NGO Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM Amsterdam, Netherlands.

 

Edition 03: 25 May, 2010

 

01. E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)

 

Quarter 1.

 

 

SECTION A :  DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS.

 

 

Study value : 04 points out of 18.

Indicative study time: 112 hours out of 504.

 

Study points are awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development Problems has been passed.

 

 

First block : Poverty and quality of life.

 

Study value : 02 points out of 18.

Indicative study time: 57 hours out of 504.

 

Study points are awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development Problems has been passed.

 

 

First block : Poverty and quality of life.  [57 hours]

 

First Block : Section 1. Analysis of the causes of poverty. [26.50 hours]

First Block : Section 2. Services needed for a good quality of life. [26.50 hours]

First Block : Exam. [ 4 hours each attempt]

 

 

First Block :  Section 2. Services needed for a good quality of life. [26.50 hours]

 

Part 2 : In depth analysis of the services needed for a good quality of life. [14.00 hours]

 

01. In depth - the bases of a good quality of life.

02. In depth - physical safety.

03. In depth - shelter.

04. In depth - drinking water.

05. In depth - well/borehole area.

06. In depth - water point.

07. In depth - food security.

08. In depth - health and sanitation.

09. In depth - complete system for waste recycling.

10. In depth - dry composting toilet.

11. In depth - education for all.

12. In depth - work for all.

13. In depth - social security system.

 

Report on Section 2 of Block 1 : [06.00 Hours]

 

 

Part 2 : In depth analysis of the services needed for a good quality of life. [14.00 hours]

 

04. In depth - drinking water. (At least 60 minutes).

 

Look at slide:

 

14. Drinking water. 

 

How much water de we need ?

 

1. Research.

 

On one page, on  the basis of  the  analysis  you have already made, calculate the reasonable water (both drinking and non-potable)  requirements for your project area, by person, by family, and for the project area as a whole.

 

Make your calculation item by item, then add them up to make total requirements.

 

Rainwater harvesting (for household use).  

 

2. Research.

 

On one page, note the average surface area covered by the roofs of dwellings in your chosen area. Where there are large variations, you may choose to give the average dimensions of the surface area covered by the  two or three most common roof areas, with percentages for each of them. Then make an average per household. You must calculate 100% of the area covered by all of the roofs in your area. Important : you are to calculate the surface area COVERED by the roofs, not the surface area of the roofs themselves. Depending on the slope of the roofs their physical area may be larger than the surface area they cover .

 

3. Research.

 

On one page, using the surface covered by roofs in your project (calculated above)  and the information on rainfall from your analysis calculate the total volume in cubic metres and  litres of rain falling on the roofs in the project area each year.

 

Then :

 

1. Calculate, intelligently estimating where necessary, the distribution of rainfall, month by month, of the total annual volume.

 

2. Divide the average total monthly rainfall by the number of roofs. This produces an average amount of water for each roof, month by month .

 

3. Multiply the result in 2. by 75% to allow for rainfall capacity which is lost, for instance by overflow, absorption of roofing materials, and evaporation.

 

4. Calculate the foreseeable (rain)water requirements of a typical family, month by month, over the year. These may vary from season to season and month by month according to variables such as temperature, number of family members resident, plant growth, productive home activities.

 

5. Subtract result 4 from result 3, month by month, over a period of two years. A positive result means there is more rainwater falls during the month in question than is needed. This extra water can in principle be stored. A negative result means less rainwater is available than needed. The missing amount can in principle be recovered from stored  reserves.   

 

6. Calculate the  total of results from point 5  for  the 12 preceding months, month by month starting with month 13 .

 

For month 13, count the total of the results for months 1-12

For month 14, count the results for months 2-13

For month 15, count the results for months 3-14

etc

 

The highest positive value of the results under point 6 represents the maximum amount of water  which would, in principle, be available during any one month  for storage. The highest negative value of the results under point 6 represents the maximum household storage capacity which should, in principle, be needed. It is good practice, where possible, to allow for annual and seasonal variations in rainfall by increasing, even doubling, required storage capacity.

 

Where the highest positive value (water available for storage) is lower than the highest negative value (water needed), the roof surface available will not capture the full amount of rainwater required. A structural shortage of rainwater can then be expected. In that case either water use will need to be “rationed”, at least during the most critical month(s), or extra captive capacity will need to be organised. Extra capacity can be provided by creating supplementary run-off areas during rainy periods, including the erection of provisional capitation surfaces.   

 

Caution

 

The highest negative value in point 6 is not automatically the volume of the tank which will actually be installed in on or around each dwelling. We have to be practical. In rainy seasons, less rainwater is needed at household level. Concentration of rain over a relatively short period (common in many developing countries) may produce a large required storage volume which is unrealistic from the point of view of physical storage possibilities.

 

Supposing a dry season over three months, a reserve of 5m3 means 1000 litres per person for a family of 5 members, which means a margin of  +/- 10 litres per person per day over 100 days.  A typical dry period of six months would justify, where hydrological conditions permit, a higher storage capacity.

 

Maintenance of drinking water supply structures in your project area.

 

4. Research.

 

Carry out research on local experience with the maintenance of drinking water supply structures in your chosen project area  (or, where applicable, your country).

 

5. Opinion.

 

Write a  two- page report with the  conclusions you draw from your research on the maintenance of drinking water supply structures in your area.

 

◄ ►

◄  First  block : Poverty and quality of life.

◄ Index : Diploma in Integrated Development  (Dip.Int.Dev)