STICHTING
BAKENS VERZET
1018
AM AMSTERDAM , THE NETHERLANDS
Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED
Wieringerwerf,
The
Tel:
0031-227-604128.
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail:
(nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet
"Money is not
the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them."
Gesell, Silvio The
Natural Economic Order.
Revised English
edition, Peter Owen,
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-Non commercial-Share Alike 3.0 License
YERI INTEGRATED
SELF-FINANCING RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
"NEW HORIZONS
FOR YERI"
MVOLO COUNTY , SOUTH SUDAN
A HUMANITARIAN
RELIEF PROJECT INCORPORATING LETS AND COMMUNITY BANKING
PREPARED FOR THE
NGO "SUDAN INLAND
DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (SIDF)", MVOLO, SOUTH SUDAN
BY
YOWANI NGOLI, OF
YERI, SOUTH SUDAN
AND
T.E.MANNING,
CONSULTANT, WIERINGERWERF, THE NETHERLANDS
Edition 06: 23 July
2003
THE PROJECT IN DETAIL
1. Justification of the project
A clean healthy
environment is unthinkable without adequate hygiene education, good sanitation
and clean drinking water. Improving the health and quality of life of those
living in poor communities depends on improving their basic community
infrastructure. Better technology now allows users living far away from their
traditional water sources to have clean drinking water, sanitation, hygiene
education, and on-going local development at low cost.
Yet much of the world's population is still without safe sanitation and
drinking water. Local economies have long since been "drained" of the
formal money needed to exchange goods and services in the present market
economy.
In the Yeri district in
School hygiene education lessons focus on cleanliness, environment and
sanitation, but specific on-going hygiene courses for children are not held in
the primary schools. The project aims at incorporating the work already done
within formal on-going hygiene education courses in the schools, where they
exist..
There are practically no sanitation structures at all. Some people have
hand-dug pit latrines.
Many users use collect water from open sources and from just three
unprotected wells in the entire project area. Insects animals and other
contaminants are present everywhere.
Onchocerciarsis (river- blindness) is endemic in much of
In most villages water is fetched from rivers and streams. Women and
children often have to carry water over several kilometres from contaminated
sources to their houses. Water quality is considered poor. Few steps are taken
to purify water. Water is kept in pots, tins and tanks. Rainwater harvesting
techniques are rare and tend to be limited to people with large storage
facilities and dams.
Besides onchocerciasis, open surface water, insufficiently protected
latrines, and poor water quality spreads water-related diseases such as
cholera, typhoid, dysentery, all types of worms, amoeba, and bilharzia which
are also all endemic.
The cost of the fighting often deadly water-related diseases takes up a
large slice of the family incomes. Much time is wasted fetching dirty water
which is then usually drunk with all its pathogens without treatment and
without being boiled.
A goal of the project is to help to reduce water-borne disease so
medical and financial resources can be re-directed to other health objectives
like vaccination programmes and preventive medicines.
In practical terms, this means giving the people throughout the Yeri
project area a clean drinking water supply for household use.
The project includes Gypsum composites production units whose first job will be
to make water storage tanks and borehole and well linings for the project.
Following that, they will also make tanks, san-plats and dry toilet pots for
sanitation facilities. Toilets and waste disposal units will be built for each
family in the project area as they may wish to install them, and, where
necessary in local schools and clinics. In principle, formal currency
investment will not be needed for this work as most of it can be done using the
local LETS currency systems to be set up as part of the project. Once the needs
of the project have been met, the Gypsum composites units can start making other products,
and "export" to other projects in the region and beyond.
From the beginning Community Health Clubs will be set up to support
on-going hygiene education to optimise the benefit from the new water and
sanitation services. The clubs will also be the main forum for identifying
community needs and for planning project implementation. Hygiene education
courses will also be implemented in the schools in the project area, but a
formal course for schools will be prepared only when a reasonably
representative number of schools is present in the area. At present there are
just three (primary) schools in the entire area.
A system to collect and recycle organic compost, urine, grey water and
non-organic solid waste will be set up where necessary during the 4th phase of
the project. The local currency (LETS) systems will be used for this work.
Students wishing to study in the evenings must usually do so with the
limited and pollution given by shea-nut oil lamps. There are no evening classes
in the schools because there is no lighting. PV lighting for study purposes
will therefore be provided where a collective study room is already available
or built at tank commission level using the local LETS currencies. The project
also includes solar powered refrigeration units for clinics which are not grid
connected. PV lighting for study is foreseen in the schools and in three
locations in Yeri where adult education classes are at present necessarily held
in the afternoon.
Users (especially women) may obtain interest-free micro-credit loans if
they need PV lighting systems to increase their productivity in the evening.
Families later able to pay for their own PV Home Systems will do so
individually under a micro-credit scheme operated by the Mvoloi Cooperative
Local Development Bank (to be instituted) or under self-terminating
interest-free credit groups at tank commission level.
Cooking is done in the project area by women and it takes at least 60
minutes per meal. A support for the pot is erected, usually on stones, and
firewood is placed under the pot and the fire is lighted. This is an extremely
inefficient use of energy. The average use of biomass, nearly always wood, is
4kg per family per day. This amounts to 9000-10000 tons of firewood per year in
the project area, with the consequential pollution of the living areas and
villages environments and a cost to the local community of Euro 500.000 per
year. Upper respiratory infections is the second most common health problem in
the project area. Smoky, polluted, living environments will be eliminated by
the use of energy efficient stoves made by the locale The Gypsum composites
production units.
The stoves will be made for pot sizes commonly used in the community.
Each family may buy as many stoves as it needs. The stoves will burn most kinds
of fuel though the preferred fuel will be mini-briquettes hand pressed by
individual homeowners or made by local tradesmen. Some crops will, where
necessary, be sustainably grown for use as fuel. They will then be mixed with
straw, twigs, leaves, dung and other available materials without reducing the
amount of fertilisers normally used for agriculture.
Solar cookers will also be made under the LETS systems from Gypsum
composites where daytime cooking is
not in conflict with local customs
There are no systems available for waste collection in the project area.
Organic waste other than urine and faeces is mostly household or food waste,
which amounts to about 2kg per family per day, or 5000 tons per year. At best,
this is dumped at a site which becomes smelly and attracts vermin. There are at
present no arrangements at all for non-organic waste products. The people are
very poor, and there is not a lot of non-organic waste. Non-organic waste is
not perceived as a major problem by the local population. However, the question
of disposal of non-organic waste is addressed under the project within the
framework of the general network for collection and re-cycling of waste
products foreseen.
Under the project most organic waste, including urine and faeces, will
be treated at household and local level and transformed into high value-added
products for recycling for food production. A network of recycling centres will
be set up for to receive organic and non-organic waste materials for recycling.
The centres will also provide a rubbish collection service where required.
Collection of environmentally harmful rubbish will be paid for by the users.
The collectors may pay for useful materials under the local LETS systems. The
idea is to keep as much residual and recyclable value as possible within the
local economy. The local systems can also earn some formal currency by
exporting waste for industrial recycling that cannot be recycled locally.
Standard sanitation and waste removal services, where required, will
also be supplied for the three schools and the three clinics presently in the
project area. Specialised waste removal from clinics will be discussed
separately.
2. Cooperation of the local people
The users
themselves are responsible for the creation of the project structures and their
execution, running and maintenance. They pay for and own the structures.
The users will create the structures during a series of organisational
workshops following the method developed by the Brazilian sociologist Clodomir
Santos de Morais. A bibliography of the work of de Morais is set out in
Schedule 2. The project will try to put at the disposal of the often very large
groups involved in the workshops, but ONLY ON REQUEST, the consultants,
materials and equipment necessary for the services and structures in question.
The groups organise themselves (often with great difficulty), set up their
administrative structures, procure the necessary authorisations and permits,
proceed with the construction of factories, and to the production and sale of
their products and services as they consider fit.
Key to the formation of the structures foreseen in the project is the
order in which the workshops are held. It is not possible to hold workshops to
set up the tank commissions (the key project structures) for instance until a
suitable platform has been created to enable women to organise themselves,
express themselves at meetings and actively participate in the project
structures. This is done during the organisation workshop setting up the health
clubs. It is not possible to set up structures for the manufacture of articles
for sanitation purposes if the local money LETS systems have not been
established. The LETS systems make their production, distribution, sale and
installation without the need for formal money possible, so that even the
poorest families can afford to purchase a sanitation system.
The
order of sequence indicated in section 4.2 of the main project document is the
following:
2.00
Emergency programme for onchocerciasis eradication
This has already been described separately and in detail under point 4.2.0.1
above
2.01
Health clubs
2.02 Social structures
2.03 LETS systems
2.04 Micro-credit systems
2.05 Gypsum composites units
2.06 Recycling systems
2.07 Bio-mass production
2.08 Radio station
2.09 Drinking water
2.10 Lighting etc
The
workshops represent a general mobilisation of the population, with an active
participation of at least 4000-5000 people out of total of 75.000, representing
about 12% of the active population. The remaining 88% will be indirectly
mobilised through the use of structures such as the local money systems and the
interest-free micro-credit systems to be set up.
2.1 HEALTH CLUBS AND HYGIENE EDUCATION
The Health clubs have two
tasks:
The first is hygiene education itself tending to the improvement of
health standards pending the installation of the drinking water and sanitation
structures foreseen under the project. In this work, the health clubs will
support on-going initiatives of community health workers of the Ministry of
Health.
The second is the formation of a socially acceptable platform enabling
the population, and in particular women, to work together, which is basic to
the success of the project. The health clubs constitute a forum for women,
helping them to identify the requirements of the community and to fully
participate in the planning and execution of successive phases.
Hygiene education will become an integral part of the school curriculum
at all levels in the schools in the project area as soon as a network of
schools is developed. The purpose of the courses is to reinforce the work done
by the Health Clubs. The cooperation of trained personnel of the Ministry of
Health is foreseen. This personnel will participate in the Health Club
workshops during which the courses will actually be prepared and the Health
Clubs organised. Teachers from the schools will also participate in the
workshop and in the preparation of the material for the courses. At the moment
there are just three (primary) schools in the area and they will be
individually approached without need for a workshop.
Schools will be supplied with appropriate quality clean drinking water
and proper sanitation systems under the project. In so far as is possible basic
school facilities will be built, and local teachers paid, under the local money
system.
Unfortunately most children in the project are do not currently have
access to any schooling system. The little schooling there is mostly funded by
parents. This will put extra responsibility on the Health Clubs which will in
such cases be called upon to cover hygiene education for the children not
covered under the arrangements made with the few existing schools.
2.2 SOCIAL STRUCTURES
All activities will be carried
out by the users themselves. The structures are worked out during the
organisational workshops foreseen. The following is what might expect to result
from the workshops.
The
basic administrative structure foreseen by the project is the Tank Commission.
The
tasks of the Tank Commission are numerous and include, by way of example,:
- Analysis of the local situation (200 people - 34 families)
- Definition of the local issues and problems
- Liaison with the Health Clubs already established
- Liaison with the local currency LETS systems about to be formed
- Organisation of monthly users' meetings
- Identification of the best projects for Micro-credit development loans
- Setting priorities for Micro-credit loans
- Deciding the priorities for siting the wells and washing places, with special
input from women's groups
- Deciding the siting of tanks and water pipeline routes
- Deciding priorities for the siting and installation of sanitation units
- Deciding the pot sizes for stoves and solar cookers
- Liaison with the compost collection and recycling network
- Liaison with the grey water/urine collection and recycling network
- Planning what can be done by the local people themselves at the normal ruling
daily rate of pay and what can be done in the local LETS currency.
- Systematically monitoring project progress and on-going administration with
the users' commissions (comprising mostly women)
- Organising daily maintenance of the tank areas, rules of use
- Managing any local disputes relating to the project
- Collection of the monthly contributions to the Cooperative Development Fund
- Nomination of participants to various organisational workshops
- Proposals for the support of families with difficulty in making their
contributions
- Liaising with the local Onchocerciasis eradication programme.
Refer
also to:
TANK COMMISSIONS - THE KEY STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS
2.3 LOCAL MONEY LETS STRUCTURES
The local exchange trading
(LETS) systems foreseen will be set up during Moraisian organisational
workshops.
The
following texts, drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project
proposal. They indicate the type of structure which can be expected to come out
of the workshops.
DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF LETS STRUCTURES.
HOW A LETS TRANSACTION WORKS.
DETAILED INFORMATION ON LETS SYSTEMS
In
principle, just one local LETS currency system will be set up, as the project
revolves around the town of
All adults in the project area should be registered as members, but use
of the system with exceptions for goods and services necessary for the project
itself, will be voluntary. Any member may usually freely choose whether to
conduct a given transaction in the local currency system or within the formal
currency system.
The Yeri local money system will have about 20000 registered adult
members. Children under the age of 14 will not be registered as they are not,
under the international convention on the rights of children, allowed to work.
They will become registered members of their local LETS systems upon reaching
the age of 14. The members of each group will be coded so that their
tank-commission and well areas can be identified and the cost of more local,
optional, initiatives such as PV lighting for study purposes debited to the
members directly involved rather than to the whole project area. In the same
way, the coding can allow for identification of members of clubs, cooperatives
and other informal groups as they may be formed.
A "catalogue" of goods and services is prepared periodically
in a form which can be understood/read by the group members. In the Yeri area, what
is available and who provides it will often be widely known at local level.
However, the range of activities is destined to increase rapidly.
The reference value could be the South Sudanese pound. However this
currency is not too stable or inflation free. Or it could be based on the basis
of the perceived average value of an hour's work. Or on the basis of a kilo of
a local staple product. Since all future LETS currencies in
Assume that a Gypsum composites
product is sold by a group A member to a group B member. The transaction
would be in local currency A. The Gypsum composites producer would be credited in local
currency A. The coordinator of group A would advise his counterpart in group B
of the debit for the group B member and separately credit group A with the same
amount in group B currency. The group B coordinator would debit the group B
buyer in local currency B, and, separately, debit group B with the same amount
in group A currency. Goods and services supplied by group B to group A would be
registered the other way round. The group A and B coordinators then simply
eliminate the respective debits and credits by pairing value units one for one.
The processes broadly follow traditional balance of payments
transactions but the objective is to maintain a balance in imports and exports.
A large debit balance between one LETS group and another would show resources
are being transferred from one group to another. The coordinators would then
have to take steps to correct the imbalance. They could, for example,
temporarily extend the range of goods and services the debtor group can export
to the creditor group, such as by arranging a special market.
It is
a key to the success of the system that the imports and exports of each group
remain balanced, their sum tending to zero.
There will be an elected local LETS coordinator in each tank commission
area. The LETS coordinator will need to be literate and will be responsible to
the general LETS systems coordinator. The local coordinators will help those
members unable to write/sign their cheques (or deal with other methods of
payment), arrange distribution of chequebooks (or other payment forms)to the
LETS users, collect the used cheques (or equivalent) deposited in the LETS POST
box near the local water tank and take them to the general LETS systems
coordinator for registration. The local coordinators will also display the
monthly or weekly reports on the LETS NOTICE BOARD near or above the LETS POST
box, advise illiterate members of their LETS balances, call a fortnightly or
monthly meeting where the users can discuss the operation of their LETS system,
make special requests (such as, for example, increasing the debt limit for sick
members or for those making special purchases), and discuss ways to use the
goods and services of those with high debts so as to help balance their trading
accounts. The local coordinators will also discuss with the members selected
proposals for allowing export and import of goods and services into the local
LETS system and report back to the general LETS coordinator.
The first general LETS systems coordinator will be chosen by the Project
Coordinator. He and the locally elected LETS coordinators will make up the LETS
COMMISSION. The LETS COMMISSION will meet at least once a month to discuss
particular problems and to decide on actions needed to balance the
export/import accounts amongst the various local LETS currencies.
The fortnightly/monthly reports for members in each tank commission area
will be published on the local LETS NOTICE board and discussed at a general
meeting of the local members. The report will show, for each member, the
previous balance, the current balance, the total number of plus transactions
and minus transactions conducted, and list each plus and minus transaction
since the previous report.
The cheque (or other transaction form used)will have two parts. Each
part will have the member's name and LETS number pre-printed on it. The
SELLER'S cheque is used in each transaction. The BUYERS name and system code
are filled in on the cheque, with the assistance of the local coordinator where
necessary, as well as a description (with LETS code) of the goods or services
sold. Finally the cheque is signed by BOTH parties and deposited in the LETS
post box. The amount credited to the seller must be exactly the same as that
debited to the buyer.
Payments for LETS services provided by members to their communities will
be debited to a special LETS code for the community. When the community debt
reaches one LETS currency unit (or other agreed amount) for each member, each
member will be debited with that amount. The community LETS code will then be
credited by the same total amount. This system allows collective communal
property to be involved in the LETS transactions. For example, the sale of wood
from communal land can be registered as a credit to the LETS group involved,
and then transferred from there to individual group members.
2.4 MICRO-CREDIT STRUCTURES
The following drawings and
graphs form an integral part of this project proposal. They give an idea of
what the results of the Moraisian organisational workshop setting the
structures up might produce.
DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
CHART ILLUSTRATING MICRO-LOANS SCHEME
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE.
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
The
micro-credit system will be set up by the Moraisian organisation workshop
conducted for the purpose.
The proposed micro-credit system will be different from those formed up
till now. The loan capital repayments and longer term reserves within the
project itself will be used to finance the micro-credit system. This is
possible because the money is already available for multiple re-cycling,
interest-free. When, at the close of the ten years' loan repayment period, the
original project capital is repaid, the users will continue their monthly
contributions to build up capital for system extensions and to replace the
system hardware after 20-30 years. This money, which will build up to a
considerable sum, also becomes available for interest-free micro-credits within
the project area until it is needed.
Final repayments of blocks of micro-credits will be coordinated so that
money for long term capital investment purposes (system replacement and
extensions) will be available when it is needed. This way, money for the
micro-credits granted is generated by the users themselves within the framework
of the project and those micro-credits belong to the users. They are
interest-free to ensure they continue to re-circulate within the local economy.
The Mvolo Cooperative Local Development Bank will charge a set fee in local
LETS currency for each transaction to cover its costs and make a socially
acceptable profit. Its fee will be set before the system starts working. The
fee is expressed in the local LETS currencies to stop leakage of formal money
from the local economy. In any case associated such as collection of payments
and distribution of information will all be paid for in the local LETS
currencies.
The Mvolo Local Cooperative Development Bank would thus become a regular
member of the local LETS systems. It could, for instance, use the LETS credits
it derives from its banking services to buy local products and services and
distribute them outside the system in exchange for formal currency.
The purpose of the planned interest-free Micro-Credit system is to
ensure that individuals or cooperatives wanting to expand their production who
have no access to formal currency to pay for their capital investment can get
interest-free micro-credit loans to boost the local economy. The Micro-credit
system is therefore applied only to micro-project investment which needs to be
made outside the local currency exchange (LETS) system.
The pay-back time for the interest free loans will vary from case to
case. Some investments will generate more goods and services that can be sold outside
the local LETS currency area than others. The formal currency so earned can
then be used to repay the loans. The sale of some production in the formal
economy will be a condition of the granting of the Micro-Credit loan. The speed
at which the formal loan currency can be recovered will determine the payback
period, which could therefore be anything between a few months and a few years.
The loan repayments must be realistically possible. The system is cooperative
and interest free and designed to enhance the general welfare within the
beneficiary communities. As with the Grameen bank systems, any person or
cooperative group wanting a Micro-Loan will be expected to produce four friends
who agree to be jointly and severally liable for the periodic loan repayments,
and to make sure they are made on time. Since the Micro-credits are essentially
self-financed by the communities through their communal funds, the funding
priorities must be left to the communities themselves. This is especially so
where potential conflicts of interest arise because there is not enough funding
immediately available to meet all requests for assistance. Meetings to discuss
members' proposals and further developments with on-going projects will become
a feature of the social life of the communities. Since it is expected that many
of the beneficiaries under the scheme will be women and women's groups, women
will need to have full representation during such meetings. One of the basic
goals of the formation of the Community Health Clubs foreseen is to use them as
a launching pad to create women's groups. These groups will give women the
chance to discuss their needs, develop their priorities, and make submissions
during the Micro-Credit meetings. The Health Clubs should also be able to ensure
that women participate en bloc at the Micro-Credit meetings.
Rules
for the organisation of the Micro-Credit meetings will be set up during the
workshop with the full participation of the beneficiary communities. These
rules must lay down the general principles behind the system. These would, for
example, include:
1)
All loans are to enable the beneficiary to extend his/her income by producing
more goods and services
2) The goods and services must benefit the general interests of the community
and encourage exchanges under the local LETS systems.
3) Some of the goods and services must be saleable outside the LETS systems to
earn formal currency to repay the micro-loan.
4) The Micro-Credit loan must promote the rapid circulation of formal money
within the beneficiary communities. For example, using formal currency to build
a clinic or hospital would not qualify for micro-credits because the capital
invested cannot be re-circulated. On the other hand, buying equipment for
testing water quality (foreseen in the project) would qualify, as the formal
currency cost can be recovered by charging in formal currency for water
analyses conducted for users outside the project area.
5) Special priority will be given in the first instance to micro-loans to start
the collection and transport of compost, urine, and grey water, and establish
the recycling centres that will collect, store, and export non-organic waste
products from the project area.
2.5 THE GYPSUM COMPOSITES FACTORIES
The organisation workshops
foreseen will decide where the Gypsum composites production units will be
constructed.
Consideration
should be given to the distance of the sites from the gypsum or anhydrite
deposits which will feed them. These sites will be included on the maps in
Schedule 3 as soon as the sites are known.
The
costs of locating gypsums/anhydrite deposits are covered as a separate item in
the budget.
For
more information on the Gypsum composites technology as such refer to Schedule
6.
GYPSUM COMPOSITES.
PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS.
2.6 RECYCLING STRUCTURES
A system for the
collection of recycling of waste waters, urine, excreta, other organic solids,
non-organic solids will be set up during a Moraisian organisation workshop held
for the purpose. The following is an indication of the type of structure which
would be expected to emerge during the workshops. Since there is currently
relatively little inorganic waste present in the project area, its recycling is
not considered a top priority by the inhabitants. However a simple, basic,
structure for it will be set up and expanded as required in the future.
The operations will take place under the local money LETS systems. A
separate interest-free credit fund is provided in the budget for purchase of
equipment which is not available locally and/or which has to be paid for in
formal currency.
In principle, the equipment used should not require the consumption of
imported energy (electricity, diesel, petrol etc) which causes an on-going
financial leakage from the project area. Transport distances should be kept as
short as possible.
The
following drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.
DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF WASTE DISPOSAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM
COMPOSITES
The sanitation and rubbish collection package includes the following elements:
- 1)
Dry composting toilet tanks made from Gypsum composites
- 2) Toilet tanks for urine made from Gypsum composites
- 3) Grey water tanks made from Gypsum composites
- 4) Locally made compost bins for organic waste other than urine, faeces and
grey water.
- 5) A system to collect and where necessary store the compost from 1) and 4),
urine from 2) and grey water (from 3) of users who have no land or garden on
which to recycle their own waste.
- 6) A system to collect and recycle non-organic solid waste through recycling
centres.
The main principles behind the system are:
- (a)
Recycling should always be done at the lowest possible level, starting with the
individual user.
- (b) Recycling at a second level should also be done as late as possible
during the composting cycle to reduce the volume of material handled.
- (c) The whole system should be operated within the local (LETS) currencies.
- (d) Capital investment for recycling equipment, transport and storage under
5) and 6) will be a priority for Micro-credit loans.
- (e) "Dirty" work will be better paid than "clean" work in
the LETS systems, because the rate of pay will reflect the willingness of
workers to do the work. Those doing unpleasant work will have an above-average
income within the LETS systems so that there should be no difficulty finding
people to do the work.
- (f) Waste should, as far as possible, be recycled within the project area so
communities are self-sufficient and there is no leakage of formal money from
the system. In particular, materials like metals, paper, plastics can often be
treated at local level for use in local industries creating jobs and local
value added during both treatment and production. The principle also promotes
the export of re-cycled products for formal currency which will be used to
repay the interest free micro-credits loans.
- (g) Lucrative job possibilities are created within the system.
- (h) Export and sale of selected non-organic solid waste through the recycling
centres for formal currency so micro-credits for re-cycling operation can be
repaid.
- (i) Selected non-organic solid waste products will treated locally and
recycled as raw material for local artisan industries.
- (j) Interest free micro-loans for compost collectors under 5) above may need
to be for a longer term than other micro-credits as most of the compost will be
recycled within the local currency system. Some of the compost collection
charges may have to be in formal currency or the equipment may need to be used
part-time outside the LETS systems to help earn formal currency to repay the
micro-credit loans.
- (k) Recycling of special industrial and medical wastes to be addressed
separately.
Taking the above-mentioned 6 elements in turn:
1) DRY COMPOSTING TOILET TANKS
DRAWING
OF COMPOSTING TOILET TANK MADE FROM GYPSUM COMPOSITES
Two
Gypsum composites tanks will be needed to collect and compost faeces.
The first properly aerated composting toilet tank is used until it is
more or less full. It is then sealed and allowed to compost for 9-12 months
while the second toilet tank is being used. The compost in the first tank
reduces to about one wheelbarrow full of soil per adult person per year, and
after the 9-12 months composting period it can be safely and profitably used as
soil conditioner. Were an improved evaporation system to be used, the faeces in
the single tank used would be evaporated by relatively warm air circulation in
the system. This process forms dry coagulated lumps that look like dry dogs'
food. These residues are light and greatly reduced in volume. They can be
emptied at any time over 2-3 year periods and used as soil conditioner. Users
who do not want to dispose of the resultant soil conditioner themselves will
hire local operators to do the work under the local LETS currency systems.
Only one toilet seat/sanplat is required for double dry-tank
installations. It is simply re-installed over the empty tank when the tanks are
changed.
The second tank in the two-tank system can be bought at a later phase of
the project because it will not be needed for at least a year. This helps
spread purchases within the LETS systems over a wider time span.
The
small quantities of water in containers used by toilet users for toilet
cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the dry toilet tanks.
2. URINE TANKS
The urine tanks
will have to be emptied regularly unless evaporation systems are used. Wet
systems are preferred because they create more value added in terms of
increased garden production. Urine, with a little lime sawdust or equivalent
added regularly, can be used systematically for watering plants as long as it
is diluted with 10 parts of water or grey water to one part of urine,
substantially increasing the productivity of the garden.
The small quantities of water in containers used by urinal users for
urinal cleaning and for personal hygiene will be added to the urine tanks.
Users unable to re-cycle the urine from their tanks and who do not use
evaporation systems will have to arrange for the urine tanks to be emptied
periodically under the local LETS systems for re-cycling within the project
area.
3. GREY WATER TANKS
These Gypsum
composites tanks will usually be
near the users houses to collect waste water from normal household use. Ten
parts of grey water mixed with one part of urine can also be recycled for use
on gardens. It can also be recycled as it is for use on gardens.
Where appropriate, simple filter systems will be used to eliminate
grease, oils, and similar from the grey water. The filtered out solids will be
stored in the compost bin.
Users unable to re-cycle the grey water from their tanks will need to
arrange for the tanks to be emptied periodically under the local LETS currency
systems for re-cycling within the project area.
4. COMPOST BINS FOR ORGANIC HOUSE WASTE OTHER THAN FAECES, URINE, AND
GREY WATER
Other organic
household waste is mostly made up from kitchen refuse that has to be outside
the users' houses without giving rise to unpleasant smells or attracting
insects. It can usually be mixed with soil and composted in an appropriate
locally made bin or tank. The compost can then be disposed of in the garden if
there is one, or it can collected periodically under the LETS systems and
re-cycled elsewhere in the project area.
Animals such as chickens and goats are capable of productively recycling
normal kitchen refuse.
5. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND STORING COMPOST
The need for collection
and the amount of composting prior to collection will depend on the living
space available to users. It will therefore vary from project to project and
from zone to zone.
The workers who collect, store, and re-cycle the compost will get
priority micro-credits to buy the equipment they need. They will be well paid
within the local currency systems to do the work which is likely to be
considered less attractive than other jobs.
6. SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING AND DISPOSAL OF NON-ORGANIC SOLID WASTE THROUGH
RECYCLING CENTRES
A limited number of
recycling centres will initially be established on a zone basis. Users will be
required to take their non-organic solid waste to their zone centre. They can
also ask the recycling centre to collect their waste and pay for the service in
local (LETS) currency.
The recycling centres will sort the waste and store it until there is
enough to sell commercially. Some centres may specialise by buying some kinds
of waste collected by other centres so as to increase the commercial volume for
export. They may also treat the waste they specialise in and prepare it for use
by local industry, keeping the added value within the local system.
Re-cycling centre owners will get priority for micro-credit loans to buy
the equipment they need to collect, store, and treat the waste. Their number
will be increased in accordance with local demand.
Useful
references for composting systems and integrated recycling are:
Winblad Uno et al, "Ecological Sanitation", SIDA (Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency),
Del Porto D and Steinfeld C, "The composting toilet system book",
CEPP (Centre for Ecological Pollution Prevention), Massachusetts, 1999 ISBN
0-9666783-0-3
Sawyer Ron (editor), "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food
security", UNDP-SIDA, Mexico 2000, ISBN 91-586-8935-4
Foo Jacky, "Integrated bio-systems: a global perspective", InFoRM
(National Workshop on Integrated Food Production and Resource Management,
Brisbane, 2000.
2.7 ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES, LOCALLY
SUSTAINABLE BIO-MASS PRODUCTION, AND SOLAR COOKERS
DRAWING OF
GYPSUM COMPOSITES STOVE
Cooking is the most energy-intensive activity in the project area.
Nearly all the fuel used for the comes from bio-mass, usually wood. Inefficient
use of wood for cooking has serious consequences, including health dangers,
air-pollution, and de-forestation, especially in the towns and larger villages.
A plentiful supply of wood is available in the project area and in
Local production of highly efficient stoves under local LETS systems can
eliminate or at least substantially reduce the need to fetch wood. The benefits
of this development are dramatic, including:
-
halting the depletion of forests
- helping to stop erosion
-reducing the CO2 emissions
- reducing smog formation in towns and larger villages
- releasing women and girls from an unsustainable social burden
The proposed highly efficient Gypsum composites stoves will reduce the bio-mass needed
for cooking by up to 60%. The stoves will run with any kind of fuel.
Importantly, the reduced bio mass needed to fuel them can be 100% locally
produced, creating jobs to grow it, to make mini-briquettes for cooking and to
distribute the briquettes. The production of bio-mass for cooking must not
affect the production of local fertiliser for agriculture.
Gypsum composites stoves
have been preferred to solar cookers (though these can always be offered as an
option) because the use of solar energy for cooking does not always coincide
with users' eating habits. The stoves also allow people to retain their
customary cooking methods and preferred pot and pan sizes, and are better
adapted to preparing traditional staple foods. They incorporate heat level
control, and will allow circulation of smoke so that the heat in the smoke is
utilised.
The stoves will be locally sized to suit the two or three most commonly
used pots and pans. Each family will buy as many stoves as it needs and can
afford using the local LETS currencies.
BIO-MASS FOR THE ENERGY EFFICIENT STOVES
The high efficiency
stoves burn any sort of fuel. The project provides for locally manufactured mini-briquettes
to be used. The recipes for the mini-briquettes are expected to vary from one
local LETS system to another and maybe from one part of a LETS system to
another depending on the materials actually available and local cooking
customs. The burning speed will be controlled by adding water and/or vegetable
oils and/or animal fats and/or dung and/or salt. Several kinds of
mini-briquettes might be available to suit the different cooking jobs.
The mini-briquettes will be made from local waste materials like straw,
leaves, sticks, paper, and wood chips. Where necessary, suitable fast-growing
crops will also be planted to produce enough local bio-mass to make the
mini-briquettes needed in the project area. Using the LETS currency systems,
the growers will either sell the crops directly to mini-briquette manufacturers
or to tradesmen equipped to treat the bio-mass to make it suitable to use in
briquettes.
SOLAR COOKER PRODUCTION
Where their use is not in
conflict with local eating habits, solar cookers will be built under the LETS
systems for daytime cooking.
The
solar cooker recipients will be made from Gypsum composites . South African
technology in the public domain will be used.
2.8 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY STRUCTURES
The structures
necessary for clean and sufficient drinking water supply are the ones calling
for the heaviest input in terms of formal capital. The structures will be set
up during the course of a Moraisain organisational workshop which will follow
the formation of most of the other structures foreseen. The following
indications will be subject to modifications, some of them substantial. They
will, however, give an idea of the dimensions of the project.
2.8.1 Siting of the boreholes/wells
The following drawings and
graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.
DRAWING OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES.
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.
2.8.2 Basic project specifications
2.8.2
LETS AREA: Yeri
2.8.2.1
Yeri Central
2.8.2.1.1
: Police
Inhabitants
: 600 households, 3600 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 90000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
There
are at present no schools or marketplaces.
Dig
at least two wells.
From
each well in or around the police station, pump a total of 45m3 water per day.
Each well
will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with multipoint hand-tracking system.
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports placed in seven locations in the police station
area
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2. LETS AREA : Yeri
2.8.2.1
Yeri Central
2.8.2.1.2
: Clinic
Inhabitants
: 600 households, 3600 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 90000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
There
is a clinic which used to have 24 beds and an out-patients section which is
still in use.
Dig
at least two wells.
From
each well in or around the police station, pump a total of 50m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 8 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
The clinic equipped with two independent pump and tank systems.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2400Wp ( being 32 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Eight solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports placed in seven locations in the area around the
clinic and one tank on a tank support in the compound of the clinic.
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 LETS AREA: Yeri
2.8.2.1
Yeri Central
2.8.2.1.3
Inhabitants
: 600 households, 3600 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 90000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
There
are at present no schools or marketplaces.
Dig
at least two wells.
From
each well in or around the Pentecostal church, pump a total of 45m3 water per
day.
Each
well will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports placed in seven locations in the areas near the
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.2
Yeri Ring
2.8.2.2.1
Yeri ECS
Inhabitants
: 375 households, 2250 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 56250 litres/day
Available water supply : none
There
are at present no schools or marketplaces.
Dig
two wells.
From
each well in or around the ECS, pump a total of 30m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports placed in six locations near the ECS
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.2
Yeri Ring
2.8.2.2.2
Yeri RCC
Inhabitants
: 375 households, 2250 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 56250 litres/day
Available water supply : none
There
are at present no schools or marketplaces.
Dig
two wells.
From
each well in or around the RCC, pump a total of 30m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports placed in six locations near the RCC
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.2
Yeri Ring
2.8.2.2.3
Inhabitants
: 375 households, 2250 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 56250 litres/day
Available water supply : none
There
is a primary school with 387 pupils.
Dig
two wells.
From
each well in or around the School, pump a total of 70m3 water per day.
One well
will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps and the other with 7.
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports placed in six locations near the School
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
One
second well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28 x 75Wp panels) and supports
with
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports placed in six locations near the School; and one
tank on tank support in the school compound
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.2
Yeri Ring
2.8.2.2.4
Yeri Market
Inhabitants
: 375 households, 2250 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 56250 litres/day
Available water supply : none
There
is a market with a market held six days per week with about 100 vendors and 250
clients.
Dig
two wells.
From
each well in or around the market, pump a total of 90m3 water per day.
One
well will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
Double pump system for the market
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports placed in seven locations in or near the market,
of which at least one in the market square itself
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.2
Yeri Ring
2.8.2.2.5
Yeri Military
Inhabitants
: 375 households, 2250 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 56250 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
two wells.
From
each well in or around the Military area, pump a total of 60m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports placed in six locations near the Military compound
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.2
Yeri Ring
2.8.2.2.6
SDA area
Inhabitants
: 375 households, 2250 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 56250 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
two wells.
From
each well in or around the SDA area, pump a total of 60m3 water per day.
One
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each pump dedicated to a water tank supplying about 250 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports placed in six locations near the SDA area
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.3
Yeri Suburbs
2.8.2.3.1
Winikelu with Dokudovolo
Inhabitants
: 135 households, 800 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 200009 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
one well to pump a total of 20m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of two pumps in Winikelu dedicated to a water tank supplying about 360
users.
One solar pump dedicated to a water tank in Dokudovolo
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports, two of which placed in Winikelu and one in
Dodudovolo
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.3
Yeri Suburbs
2.8.2.3.2
Donyiya with Dogirengi
Inhabitants
: 205 households, 1220 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 30000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
one well to pump a total of 30m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of three pumps in Donyiya dedicated to a water tank supplying about 350
users.
One solar pump dedicated to a water tank in Dogirengi
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports, three of which placed in Donyiya and one in
Dongrengi
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.3
Yeri Suburbs
2.8.2.3.3
Dogburo with Wiramono
Inhabitants
: 300 households, 1800 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 45000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
one well to pump a total of 45m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 6 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of five pumps in Dogburu dedicated to a water tank supplying about 325
users.
One solar pump dedicated to a water tank in Wiramono
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1800Wp ( being 24 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Six solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Six tanks on tank supports, five of which placed in Dogburu and one in Wiramono
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.3
Yeri Suburbs
2.8.2.3.4
Kujuaboro
Inhabitants
: 730 households, 4360 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 109000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
two wells to pump a total of 109m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of fourteen pumps in Kujuaboro dedicated to a water tank supplying about
310 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to each well.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.3
Yeri Suburbs
2.8.2.3.5
Benyi
Inhabitants
: 220 households, 1300 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 32000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
one well to pump a total of
The
well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of three pumps in Benyi dedicated to a water tank supplying about 325
users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports, placed in Benyi
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.3
Yeri Suburbs
2.8.2.3.6
Disipilesi
Inhabitants
: 560 households, 3350 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 84000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
two wells to pump a total of 84m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of 10 pumps in Disipilesi dedicated to a water tank supplying about 335
users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
Each
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.4
Yeri District
2.8.2.4.1
Kuyu
Inhabitants
: 65 households, 400 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day =10000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
one well to pump a total of 10m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 2 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of three pumps in Kuyu dedicated to a water tank supplying about 200
users.
Single unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/-600Wp ( being 8 x 75Wp panels) and supports
with
Two solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Two tanks on tank supports
A single hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.4
Yeri District
2.8.2.4.2
Mbaya
Inhabitants
: 500 households, 2950 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 74000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
two wells to pump a total of 74m3 water per day.
Each
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of ten pumps in Mbaya dedicated to a water tank supplying about 295 users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to each well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.4
Yeri District
2.8.2.4.3
Koru
Inhabitants
: 160 households, 970 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 25000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
one well in Koru to pump a total of 25m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of three pumps in Koru dedicated to a water tank supplying about 325
users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.4
Yeri District
2.8.2.4.4
Gulu
Inhabitants
: 140 households, 820 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 20500 litres/day
Available water supply : There is one borehole
There is one primary school and a health centre
Dig
one well in Gulu to pump a total of 30m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 5 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of two pumps in Gulu dedicated to a water tank supplying about 410 users.
Two independent pump systems dedicated to water tanks supplying the health
centre
One pump system dedicated to a tank in the school compound
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
The
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1500Wp ( being 20 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Five solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Five tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.4
Yeri District
2.8.2.4.5
Mbara
Inhabitants
: 240 households, 1450 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 36250 litres/day
Available water supply : there is one borehole
There is one primary school and a public health centre
Dig
one well in Mbara to pump a total of 45m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 7 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of four pumps in Mbara dedicated to a water tank supplying about 360
users.
Two independent pump systems each with a dedicated tank in the Health Centre
compound
One pump system dedicated to the primary school.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 2100Wp ( being 28 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Seven solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Seven tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.4
Yeri District
2.8.2.4.5
Miyewe
Inhabitants
: 180 households, 1080 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 27000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
one well in Miyewe to pump a total of 27m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of three pumps in Miyewe dedicated to a water tank supplying about 360
users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.4
Yeri District
2.8.2.4.7
Yeye
Inhabitants
: 140 households, 840 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 21000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
one well in Yeye to pump a total of 21m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of three pumps in Yeye dedicated to a water tank supplying about 280
users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.4
Yeri District
2.8.2.4.8
Kpakpawiya
Inhabitants
: 200 households, 1200 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 30000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
one well in Kpakpawiya to pump a total of 30m3 water per day.
The
well will be fitted with 4 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of three pumps in Kapakwiya dedicated to a water tank supplying about 300
users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 1200Wp ( being 16 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Four solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Four tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.2 Yeri AREA
2.8.2.4
Yeri District
2.8.2.4.9
Ti'boro
Inhabitants
: 150 households, 880 population.
Water supply required @ 25l per day = 22000 litres/day
Available water supply : none
Dig
one well in Ti'boro to pump a total of 22m3 water per day.
The well
will be fitted with 3 Solar Spring solar pumps.
Each of three pumps in Ti'boro dedicated to a water tank supplying about 290
users.
Triple unit reserve hand-pump-system next to the well.
One
well system equipped with:
The well itself
Photovoltaic panels for overall +/- 900Wp ( being 12 x 75Wp panels) and
supports with
Three solar pumps with accompanying electronics
Three tanks on tank supports
A triple hand-pump system as backup
A Hand-pump platform
Washing place
Fence or similar around PV panels
Paths for users
Sink pits for water drainage
2.8.3. Summary of water supply
|
Zone |
Place |
Population |
M3/day |
Wells |
Solar Pumps |
Hand Pumps |
|
|
01.01 |
Central Police |
03600 |
0090 |
02W |
014 |
006 |
04200 |
|
01.02 |
Central clinic |
03600 |
0100 |
02W |
016 |
006 |
04800 |
|
01.03 |
|
03600 |
0090 |
02W |
014 |
006 |
04200 |
|
02.01 |
Ring ECS |
02250 |
0060 |
02W |
012 |
006 |
03600 |
|
02.02 |
Ring RCC |
02250 |
0060 |
02W |
012 |
006 |
03600 |
|
02.03 |
Ring school |
02250 |
0070 |
02W |
013 |
006 |
03900 |
|
02.04 |
Ring market |
02250 |
0090 |
02W |
014 |
006 |
04200 |
|
02.05 |
Ring military |
02250 |
0060 |
02W |
012 |
006 |
03600 |
|
02.06 |
Ring SDA |
02250 |
0060 |
02W |
012 |
006 |
03600 |
|
03.01 |
Suburbs Winikelu |
00800 |
0020 |
01W |
003 |
003 |
00900 |
|
03.02 |
Suburbs Donyiya |
01220 |
0030 |
01W |
004 |
003 |
01200 |
|
03.03 |
Suburbs Dogburu |
01780 |
0045 |
01W |
006 |
003 |
01800 |
|
03.04 |
Suburbs Kujuaboro |
04360 |
0109 |
02W |
014 |
006 |
04200 |
|
03.05 |
Suburbs Benyi |
01300 |
0032 |
01W |
004 |
003 |
01600 |
|
03.06 |
Suburbs Disipliesi |
03350 |
0084 |
02W |
010 |
006 |
03000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yeri |
37110 |
1000 |
26W |
160 |
078 |
48400 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
04.01 |
Kuyu |
00400 |
0010 |
01W |
002 |
001 |
00600 |
|
04.02 |
Mbara |
01450 |
0074 |
02W |
010 |
006 |
03000 |
|
04.03 |
Koru |
00870 |
0025 |
01W |
003 |
003 |
00900 |
|
04.04 |
Gulu |
00820 |
0030 |
01W |
005 |
003 |
01500 |
|
04.05 |
Mbaya |
02950 |
0045 |
01W |
007 |
003 |
02100 |
|
04.06 |
Miyewe |
01080 |
0027 |
01W |
003 |
003 |
00900 |
|
04.07 |
Yeye |
00840 |
0021 |
01W |
003 |
003 |
00900 |
|
04.08 |
Kpakpawiya |
01200 |
0030 |
01W |
004 |
003 |
01200 |
|
04.09 |
Ti'boro |
00880 |
0022 |
01W |
003 |
003 |
00900 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
04.00 |
District |
11090 |
0299 |
10W |
041 |
030 |
12300 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
47600 |
1284 |
36W |
200 |
106 |
60400 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inhabitants
: 47600
Wells : 36
Boreholes : 0
Litres/day : 1.284.000
Solar pumps : 200
Hand pumps : 106
Installed photovoltaic power: 60.4 KW
Water tanks with capacity 15m3 200
About 1500km water pipes.
2.8.4 Principles for siting water supply structures
New wells will have
to be dug and lined, or boreholes drilled and lined where necessary. The wells
should be sited as close as possible to the users. The water then has to be
pumped through pipelines from the wells to above-ground tanks situated near the
users' houses, so that no-one need go more than 150m from home to fetch water.
The project provides for hand-dug wells. This is because the water table is
only 25-
The solar pumps are capable of carrying water under pressure over
several kilometres. Multiple small high-efficiency pumps in place of larger (but
much less efficient) ones are proposed to guarantee a safe constant water
supply. If one pump needs maintenance, or if one water pipeline is accidentally
damaged, the other pumps continue working.
Water
quality must be checked and water sourced from deeper aquifers if necessary.
2.8.5 Well linings
The wells will normally be 2m
outside diameter and 1.8m internal diameter.
Boreholes
will have a large diameter up to 10", so that several pumps can go down
the same borehole, consistent with the borehole capacity.
Boreholes and wells must be well protected against soil instability,
using linings locally made in a Gypsum composites factory. Gypsum
composites production units are an
integral part of the project. The boreholes and wells must be sealed so that
surface water cannot flow back down the well. Hand-pumps and platforms must be
built so that the users' feet remain dry and never come in contact with water.
Access to the hand-pumps/wells must always be dry. For instance, shingle or
similar materials can be used so that users' feet always remain dry.
The
layout of a typical water installation is shown in:
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
2.8.6 Equipment at water points near the users' houses
The solar pumps
pump water from the wells to the various water points (tanks) near to the
users' houses. The chosen pumps can easily transport the water for several
kilometres from the wells to the water tanks through polyethylene pipelines.
The above-ground tanks will each have a capacity large enough for three
days' water for the community to which they are dedicated. Back-up hand-pump
systems will also be available at the well sites in case of need.
The water in the tanks at schools and clinics may be purified using
ultraviolet solar purification units should suitable technology be available at
the moment of installation. Water purification can be extended to other
community supply tanks at a later stage of the project. The water tanks will be
fitted with double stainless steel ball valve sets. The ground surface at the
water points will be laid with shingle and kept dry so that the users' feet
always remain dry. A sink-pit with stones and shingle will be used to drain any
spill water. The tanks will be made locally from Gypsum composites
2.8.7 Budget items relating to the water supply structures
The final budget figure for
the drinking water supply structures will be prepared during the organisational
workshop.
The
indicative budget includes the following items, expressed in Euro. Together
they generally represent about 39% of the project's formal currency capital
goods investments.
|
Description |
Amount in Euro |
|
Organisation workshop |
25.000 |
|
Setting up the basic
structures |
32.000 |
|
Vehicles and materials |
150.000 |
|
Drilling and lining of
boreholes/wells (LETS) |
200.000 |
|
Local labour for
boreholes/wells (LETS) |
pro-memoria |
|
Washing places (LETS) |
pro-memoria |
|
Hand-pump platforms (LETS) |
pro-memoria |
|
Solar pumps (200) |
200.000 |
|
Panel supports (200)(LETS) |
50.000 |
|
PV panels (60.4 kwp) |
360.000 |
|
Hand-pumps (106) partly from
Gypsum composites |
80.000 |
|
Cable and pipes for
pumps/wells |
98.000 |
|
Feed pipe to water tanks
(km100) |
65.000 |
|
Labour to lay feed pipes
(LETS) |
pro-memoria |
|
Water tanks 200 (mostly
LETS) |
50.000 |
|
Tank bases 200 (mostly LETS) |
20.000 |
|
Preparation maintenance
operators |
15.000 |
|
Initial stock of spare parts |
20.000 |
|
Permits and formalities |
1.000 |
|
Preparation of
specifications |
6.000 |
|
|
|
|
Total (about 39.2% of the
total project cost) |
1.372.000 |
Funds
eventually not used will be added to project reserves and circulated in the form
of interest-free micro-credits to increase local productivity. For example,
certain materials and equipment may be locally available.
The
workshop may take the following aspects into consideration:
2.8.7.1
Establishing base camp and stores
$ 32.000
2.8.7.2
Forming the supervisory team for wells and drilling
Personnel
: team made up of 6 people
-Team leader brigade
-2 x drivers/mechanics
-3 x part-time workers
2.8.7.3
Assemble well work groups
Personnel
: 4 teams each with 7 men:
-Group leader
-Lining worker
-5 labourers
2.8.7.4
Materials to be written off over the period of the interest-free loan
2.8.7.4.1.01
Truck 7 ton
4.1.02 (
4.1.03 Drilling equipment.
4.1.04 generator
4.1.05 welding group
4.1.06 Compressor
4.1.07 air pressure pumps
4.1.08 hydraulic hammers
4.1.09 heads for hammers
4.1.10 lengths 20m pipe dia.25mm
4.1.11 lengths 20m pipe diam.19mm
4.1.12 Vibration head diam.
4.1.13 Motor for 4.12
4.1.14 winches
4.1.15 Containers
4.1.16 Forms
4.1.17 Tools
4.1.18 Cutting group
4.1.19 Form for platforms
Reserve
7.4.1 vehicles and equipment Euro 150.000
2.8.7.4.2
Cost materials
4.2.1
Gypsum composites/anhydrite
4.2.2 Steel (????)
4.2.3 Sand and shingle
4.2.4 Wood and various
Reserve
materials 7.4.2 Euro 60.000
2.8.7.5
WELL/BOREHOLE CONSTRUCTION (15 MONTHS)
2.8.7.5.1
Works
-Forages 8" internal diameter
-Hand dug wells indicatively diam.ext. 2m diam.int.1.8m.
-Linings
-Well platform 0.5m high as per drawings
2.8.7.5.2
Personnel and fuel
5.2.01 Head of brigade
5.2.02 4 x group leaders
5.2.03 4 x lining workers
5.2.04 20x labourers
5.2.05 2 x drivers/mechanics
5.2.06 3xpart-time labourers
5.2.07 Diesel for truck 100km/day
5.2.08 Diesel for compressor
5.2.09 Petrol for (Toyota???) 150km/day
5.2.10 Fuel for drilling equipment
5.2.11 Unforeseen
2.8.7.5.3
Drilling
Drilling
operations where needed will be let out to operators as near as possible to the
project area. This may be in
Forecast
group 7.5 Euro 126.000
2.8.7.6
BUILDING OF ABOUT 36 PLATFORMS FOR HAND-PUMPS
6.1
The platforms can be sited next to the wells since the chosen hand-pumps work
with bends in the feed pipe (See drawing in Schedule 5)
6.2
Material necessary :
-2.25m3 Gypsum composites
-Piece of polyethylene other pipe for drainage to sink pit.
-Stones for sink pit.
-Access to the hand-pumps and the platform areas shall be laid out with shingle
paths so that the users feet do not get wet.
6.3
Both the platforms themselves and the labour will fall under the local money
LETS systems
2.8.7.7
BUILDING OF ABOUT 36 WASHING PLACES (EXCLUDING THE RIVER-BLINDNESS ERADICATION
CAMPAIGN)
7.1
The washing places will be placed near the wells. No decision has been taken as
to whether the water for the washing places is to come from the hand-pumps or
whether solar pumps with tanks be installed for the purpose. The washing places
must meet hygiene criteria with:
7.2
Hygienic drainage of water to a sink pit or to gardens
7.3 Surfaces hygienic and easy to keep clean
7.4 No contact between users feet and water on the ground or water on or around
the washing place.
The
washing places will be built and installed under the local money LETS systems
2.8.7.8
AREAS AROUND THE WELLS and BOREHOLES
8.1
The area around the wells and boreholes must be well protected against
unauthorised access by persons and access by animals.
8.2
The wells and boreholes themselves must be completely sealed off against
insects and anything that could cause contamination of the water.
8.3 Access to the PV panels should not be permitted. Fences and/or other
protection must be used. In connection with the risk of theft, the panels
should always be under the supervision of members of the well commissions.
8.4 Individual PV panels will be fitted with a "chip" enabling
recovery in case of theft. The glass of the panels will be engraved in the
centre with the name of the project to further discourage theft.
2.8.7.9
LAYING OF PIPELINES TO THE TANK INSTALLATIONS
9.1 From each well and borehole about 6-9 hygienic pipelines will be
laid to the tanks situated near the homes of the users. In some cases these
pipelines may be several kilometres long. The various separate pipelines will
run through a common shallow trench for as far as possible, and then branch off
each pipeline in a separate shallow trench over the last few hundred meters to
its dedicated tank installation. A few extra lengths of pipeline can be laid in
the common sections of trench for use should installations later be changed or
in case of damage to a pipeline in use. Obstacles such as roads and rivers are
to be avoided. In case of risk that a trench be crossed by vehicles,
appropriate protection for the pipelines shall be used.
9.2
The trenches can be dug by the users themselves against payment of the normal
standard LETS local money daily rate for such work.
9.3
Costs
9.3.1 Pipelines
9.3.2 Double rapid couplings
9.3.3 Protection materials
Total
costs 7.9 of pipelines Euro 65.000
2.8.7.10
INSTALLATION OF TANKS(ABOUT 200 x
Cheaper
and better alternatives to concrete tanks will be used. These will be spherical
tanks made from (hygienic) Gypsum composites , made locally in a factory to be
set up within the project itself. The tanks will be placed on solid supports.
Each tank will be fitted with two sets of stainless steel two ball valves. The
combination of spherical tanks and supports will offer resistance to all
foreseeable weather conditions.
10.1
Costs of tanks
10.1 200 x
10.2 200 x tank supports reserve Euro 20.000
10.3 402 x 1" stainless steel ball valves Euro 14.000
10.4 A few drainage pipes
10.5 Shingle for sink pits and paths
Total
costs 7.10 tank installations Euro 84.000
2.8.7.11
INSTALLATION OF SOLAR- AND HAND-PUMPS
11.1
Costs
|
2.8.7.11.01 |
About 106
hand-pumps to be built partially under LETS systems |
80.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.02 |
About 4000m
polyethylene 1 1/4" 16 bar feed-pipe for hand-pumps |
14.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.03 |
About 13000m
safety rope for pumps |
4.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.04 |
Double rapid
couplings |
1.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.05 |
Electric cable |
36.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.06 |
Reserve
accessories |
10.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.07 |
Stock of spare
parts for hand pumps |
8.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.08 |
About 200 solar
pumps |
200.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.09 |
About 100000m
polyethylene high pressure pipe diam. 26mm ext/19mm |
65.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.10 |
Spare parts for
solar pumps |
12.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.11 |
External
transport |
15.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.12 |
Inland transport |
10.000 |
|
2.8.7.11.12 |
Supervision
installation |
15.000 |
Total
cost 11.1 Installation solar-and hand pumps Euro 470.000
2.8.7.12
INSTALLATION OF PV PANELS
7.12.1
About 200 panel arrays of 48V 4 x 75Wp in series
12.1.1 About 60.400Wp Euro 360.000
12.1.2 Panel supports Euro 50.000
It is
the intention that the panel supports be made from Gypsum composites in one of
the local Gypsum composites factories to be set up under the project.
12.2
External transport panels Euro 15.000
12.3 Local transport panels Euro 12.500
Total
cost 2.8.7.12 Installation of panels Euro 437.500
2.8.7.13
INSTALLATION OF UV WATER PURIFICATION UNITS (SCHOOLS AND CLINICS)
13.1 The
water is clean when it reaches the tank installations. The reason for the tank
installations is that the following must be taken into account:
-a) Users need water to be available 24 hours per day.
-b) A water reserve must slowly be built up in case of bad weather (three
days).
-c) The capacity of the tanks must be in line with the capacity of the pumps.
-d) If water is kept in the Yeri area in a tank for several days, however well
protected against infection it is, steps should be taken to ensure it stays
clean. UV purification systems are therefore foreseen for schools and clinics
within the framework of phase 3 of the project. If sufficient finance is
available, similar protection can be used in the other tank installations in
phase 4.
Water
purification technology is still under development. This section is subject to
the availability of mature technology at the time of the installation.
Reserve
2.8.7.13 during phase 4 Euro 12.500. The reserve is low because at the moment
there are only three schools in the project area and just three clinics, none
of which is currently operational..
2.8.7.14
TRAINING OF MAINTENANCE OPERATORS
Training
will be carried out during the Water Supply workshop
2.8.7.15
COMMISSIONING OF WORKS
15.1
Every well group with associated +/- 6-9 tank installations will be handed over
to the well and tanks commissions after payment of the users contributions for
the first month. The system remains the property of the project until the loans
have been repaid. On completion of loan repayment:
- property in the wells, hand-pumps, washing areas, and PV enclosures passes to
the well commissions.
- property in the dedicated PV arrays, PV pumps, pipelines and tank
installations pass to the tank commissions.
2.8.7.16
HEALTH ASPECTS CONCERNING USE OF WATER
The
organisational workshops will establish a network for the systematic control of
water quality. The following are some possible indications:
16.1
Organising systematic water sampling to keep a close check on water quality in
the wells and in the tank installations.
16.2 Hygiene education. Cooperation through the established Health Clubs with
locally operating health workers and the Regional Department of Health to
spread information and training of the users in the correct use of clean
household utensils, washing of hands before eating.
16.3 Equipment for water testing will be supplied to one of the local clinics
and paid for users from outside the project area. Water testing for
installation within the project area will be carried out free of charge.
16.4 Organisation of regular water sampling
16.5 Water testing programme
16.6 Hygiene education courses in schools
16.7 Rules concerning special industrial and medical waste products
2.9 PV LIGHTING, TELEVISION AND REFRIGERATION
2.9.1 INSTALLATION OF 200 PV LIGHTING SYSTEMS FOR STUDY
The project
provides for PV powered lighting for study purposes in each of the 200 tank
localities included in the project. Few of the areas will have a suitable study
room so suitable rooms will have to be built to qualify for the PV lighting.
Study rooms will be built under the LETS local currency system, and each of the
LETS members in that tank area would be debited for his/her share of the
building cost. As an incentive to build study rooms, the costs of the PV
lighting have been included in the general project costs. Over time, all 200
tank area groups may see fit to provide study areas for their students. The
tank commissions will be responsible for PV lighting in their area. Some may
wish to install a PV powered television set for educational use as well.
However, there are practical problems in managing TV sets, and these will need
further discussion when the project is being finalised. One of the main issues
in the Yeri area is that while the need for lighting for study is expressed as
being urgent, there are few schools for the people to go to. On the other hand
there are currently four groups of evening classes in operation. One meets in
the SDA church building, another in the ECS building, and two groups hold
lessons in the Payam Administrator's office. The need for evening classes and
adult education is great, given that 97.5 % of the people are illiterate.
PV lighting and/or PV refrigeration facilities for clinics within the
project area would also be the responsibility of the tank commissions where the
clinics are located. The situation concerning schools or clinics outside the
project area serving in part users living within the project area presents
practical problems which will need to be discussed case by case when the
project is finalised.
PV lighting or power sources needed by individuals for production
purposes will be financed on a case by case basis using micro-credit loans.
Financing PV lighting or power sources for (home) systems not used for
production can be negotiated between individual users and the Mvolo Cooperative
Local Development Bank when those users have enough income to meet the extra
cost. The terms of the hire-purchase loan and lease agreements for Solar Home Systems
will be agreed with the local bank before the project starts. Cooperative
investment groups for the installation of solar home systems may also be set up
at tank commission level.
2.9.1
Cost of equipment
2.9.2 Cost of installation. Pro-memorium. Installation will be done under the
LETS system.
Total
cost Euro 200.000
The
project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water
pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and maintenance
in the clinics under the local money LETS system.
2.9.2
INSTALLATION OF PV LIGHTING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS IN CLINICS
There
are only three health centres within the project area, and these are not at the
moment operational. It is expected that these clinics, and others, become
operational during the course of this project. Each operational clinic must
have at least one refrigerator for vaccines.
A
budget of Euro 5.000 has been allowed for lighting and another Euro 5.000 for
refrigeration in each existing clinic. A reserve of Euro 40.000 has been set
aside to take account of new initiatives.
Total
budget 4.2 PV lighting and refrigeration in clinics: Euro 70.000
Cases
where clinics outside the project area serve users inside the project area are
mentioned pro-memorium and will need to be discussed on a case by case basis.
The reserve of Euro 40.000 can, at the discretion of the project coordinator be
used for this purpose.
The
project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water
pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and
maintenance in the clinics under the local money LETS system.
2.9.3
INSTALLATION OF PV LIGHTING IN SCHOOLS
There
are at present just 3 primary schools listed in the the project area and the
need for basic schooling and adult education is desperate. Information on what
can be done under this project to help alleviate the lack of education in the
project area is described in point 2.11 below.
It is
assumed that evening classes will be organised at the three schools and at the
three centres in Yeri (
An
amount of Euro 40.000 has been reserved for this purpose.
2.9.4
INSTALLATION OF SOLAR UV WATER PURIFICATION IN EACH TANK
Up to
200 tanks could be involved. In case of contamination of water in a tank,
especially where this occurs systematically, supplementary steps will be needed
to ensure the purification of the water. Various technologies are currently
under development, from filtration systems susceptible to local manufacture to
more complex and relatively expensive systems operating with ultra-violet rays
which have to be imported into the project area.
In
cases of contamination, means must be found to keep the water safe. A reserve
for Euro 38.500 has been set aside in the budget. The purpose of the project is
to await the results of technological developments as long as possible before
acting. How this money will be spent will also depend on the outcome of the
tests conducted with the installations in schools and clinics. The fund may be
used for field testing of technologies as they become available. In the
meantime funds not spent will be made available for interest-free micro loans.
2.9.5
INSTALLATION OF PV TELEVISION SETS FOR STUDY
This
is listed pro-memorium for further discussion as there are some practical
problems with the use of TV sets in the Yeri area.
In
principle the tank commissions can approve the installation of a PV operated TV
system (FOR STUDY PURPOSES) provided:
a) A study room has been built and correctly protected against weather, dust,
and theft
b) Sufficient didactic material is available in the local language, Modo, to
justify the installation of a TV set.
c) Warranty is given that the TV set not be "confiscated" for
purposes of "comfort" for group vision of commercial TV programmes.
The
funds necessary for the installation in good faith of TV equipment, for
didactic purposes only, will be transferred from the project reserves.
The
project coordinator may instruct the groups who have installed the water
pumping installations to carry out the PV lighting installations and
maintenance in the clinics under the local money LETS system.
2.10 FOREST MANAGEMENT AND WATER HARVESTING
2.10.1 FOREST MANAGEMENT, EROSION AND PLANT NURSERIES
Some two thirds of
Measures needed to combat erosion in the project area are expected to be
taken within the local currency (LETS)systems. They can take the form of
protection of forests by way of reduction of wood requirements for cooking
purposes. They can also take the form of concerted management within the
framework of a separate organisational workshop to be held during phase 4. This
workshop would be funded from reserves.
Nurseries for the cultivation of plants will be set up under the
interest-free micro-credits systems and within the local money systems. Some of
the plants grown, especially those of local origin, could be made available for
anti-erosion campaigns which can be conducted entirely under the local money
systems.
2.10.2 NOTES ON RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS
Annual rainfall in the project
area varies from 480-
Houses are usually not more than
This project does not attempt to describe the many possibilities offered
by efficient rain-water harvesting. Rainwater harvesting systems will be
developed as a natural extension of economic activity in the area.
Rain-water can be harvested both for irrigation and for drinking water.
Some form of purification system is needed when it is used for drinking water
as the water may come into contact with dirty surfaces and may need to be
stored for quite long periods. Purification needs systematic technology
application and careful management. The effects can be disastrous if these
things are overlooked. That is why clean water from closed wells and boreholes
has been preferred to harvested rain-water in this project.
The solar powered drinking water systems foreseen in this model project
offer a limited capacity suitable for human consumption, small animals and
small scale drip irrigation applied to high value cash crops. The project does
not include water for irrigation and general agriculture for which the use of
solar energy, taking into account the cost of PV panels and/or wind generators
into account, is still relatively uneconomic.
Rain-water harvesting offers the possibility of providing a water supply
suitable for small scale agricultural initiatives. The use of Gypsum composites water tanks and reservoirs made under
the (LETS) system means that users do not actually need to have any
"money" to start and gradually expand their own rain-water harvesting
systems. The tanks can be gravity fed off roofs and/or slopes and/or road
surfaces. This water would also be used for personal hygiene such as showers,
and for the washing of clothes.
Sloping of surfaces
Surfaces such
roofs, roads, squares need to be gently sloped so that water can run along
gutters or other channelling material to one or more water collection points.
The channelling materials used should be locally made (from Gypsum composites
or from clay) to avoid financial leakage from the project area. In any case PVC
must not be used. The collection surface(s) should be kept as clean as
possible. Contamination of the surface by animals and waste products should
where possible be avoided. Green or "living" roofs are ideal for
rainwater harvesting. The number of water collection points will depend on the
surface being drained and the maximum intensity of the rainfall. Purely
indicatively one collection point should serve about 40m2 or 300 sq. feet.
Filtering
The harvested water
is intended for general household use and not for drinking. Should it be
required for drinking purposes it must be boiled. Chlorination and other types
of water treatment should be avoided except where the water in the rainwater
tank is the only source of water available and it is known to be, or there is a
reasonable risk that it be, bacterially infected. Even then treatment should
only be carried out by a specialist.
The
harvested water should however be filtered to keep organic materials, solids
and particles in suspension out. This can be done is two phases:
a) At the collection point, with a fine metal grate together, eventually, with
a suitable sponge-like material at the top of the down-water pipe.
b) Above the water tank, where the water can pass through a Gypsum composites
or other container (but not PVC!) filled with (locally available) shingle,
sand, and charcoal.
The
size of the filters will depend from case to case according to the maximum
amount of flow reasonably foreseeable.
Down-water pipes
Their size will
depend on the maximum amount of flow reasonable foreseeable, but will typically
have an internal diameter from 3" to 6". Their length will depend on
where the water tank is situated. They should be as short as possible. Where
they are exposed to the suns rays, the pipes must be resistant to them. Where
possible the pipes should be made from locally available materials and supplied
within the local LETS money systems. Do NOT use PVC material.
Water tanks
Where possible, the
water tanks should be sealed and placed just under the roof, from where they
can be gravity fed through pipes to outlet points in or around the house.
Recipients can also be placed on a stand between roof level and floor level, so
that gravity feeding is still possible. Where neither of these is feasible,
ground level recipients can be used. This usually involves the use of lids,
ladles, buckets and similar which may not be hygienic and the risk of infection
and access by animals and insects is increased. Ground level tanks also occupy
extra space.
The water tanks will normally be spherical in shape and made locally
under the LETS systems from Gypsum composites. Where they are esthetical in
appearance and design, their position is irrelevant.
2.11 THE PROJECT AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES
This project cannot substitute
obligations of the state of South Sudan for the supply of proper scholastic
structures in the project areas, except for safe drinking water, sanitation
facilities, and, eventually PV lighting requirements.
Formal
currency investments in school structures are not susceptible to the rapid
interest-free re-cycling which is the heart of self-financing development
projects.
In
this case, however, local school systems are mostly to the charge of the
parents and there is an acute lack of:
a)
Building infrastructure
b) School furniture
c) Didactic material
d) Teachers
It
may in some cases be possible to improve circumstances under the project by
taking advantage of the possibilities offered by:
a)
The local tank commissions
b) The local money LETS systems
c) The local Gypsum composites factories
In practice any goods and services which are locally available can be paid for
under the local money systems. These goods and services can include:
a)
Gypsum composites elements, including load bearing structures, for school
buildings
b) Gypsum composites school furniture
c) Services of teachers willing to work under the local money systems with
salaries paid in the local LETS points
d) Reproduction of didactic material through PV television systems and/or through
documentary reproduction by local consultants set up under the micro-credit
systems.
Groups
of parents and or groups of tank commissions can take initiatives under the
local money systems and distribute their costs (expressed in LETS points)
amongst the groups directly involved. In this sense the groups involved can be
registered under the LETS systems in the same way as clubs or other social
groupings.
The
same principles apply to urgently needed adult education initiatives.
2.12 THE PROJECT AND COMMUNICATIONS
This project cannot
substitute obligations of the state of
Initiatives under the micro-credits system normally include setting up
local information centres offering users full benefits of modern forms of
contact with the outside world, including the use of the internet for
information purposes. For this type of development to take place, service
providers must have a coverage of the project area. This is presently not the
case. Data from PV operated computers in the project area will therefore need
to be transmitted by means of physical courier for further transmission and
safe back-up storage in
LIST OF SUPPORTING SCHEDULES
Schedule
1: The project in detail
Schedule 2: Information on Clodomir Santos de Morais and the Organisational
Workshops:
a)BIBLIOGRAPHY ORGANIZATION WORKSHOPS
b)BASIC INFORMATION
Schedule 3: Project maps
Schedule 4: Solar submersible horizontal axis piston
pumps
Schedule 5: Spring rebound inertia hand pumps
Schedule 6: Gypsum composites technology:
a) NOTES ON GYPSUM COMPOSITES: General description of
the Gypsum composites technology,
b)PREPARATION OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES PRODUCTS: More
information and an example of a more advanced application.
Schedule 7: Health Clubs courses An original
colour copy can be obtained from Juliet Waterkeyn of the ONG Zimbabwe
A.H.E.A.D. whose e-mail address is zimahead@harare.iafrica.com
Schedule 8: Information on LETS local money
systems
Schedule 9: A list of 25 progressive steps
for development
Schedule 10: Material for presentations
using transparents or Powerpoint
Schedule 11: NGO SIDF : Statutes and information
Curriculum of Yowan Ngoli
LINKS
THE
ROLE OF MICRO-CREDIT IN SELF-FINANCING INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
WATER SUPPLY ISUUES IN SELF-FINANCING INTEGRATED
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION
PV AND BIOMASS ASPECTS AND THEIR FINANCING
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors express their
thanks to the following persons who made very useful suggestions incorporated
in the original model project:
In
alphabetical order:
Mr
L.F.Manning,
Mr Taake Manning,
Mr Eric Meuleman, of EOS Advises,
Mrs Juliet Waterkeyn, of
RETURN TO:
The
main Yeri project document.
Maps
of the project area.
Executive
summary
List of draft projects in English and in
French.