construction of platforms for backup hand-pumps for extra wells/boreholes
- Construction of washing places
- Laying of water pipelines to water tanks
- Installation of the tanks.
- Installation of purification devices at schools and clinics (as required)
- Start-up of waste collection networks
- Installation of solar panels and pumps
- Installation of hand pumps
- Production of sanitation units started
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FOURTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIFTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SIXTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SEVENTH QUARTER
4.4 FOURTH, SECOND IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
On-going production of Gypsum
composites products
- PV lighting for study
- (Pro-memorium) PV television for study purposes
- PV lighting in schools as required
- PV lighting and refrigeration in clinics in the project area, as required,
and in so far as not already executed under the emergency onchocerciasis
eradication programme.
- Further PV water purification
- (Pro-memorium) Soil conservation and forest conservation and exploitation
initiatives started
- (Pro-memorium) Rainwater harvesting begun
DETAILED EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE NINTH QUARTER
DETAILED FINAL EXPENDITURE
5. Short indicative budget
main project
|
Item |
Outgo (Capital) |
Phase |
Estimate (Euro) |
|
01 |
OW health clubs |
2 |
30.000 |
|
02 |
Formation of health clubs |
2 |
10.000 |
|
03 |
Material for health clubs |
2 |
5.000 |
|
04 |
Training of health workers |
2 |
10.000 |
|
05 |
OW health courses in schools |
2 |
pro-memorium |
|
06 |
Material for school courses |
2 |
pro-memorium |
|
07 |
OW social structures |
2 |
40.000 |
|
08 |
OW LETS system |
2 |
60.000 |
|
09 |
Office and equipment LETS systems |
2 |
30.000 |
|
10 |
OW Micro-credit system |
2 |
20.000 |
|
11 |
Office/equipment Micro-credit system |
2 |
10.000 |
|
12 |
OW Gypsum composites production units |
2 |
30.000 |
|
13 |
Shovel/preparation anhydrite supply site |
2/3 |
10.000 |
|
14 |
Construction and equipping anhydrite factory (*20000 FOR EACH FACTORY)
ASSUMING 3 UNITS |
2/3 |
60.000 |
|
15 |
Moulds for anhydrite products (*20000 FOR EACH FACTORY) ASSUMING 3
UNITS |
2/3 |
60.000 |
|
16 |
Location gypsum depots and quality control |
2 |
3.000 |
|
17 |
OW recycling system |
2 |
20.000 |
|
18 |
Setting up recycling centre network |
3 |
50.000 |
|
19 |
Setting up compost collection network |
3 |
5.000 |
|
20 |
OW Bio-mass system |
3 |
15.000 |
|
21 |
OW Drinking water system |
2/3 |
25.000 |
|
22 |
Setting up of project workplace |
2 |
32.000 |
|
23 |
Project transport |
2 |
100.000 |
|
24 |
Vehicles and materials for wells |
3 |
150.000 |
|
25 |
Fuel and maintenance vehicles |
3 |
26.000 |
|
26 |
Drilling/lining costs |
3 |
200.000 |
|
27 |
Labour for wells - (excluding work under LETS systems) |
3 |
30.000 |
|
28 |
36 Washing places- LETS systems |
3 |
pro-memorium |
|
29 |
36 Platforms for hand-pumps - (excluding work under LETS systems) |
3 |
20.000 |
|
30 |
200 Solar Pumps |
3 |
200.000 |
|
31 |
200 Supports for solar panels |
3 |
50.000 |
|
32 |
Solar panels (60.4 kW) |
3 |
360.000 |
|
33 |
Hand-pumps groups (106 pumps) |
3 |
80.000 |
|
34 |
Cables, feedpipe for pumps/wells |
3 |
98.000 |
|
35 |
Pipe lines from wells to tanks - 100000m @ Euro 0.65 |
3 |
65.000 |
|
36 |
Labour for laying water pipelines- LETS |
3 |
pro-memorium |
|
37 |
200 Water tanks (@ 2m * 1.7m)- mostly LETS |
3 |
50.000 |
|
38 |
200 Bases for water tanks - mostly LETS |
3 |
20.000 |
|
39 |
Supervision of installation and training maintenance operators |
3 |
15.000 |
|
40 |
Purchase spare parts supplies |
3 |
20.000 |
|
41 |
Permits and formalities |
2 |
1.000 |
|
42 |
Preparation and formulation of project specifications |
2 |
6.000 |
|
43 |
50 Solar water purification installations for clinics and schools |
3 |
12.500 |
|
44 |
Solar water purification installations (inc.5.000 Wp panels) |
4 |
38.500 |
|
45 |
200 PV lighting units for study purposes |
4 |
200.000 |
|
46 |
PV television for study |
4 |
pro-memorium |
|
47 |
10 PV lighting systems for schools/evening classes |
4 |
40.000 |
|
48 |
PV lighting for clinics outside the project area |
4 |
pro-memorium |
|
49 |
PV lighting for clinics inside the project area |
4 |
40.000 |
|
50 |
PV refrigeration for clinics @ Euro 10000/clinic -excluding
onchocerciasis programme |
4 |
30.000 |
|
51 |
Water testing equipment |
4 |
5.000 |
|
52 |
Transport costs Euro to |
2/3 |
30.000 |
|
53 |
Transport costs internal to Yeri |
2/3 |
50.000 |
|
54 |
Administration and supervision at Yeri |
3/4 |
36.000 |
|
55 |
Fee Project coordinator @Euro 50000/year |
1/5 |
100.000 |
|
56 |
General project consulting Manning @Euro 50000/year |
1/5 |
100.000 |
|
57 |
Fund for PV lighting solar home systems |
4 |
80.000 |
|
58 |
Sanitation facilities with exception of some additvites will be
manufactured and installed within the local LETS systems |
3/4 |
15.000 |
|
59 |
OW radio network |
4 |
25.000 |
|
60 |
Fund for radio network |
4 |
100.000 |
|
61 |
Reserves 16.63% of total |
5 |
582.000 |
|
62 |
General total main project |
5 |
3.500.000 |
SHORT ANALYSIS MAIN PROJECT
|
Outgo (Capital) |
Phase |
Estimate (Euro) |
|
Total first phase |
1 |
0 |
|
Total second phase |
2 |
524.500 |
|
Total phase 3 |
3 |
1.609.500 |
|
Total phase 4 |
4 |
584.000 |
|
Fees project coordinator |
1/5 |
100.000 |
|
Total supervision Manning |
1/5 |
100.000 |
|
General total all phases |
|
2.918.000 |
|
Reserves 16.63% |
5 |
582.000 |
|
Total 1+2+3+4+5 |
|
3.500.000 |
ON-GOING COSTS MAIN PROJECT
|
On-going costs |
Euro |
|
|
|
|
Coordinator for administration |
10.000 |
|
Maintenance operators |
5.000 |
|
Tank commissions (200*5 Euro p.m.) |
12.000 |
|
Spare parts |
15.000 |
|
Reserve for theft |
15.000 |
|
Unforeseen (about 15%) |
10.000 |
|
Total recurrent costs |
67.000 |
INCOME
|
Income |
Euro |
|
|
|
|
Annual contribution for use of services (45000 people @ Euro 0.70
p.m.) |
378.000 |
|
On-gong costs per year |
67.000 |
|
Net annual income for loan repayment |
311.000 |
Comments
1. The above net income should
be just sufficient to finance and repay an interest free loan for Euro 3.500.000
over a period of 10 years, taking the various reserves into account.
2. Interest-free loans for Gypsum composites factories each factory Euro 40.000, are
subject to repayment over a period of 3-5 years, and are to be taken into
account.
3. Funds for radio network and solar home systems etc are also subject to
repayment, and are to be taken into account.
4. At the end of the ten years' period, on repayment of loan, large capital
reserves will be built up for use in Micro-credits and, subsequently, for the
extension and renewal of the capital goods.
5. Payments for water facilities for schools and clinics are included in the
users' monthly contributions.
6. Payments and financing for eventual PV lighting and refrigeration facilities
in clinics within the project area are covered in the users' contributions.
Those for clinics and schools outside the project area partly serving users
within the project area to be discussed.
7. Payments for PV lighting installations for study purposes will be financed
by each tank commission area separately.
8. Savings on the purchasing of bio-mass for cooking and the costs of drinking
water will at least partly offset the costs of the project.
6. Short indicative budget
onchocerciasis eradication programme
|
Item |
Outgo (Capital) |
Phase |
Annual amount
(Euro) |
Estimate 15
years(Euro) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Onchocerciasis eradication programme |
6 |
|
|
|
63 |
Spraying with helicopter along |
6 |
pro-memorium |
pro-memorium |
|
64 |
Insecticides for spraying unknown kg at unknown price |
6 |
pro-memotia |
pro-memorium |
|
65 |
Bacillus Thuringiensis istaelensis BTI initiative unknown |
6 |
pro-memorium |
pro-memorium |
|
66 |
57 wells @ Euro 1000 |
6 |
|
57.000 |
|
67 |
95 hand-pumps @ Euro 500 |
6 |
|
47.500 |
|
68 |
57 platforms @ Euro 500 |
6 |
|
28.500 |
|
69 |
60 operators @US 900 per year |
6 |
60.000 |
900.000 |
|
70 |
60 bicycles @ Euro 100 |
6 |
|
6.000 |
|
71 |
|
6 |
|
38.000 |
|
72 |
Driver for |
6 |
900 |
13.500 |
|
73 |
Fuel maintenance vehicle per year |
6 |
5.250 |
78.750 |
|
74 |
Solar powered radio systems 20 @ 2500 |
6 |
|
50.000 |
|
75 |
Radio licence fees 20 @ Euro250 p.a. |
6 |
5.000 |
75.000 |
|
|
Reserves 13.72% |
|
|
205.750 |
|
|
Total |
|
|
1.500.000 |
Comments
1.Items 63, 64 and 65 have
been entered pro-memorium pending further study.
2. Item 75 is subject to negotiation with the South Sudanese government.
GRAPHS FORMING AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE PROJECT DOCUMENT
GRAPH
SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS
CASH FLOW DIAGRAM
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER - budget items
01-30
TYPICAL PROJECT EXPENDITURE BY QUARTER - budget items
31-60
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FOURTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE FIFTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SIXTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE SEVENTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER
DETAILED EXPENDITURE NINTH QUARTER
DETAILED FINAL EXPENDITURE
RECYCLING OF FUNDS FOR MICRO-LOANS
GRAPH
SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED
The
funds recycled are approximately 16.430.000 Euro. They are made up of:
a)
Repayments of the interest-free seed loan itself. These are shown as horizontal
lines at the bottom of the micro-loans graph. They are constant. During
quarters 42-45 the amounts left for repayment UNDER THE PROJECT are reduced to
zero. However users continue to make monthly contributions on their own account,
so the recycling of funds will in practice continue. The capital fund will
build up again as shown in the micro-loans graph. It will drop again when
replacements of the original capital goods are made or the system services
extended. It will then build up for a third time to cover further collective
capital investments and so on for so long as the users continue making their
monthly contributions.
b)
Certain capital sums (e.g. repayments for the Gypsum composites factories) and reserves.
c)
Repayments under the micro-loans. These are seen as diagonal lines in the
micro-loans graph. Towards the end of the project period, payback times are
shortened to ensure capital re-enters in time for repayment of the original
seed loan.
LIST OF SUPPORTING SCHEDULES
Schedule
1: The project in detail
Schedule 2: Information on Clodomir Santos de Morais and the Organisational
Workshops:
a)BIBLIOGRAPHY ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS
b)BASIC INFORMATION
Schedule 3: Project maps
Schedule 4: Solar submersible horizontal axis piston
pumps
Schedule 5: Spring rebound inertia hand pumps
Schedule 6: Gypsum composites technology:
a) NOTES ON GYPSUM COMPOSITES: General description of
the Gypsum composites technology,
b)PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS: More information
and an example of a more advanced application.
Schedule 7: Health Clubs courses
Schedule
8: Information on LETS local money systems
Schedule 9: A list of 25 progressive steps
for development
Schedule 10: Material for presentations
using transparents or Powerpoint
Schedule 11: NGO SIDF : Statutes and
information
Curriculum of Yowan Ngoli
LINKS
The
Role of Micro-credit in integrated self-financing development projects
Water supply issues in self-financing integrated
development projects for poverty alleviation
PV AND BIOMASS ASPECTS AND THEIR FINANCING
ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS
The authors express their
thanks to the following persons who made very useful suggestions incorporated
in the original model project:
In
alphabetical order:
Mr
L.F.Manning,
Mr Taake Manning,
Mr Eric Meuleman, of EOS Advises,
Mrs Juliet Waterkeyn, of
The
Yeri project in detail.
Maps
of the project area.
Executive
summary
List of draft projects in English and in
French.