NGO Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM Amsterdam, Netherlands.

 

                                                                                    01. E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)

 

Edition 02: 28 July, 2010.

Edition 05 : 22 December, 2013.

 

Quarter 2.

 

 

SECTION B : SOLUTIONS TO THE  PROBLEMS.

 

 

Study points : 06 points out of 18.

Minimum study time : 186 hours out of 504

 

The points are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for  Section B :  Solutions to the Problems.

 

 

Fifth block : How the third block structures solve specific problems.

 

Study points : 02 points out of 18

Minimum study time : 54 hours out of 504

 

The points are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for  Section B :  Solutions to the Problems.

 

 

Fifth block : How the third block structures solve specific problems.

 

Section 7: Water and sanitation. [5 hours]

 

02.00 Hours Water.

02.00 Hours Sanitation.

01.00 Report.

 

 

Section 7: Water and sanitation. [5 hours]

 

 

All humans have a fundamental right to water and sanitation. (The human right to water and sanitation,  declaration of the United Nations General Assembly, New York, 26th July 2010.)

 

The issue of water security is covered in National Intelligence Council (USA), Global Water Security, Intelligence Community Assessment ICA 2012.08, Washington, February, 2012. While the report is seriously biased in favour of the strategic interests of the United States and genetically modified crops, it clearly sets out the basic problems involved in the first part of the 21st century.

 

An  analysis of basic water requirements was made in part 04. Drinking water  of section 2 services at the basis of a good quality of life of block 1 poverty and quality of life. This was expanded in the section on the  analysis of the services needed.

 

In the second block : the problems to be solved the plan for the implementation of the Millennium Goals  targets 10 et 11 : Eau , sanitation  and slums and the s proposed solutions  were reviewed.

 

The organisation of drinking water structures and some related technical aspects were analysed in section 5  service structures of the fourth block  the structures to be created .

 

Integrated development projects under the Model cover :

 

1.  The supply of adequate clean drinking water fro all, without exclusions.

2.  Local water points (usually about 200) at tank commission level, near users’ homes.

3.  A back-up  service at well/borehole level (usually  35-45).

1.  Rain water harvesting at household level (10.000 homes).

 

1. Opinion.

 

Each tank commissions organises access to the tank situated in its area. This may often be done informally, as there will usually be social control 24 hours a day. Suppose, however, that the Tank Commission decides to adopt a set of written rules. On one page, write your version of the rules.

 

 

Orientation note: types of water supply and sanitation structures

 

 

Types of water supply and sanitation systems.

 

Water points with manual installations.

Small autonomous system based on local communities.

Urban  distribution organisations

Technology and  service level

Triple hand-pump groups next to 35 bore-holes. The pumps serve as back-up and support for the distributed drinking water systems.

200 Local tanks each serving  40-50 families supplied by high-pressure solar submersible pumps installed in 35 (wells/ boreholes) with an internal

diameter of at least 8 inches; each with photovoltaic panels with an installed power of the least 300Wp per pump. 40 local tanks serving the schools and the clinics in the project area each with systems as above described.

Not applicable.

Services

According to the preferences of the institutions in question.

Service in any case include washing points

Independent rain-water harvesting systems at individual household level for non-potable household and personal use.

Not applicable.

User types

10.000 households in rural areas and small  villages.

10.000 households in rural areas and small  villages.

Not applicable.

Management

35 Well-level commissions whose members are elected by the tank commissions.

200 Tank commissions chosen by the households served.

Not applicable.

Use and maintenance requirements.

Ownership and management of the structures at well-commission level.

Wells (boreholes),manual pumps, platforms, washing places, guards, (also for solar pumps and PV generators), supervision of access to the well area. Maintenance by the cooperatives set up for the purpose. Formal money maintenance and long-term system replacement costs paid out of Cooperative Local Development Fund.

Ownership and management at tank commission level.

Feed-pipe installations, tanks, platforms, supervision, access to tanks.

Maintenance by the cooperatives set up for the purpose. Formal money maintenance and long-term system replacement costs paid out of Cooperative Local Development Fund.

 

 

Not applicable.

Typical way of cost recovery. Periodic forfeit fees and

contributions to cover repairs and replacements.

The families pay a monthly contribution of (Euro 0,60 –0,75) per person into the Cooperative Local Development Fund.

About one quarter of this contribution (Euro 69.500 per year) is reserved for the coverage of formal money costs especially for spare parts.

Most management costs are covered under the local money systems set up as part of project execution.

Management of the monthly contributions is in the hands of the 200 tank commissions. The structures set up offer several layers of social security support to the elderly, the sick, the poor, and the handicapped who either temporarily or permanently have problems    meeting their formal money or local money contributions.

 

Not applicable.

 

 

“ …rural water services are chronically underfunded. Low levels of recurrent expenditure on direct support and capital maintenance contribute to high observed levels of breakdown and low service delivery. Very low levels of service in rural water services are related to these high levels of non-functionality. Costs remain high and some users cease to use services that do not meet their needs. Based on country sector reports and nonfunctionality data, we consider that on average, at any one time, 40% of schemes are not functioning so that at any time, 40% of investments are being wasted.” (McIntyre, P. (ed), Applying a life-cycle approach to water,  Wash Cost, Working Paper 8,  International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), The Hague, January 2013.)

 

Drinking water has a price. Even within the framework of integrated development projects. Families make a monthly contribution into the Cooperative Local Development Fund. As files 07.30 systematic expenses and  07.40 revenues of  the Model show, about 28% of the contributions form a reserve to cover the formal money costs of the maintenance of the project structures (all the structures together, including those for drinking water) during the early years of project management, and about 22% in later years.  Most of the management costs are covered under the local money systems set up in each project area. et. The local money costs incurred by each tank commission are distributed amongst the members served by the commission. The local money costs incurred for structures owned by each well commission are distributed amongst the members served by the well commission. Local money costs for property owned by the project as a whole are distributed amongst all of the members of the Permanent Cooperative for the on-going Management  of the Project Structures.

 

2. Opinion.

 

You are the chairperson of a tank commission. On one page, explain to the members of the 40  families served by the tank commission (using the tank) how they are going to pay for their drinking water services.

 

Read the Model annexe  09.47 Water Filtration using Moringa Oleifera diaphragms with  «Biosand » filters..

 

3. Opinion.

 

You propose a cooperative for the production of Moringa/biosand filters.. Your project would serve the whole project area. On one page present your business plan to the General Management.  Don’t forget the need to cultivate Moringa trees !

 

Read Model annexe  : 09.49 Roof-water harvesting : A handbook for practioners .Thomas T.H andt Martinson D.B., 2007. Courtesy IRC Ineternational Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft, Netherlands. 

 

In the analysis of the services needed in section 2 services basic to a good quality of life of block 1 poverty and quality of life the total amount of rainwater needed to be stored at each household in your chosen area was calculated.

4. Opinion.

On one page, make an introduction with a summary of your results. Then write how, in practice, you would physically install the rainwater storage tanks so that the rainwater collected can be used inside the homes. Where applicable, explain why that would not be possible, and which alternative solutions you would propose.

 

 

◄ ►

 

 

◄  Fifth block :  Section 7: Water and sanitation. 

◄  Fifth block :  How fourth block structures solve specific problems.

 

 

◄ Main index for the Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip.Dev.Int..

◄  List of key words.

◄  List of references.

◄  Course chart.

◄  Technical aspects.