NGO "ANOTHER WAY" (STICHTING BAKENS VERZET), NETHERLANDS, SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED SELF-FINANCING DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES

The new methodology AMS-III-AR (introduced 26^th November, 2010), which applies specifically to the adoption of LED lamps, appears to be the best methodology. It is coupled to energy savings inherent in the introduction of lighting technology, not to the source of energy. The highest energy savings with the greatest flexibility of use are given by the adoption of LED lights. The substantially higher initial investment cost of LED lamps is directly recovered by the reduction in the size of the alternative energy power source installed.

This methodology is applicable only to project lamps whose batteries are charged using one of the following options :

(a) Charged by renewable energy system (e.g. photovoltaic systems or mechanical systems such as wind battery chargers);

b) Charged by a standalone distributed generation system (e.g. a diesel generator set) or a mini-grid.

The technical solutions adopted will vary from one integrated development project to another.

Baseline emissions are calculated per equation :

BEy = DV ×GFy × DBy

where:

BEy = Baseline Emissions per project lamp in year y (tCO2e)

DV = Default Emissions Factor (0.08 tCO2e per project lamp calculated using values indicated in paragraph 12 of the methodology.

GFy = Grid Factor in year y,

• Equal to 1.0 when charging option defined in paragraph 2(a) is used

• Equal to 1.0 if the project activity is for off grid households/communities (defined as no grid access or less than 12 hours grid availability per day on an annual average basis);

• Otherwise it is equal to (1- fraction of time grid is available to the target households and communities/users in the region of project activity)

DBy = Dynamic Baseline Factor (change in baseline fuel, fuel use rate, and/or utilization during crediting period) in year y. Calculated as either:

Option 1: default of 1.0 in the absence of relevant information,

Option 2: value of 1.0+FFg where FFg is the documented national growth rate of kerosene fuel use in lighting from the preceding years (use the most recent available data of three or five years average (fraction)

The emissions from the LED lamps are subtracted from those caused by the kerosene lamps (or equivalent) replaced.

The Methodology defaults to 1 kerosene lamp per household, used for 3.5 hours a day, 365 days a year, with a fuel use rate of 0,025 litres per hour, and a default fuel emissions factor of 2.4 kg CO2 per litre of fuel used.

For the purposes of the calculation, the default emissions factor is taken as 0.08 tCO2 e per project lamp.

0.025 litres by 3.5 hours = 0.0875 litres per lamp per day x 365 = 31,9375 litres per lamp per year.

31,975 litres of kerosene per lamp per year x 10.000 households = 319.750 litres of kerosene per project per year.

1 litre of kerosene releases 0.00257 tons of CO2.

319.750 litres x 0.00257 tonnes = 822 tons of CO2.

Assuming emissions attributed to LED lamps is 5% of that of kerosene lamps 822 tons x 95% = 780 tonnes.

Control :

The given default emissions figure for existing fuel is 2.4 kg of CO2 per litre.

319.750 litres x 2.4 kg CO2 = 767.400 kg = 767, 4 tonnes.

767,4 tonnes @ about € 14 (on 14^th November 2009) = € 10.744 per year.

€ 10.744 per 21 years = Gross CDM income of € 225.624.

Assuming a Programme of Activities with 2500 projects, the total expected gross CDM income would be € 564.060.000.

Menu for : 09. CDM funding indications for the selected applications and methodologies.

09-01. CO2 savings through the reduced use of non-renewable biomass for cooking purposes through the introduction of improved stoves.

09-02. Demonstration project for the recovery of forest lands and natural parks and reserves using traditional species.

09.03. Afforestation activities in settlements as defined for the distributed planting of fruit and nut trees and similar.

09-04. Small-scale agro-forestry activities – such as distributed bamboo plantations on grasslands and croplands.

09-05. Small-scale agro-forestry activities – distributed demonstration plantations for practical purposes for local use, including but not limited to Moringa plantations on marginal lands.

09-06. Demonstration afforestation and/or reforestation (AR) projects on wetlands using traditional species.

09-07. Demonstration afforestation and/or reforestation projects on lands having low inherent potential to support living biomass.

09-08. Use of renewable biomass instead of non-renewable biomass with improved cook stoves.

09-09. Recycling of human waste to avoid the use of industrial fertilisers.

09-10. Methane recovery from animal waste for cooking and lighting purposes especially in pastoralist areas.

09-12. Replacement of non-renewable electrical, diesel- and battery-driven sources for mechanical equipment such as pumps and mills and, where applicable, pubic lighting systems.

09-13. Local recycling and recovery of materials from solid wastes, including but not limited to plastics.

Exam Block 8 : [4 hours]

Consolidated exam : Section C. [6 hours].

◄ ►

◄ Eighth block : Section. 5 : Kyoto Treaty : Analysis of possibilities for finance.

◄ Eighth block : Economic Aspects.

◄ Main index for the Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev.)

◄ List of key words.

◄ List of references.

◄ Course chart.

◄ Technical aspects.

◄ Courses available.

◄ Homepage Bakens Verzet

"Money is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them."

Gesell, Silvio, The Natural Economic Order, revised English edition, Peter Owen, London 1958, page 228.

“Poverty is created scarcity”

Wahu Kaara, point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 58^th annual NGO Conference, United Nations, New York 7^th September 2005.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Licence.