NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM
Edition
02 : 21 April, 2010.
Edition
06 : 30 September, 2014.
01. E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)
SECTION A : DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS.
Study value :
04 points out of 18.
Indicative
study time: 112 hours out of 504.
Study points are
awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development
Problems has been passed.
First block : Poverty and quality of life.
Study value :
02 points out of 18.
Indicative study
time: 57 hours out of 504.
Study points
are awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development
Problems has been passed.
First block : Poverty and quality of life.
First Block : Section 1.
Analysis of the causes of poverty. [26.50 hours]
First Block : Section 2. Services needed for a good quality of
life.
First Block : Exam. [ 4 hours each attempt]
Block 1 of Section
1. Analysis of the causes of poverty. [26.50 hours]
Part 2 : In depth
analysis of the causes of poverty. [14.00
hours]
01. In depth : definition
of poverty.
02. In depth : some
factors linked with poverty.
03. In depth : debts and
subsidies.
04. In depth : financial leakages
: food and water industries.
05. In depth : financial
leakage : energy.
06. In depth : financial
leakage : means of communication..
07. In depth : financial
leakage : health and education.
08. In depth : financial
leakage : theft of resources.
09. In depth : financial
leakage : corruption.
10. In depth : the
industry of poverty.
Report on Section 1 of
Block 1 : [06.00 Hours]
Part 2 : In depth
analysis of the causes of poverty. [14.00
hours]
06. In depth : Financial
leakage : means of communication.
Look at slide:
06. Financial leakage : means of communication.
Important centrally owned investments.
1. Research.
Make a list of the means of
communication available in your chosen area.
How many of them are local?
What is the percentage use of local
means of communications in relation to the total use of means of communication?
Can you give an indication of the
average cost of local communications per person ?
How many of the means of communication
used are imported into your project area?
What is the percentage use of imported
means of communications in relation to the total use of means of communication?
Can you give an indication of the average
cost of imported means of communications per person ?
What are your conclusions ?
Professional and private use.
“Professional” communications can help to increase the
productivity of local populations. These
include communications directly linked to production such for instance as
reduction of loss through sickness, improvement of educational levels, and
support of family members needing assistance.
“Private” communications tend to have a more social
function. They may include, for example, long-distance contacts between family
members and even games.
2. Opinion.
What
percentage of communications in your chosen area would you consider
“professional” and which percentage “private”?
Make a list
in order of necessity priority of the types of communication used in your
project area.
Telephone and internet costs
You considered modern means of communication in your
initial analysis. You may have been able to conclude that most of these
services originate outside your project area. You have attempted to calculate
their costs.
3. Opinion.
Where do
these payments end up?
Will the
payments ever return to your project area?
4. Opinion.
Calculate a
total for the purchase of telephones in your area.
Calculate a total
for telephone usage costs in your zone, including subscription and
connection costs.
5. Opinion.
Calculate
a total for the purchase of computers in
your project area.
Calculate a
total for computer usage costs in your zone, including subscription and
connection costs.
When you analysed
«professional » and “private” communications applications, you
prepared a list of necessary communications and unnecessary ones.
Official United Nations sources are very optimistic on
the potential of mobile (cell) phones. An example is Cell
phones revolutionizing Kenya’s livestock sector, Media Centre, F.A.O. Rome, March, 2013. The “sponsors”
mentioned at the end of the article should be carefully noted. Bear in mind,
this is a United Nations document. In
this connection refer to the discussion in Block 2, Section 1, on millennium
goal 08. Develop a global partnership for development,
and in particular to Target 18 : In cooperation with the
private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially
information and communications technologies.
Aker J., and
"Existing
empirical evidence on the effect of mobile phone coverage and services suggests
that the mobile phone can potentially serve as a tool for economic development
in
Assessments awaited
might include appropriateness of information supplied, literacy levels and
language, nature of use, the relevant benefits against costs at individual,
household and village levels. The authors point out on p. 227 that in 2010, an
off-line call in
“… in the field of
agriculture, ICT (and mobiles) are sustainability neutral; that is to say that
ICT is equally applicable to the expansion of conventional high
external-input-dependent agriculture, or to the development of more sustainable
agro-ecological approaches. The rapid growth in mobile phone penetration in
developing countries therefore presents a significant opportunity to help
underpin a transformation in agricultural development and food systems, but
without a co-operative and focused effort across different stakeholders groups
- local actors, private sector partners, donors, expert institutions, and
national governments - the potential for mobiles to empower sustainable
agricultural development is unlikely to be maximized.” (Bachelor. S. and others,
Is there a role for Mobiles to
Support Sustainable Agriculture in Africa?, Paper, 2nd
International Conference on ICT for Sustainability, Atlantis Press,
For integrated development projects the main factor to be considered is
financial leakage from project areas. Do the benefits of mobile telephones for productivity purposes
outweigh the financial leakage they cause? Can their use be (collectively) organised
so that they do?
6. Opinion.
What is the total cost for the purchase
and unnecessary use of telephone
equipment in your area?
What is the total cost for the purchase
and unnecessary use of computers in your
area?
What are your conclusions ?
The sale of knowledge, including patents and copyrights.
Open the 2007 report of the World Organisation for
Intellectual Property(WIPO) . Chart B.3
on page 12 of the report contains a graph with numbers of patent
applications deposited by residents of certain countries in 2005 and the rest of the world.
Study the graph.
7. Opinion.
Why, do you think, some people wish to
protect their ideas and other people not ?
Patents are very expensive. They involve, often on a country by country
basis :
a) the costs of depositing applications in national or regional offices.
b) (often) the costs of advisors and agents specialised in drafting the patent applications.
c) eventual translation costs.
d) costs for the maintenance of (annual payments on) the patents.
Protection of an industrial idea at international level can costs
hundreds of thousands of Euros.
8. Opinion.
Who can pay costs like that ?
What is your view on the sale of
knowledge ?
Radio-telephones.
“Dynamic” radio-telephone systems like the ones developed by armed
forces and used in the second world war can operate on a local circuit.
9. Opinion.
What would the consequences of the use
of such a network in your project area ?
Radio.
10. Research.
How many people in your project area own
a radio ?
Which types of radio do they have ?
How do they work ? How much do they cost to run ?
In 1989 the Englishman Trevor
Baylis invented the first wind-up radio.
( About Trevor Baylis : http://windupradio.com/trevor.htm )
11. Opinion.
What, if any, would be the advantages of
introducing wind-up radios in your project area ?
Additional reading :
Proposal for a local radio station
in the framework of integrated development projects.
◄ First block :
Poverty and quality of life.
◄ Index : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip.Int.Dev)
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