NGO Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM Amsterdam, Netherlands.

 

Edition 01: 31 October, 2009

 

01. E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev.)

 

 

Quarter 1.

 

SECTION B : SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS.

 

 

Value : 06 points out of 18.

Work foreseen: 186 hours out of 504.

 

The points are awarded only after passing the consolidated exam for Section B : Solutions to the problems.

 


 

Third block : Solutions to the problems.

 

Value : 01 point our of 18.

Work foreseen: 36 hours out of 504.

 

[16.00 Hours] Section 1 : Anthropological analysis of the three levels of project structures. (Value 0.5 point)

[16.00 Hours] Section 2 : Division of responsibilities amongst the three levels of structures. (Value 0,5 point)

[04.00 Hours] Exam block 3.

 

The point is awarded only after passing the consolidated exam for Section B : Solutions to the problems.

 


 

[16.00 Hours Section 1 : Anthropological analysis of the three levels of structures. (Value 0.5 point)

 

[14.00 Hours] Anthropological analysis.

 

01. First level : hunter-gatherers. 

02. Second level : groups of clans with chief. 

03. Third level : states. 

04. General plan of an individual project. 

05. Management lines for individual projects. 

06. Regional plans. 

07. National plans. 

 

[02.00 Hours] Report on Section 1 of Block 3.

 


 

[14.00 Hours] Anthropological analysis.

 

01. First level : hunter-gatherers.  (At least 2 hours).

 

General reference :  Diamond, Jared,  Guns, guns and steel, (London, Vintage, 1998). ISBN 0 09 930278 0

 

The development of human social groups, above all over the past 11.000 years has been used as platform for the choice of administrative levels for integrated development projects executed under the Model. About 11.000 years ago, small groups of hunter-gatherers (most often defined as extended families or clans started to cultivate food and form village groups. Diamond, Jared,  Guns, guns and steel, (London, Vintage, 1998). Diamond calls the village groups «tribes » comprising several extended families, with «a few hundred » people. All of the members of the groups new all the others personally (Guns Germs and Steel, Vintage, London, 1998 p.271). Prof. Robin Dunbar of the University of Liverpool suggests that the dimensions of he human brain may be related to the social customs necessary to create close bonds within small groups 150+ members. (Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language, Faber and Faber, London, 1996).

 

Even today, the populations of many rural villages, especially in Africa, have just «a few hundred » inhabitants. Even larger villages with several thousand inhabitants are often formed by conglomerates of areas each with «a few hundred people ». (Look at the detailed lists of the villages forming part of the proposed  projects at website http://www.integrateddevelopment.org and in particular  the detailed population distribution maps for the proposed  Koulikoro project in Mali).

 

Until about 11 000 years ago, there were just nomadic bands with a few tens of people. They often followed the migration of animals and gathered plants, fruit, and edible roots that they found along their path. When they arrived in Mesopotamia they found grain with larger seeds, peas, olives, and sheep and goats which could be domesticated. Food cultivation and animal husbandry began to take form. The need to hunt diminished as cultivation and animal husbandry developed.

 

A few civilisations, for example the Australian aborigines and small groups on the New Guinea coasts remained hunter-gatherers and some are still hunters-gatherers to this day. Other peoples combined hunting and gathering with basic cultivation and animal husbandry methods.

 

1. Research.

 

On one page make a description of groups (bands) of hunter-gatherers in your chosen area, where applicable, in your country. If there aren’t any, describe the closes to your project area. Please note the size of the groups, their movements, including their migratory movements, their social structures,  their structures for the resolution of conflicts, and the position of women in the community.

From the point of view of modern development projects, the most important aspects of  groups of bands, clans, or tribes forming a few hundred people are social in nature. Every member of the groups knows all the others. Often there are strong family ties as well. The groups are free from bureaucratic structure and do not recognise private property. Personal conflicts are settled informally. The groups are egalitarian. Social control reigns. The groups are free from slavery.

 

2. Research.

 

On one  page, make a list of villages with a few hundred people («clans » or «tribes » ) in your project area, indicating their position, their populations, the names of the tribes, their languages. 

 

3. Research.

 

On a second  page, describe their social structures, how they solve conflicts, and the role of women

 

The administrative level for the management of structures set up under integrated development projects under the Model is based on groups of 40-50 families comprising together 200-350 people. They are called «tank commissions» because the members of each group obtain clean drinking water from a water tank placed near to the people’s homes. The tank commissions allow for collective responsibility for the management of  project structures, social control, and the full participation of women.

 

The tank commissions are the most important project structures  They are the seed of modern development.

 

The people themselves decide the number of members of their tank commission. The only rule is that they have to have an uneven number. A reasonable indication is 5-7 members, with a majority of women. A strong representation of women is guaranteed through the earlier formation of  health  clubs for hygiene education which put women in a position to name their own candidates and vote for them en bloc.

 

4, Opinion.

 

You are one of the persons responsible for the execution of the integrated development project in your chosen area. The men, especially the local chief, thinks they might lose some of their traditional privileges through the formation of the tank commissions. On one page, convince them of the benefits the new structures will bring them.

 

5. Opinion.

 

You are a woman and candidate for election as a member of the local  tank commission. On one page, write your final election plea before the elections.

 



 Third block, section 1: Section 1 : Anthropological analysis.

 Third block : Solutions to the problems.


Main index of the course for the Diploma in Integrated Development  (Dip. Int. Dev.)

 List of key words.

 List of references.

  Course chart.

 Technical aspects.


 Courses available.

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