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 (FRANÇAIS)

 

Edition 08: 26 March, 2009.

Edition 14 : 09 December, 2011.

 

MENU FOR OTHER NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS.


 

CREATIVE PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO POVERTY REDUCTION.

This website provides simple, down-to-earth practical solutions to poverty- and development-related problems. It sets out step by step how the solutions are put into effect. By  following the steps, users can draft their own advanced ecological sustainable integrated development projects and apply for their seed financing. Social, financial, productive and service structures are set up in a critical order of sequence and carefully integrated with each other. That way, cooperative, interest-free, inflation-free local economic environments are formed in project areas. Local initiative and true competition are then free to flourish there.

More information :

Click here for a very simple summary of a typical integrated development project.

Click here to see an  executive summary which provides a short analysis of a typical integrated development project.

Click here to see the Model itself, a standard project index. 

Click here to see a full-year e-learning course at post-masters level for the Diploma in Integrated Development ( Dip. Int. Dev.)  The course is available on-line for use by all. Anyone interested can follow the full course free of charge. The Diploma in Integrated Development ( Dip. Int. Dev.) itself is awarded only to students following the course with tutor support, against payment for tutorship on a costs-recovery basis. Diploma graduates qualify to lead integrated development projects and to train others. Just reading the course material provides full information on the concepts and methods the Model is based on. 

Click here to see a new section of the course on how to finance integrated development projects using the CDM mechanisms (Kyoto Protocol)

 

 

CONVERSION OF TRADITIONAL PROJECT STRUCTURES INTO FULLY SUSTAINABLE  ONES.

 

Many existing development projects have already failed or risk failure because they are not fully sustainable over a longer term. This is often because an appropriate framework of enabling social, financial, and productive structures under which management and maintenance costs and long-term replacements of capital goods can be carried out is missing.

 

The social, financial, productive and service structures foreseen in the Model for integrated development projects can be built around structures set up under traditional projects to create  cooperative, interest-free, inflation-free local economic environments in the project areas. This way several thousand employment opportunities can be created in each project area and large amounts of on-going formal money costs saved.  On-going financial leakage from project areas,  typical of traditional development projects, is blocked. The small amount of formal money reaching the project areas is, wherever possible, retained and continually recycled there.

 

 

POLICY IMPLICATIONS.

 

The structures created during the execution of each project have many policy implications. These are described in the paper Policy implications of an innovative model for self-financing ecological sustainable development for the world's poor. 

 

The general goals of integrated development projects include:

 

a) To meet and surpass all of the Millennium Development Goals in the project area with the exception of vaccinations under goal 6. Vaccinations and other imported medicines, while valid, in principle cause financial leakage from the project area. That means less initial capital is left over for investment in the project structures and/or for on-going rotation of funds for productive local development there. Finance for vaccinations and medicines is usually readily available through other aid channels.

b) To create a cooperative, interest-free, inflation-free, local economic environment in the project area where individual initiative and genuine competition are free to flourish.

c) To achieve work for all in the project area within three years. This includes in principle productive work for the handicapped, and for the blind in particular.

d) To provide affordable health, sanitation and drinking water systems created, operated, maintained and financed by the local populations through project structures which operate entirely, except for the centralised purchase at project level of some spare parts, under the local money system set up.

e) To provide a three-tiered social security system for the needy.

f) To ensure the on-going preparation of women for participation in democratic structures and decision-making at local, district, and national levels through active (guaranteed) participation in the project structures.

 

Integrated development projects are innovative :

 

01. The creation of enabling social, financial, productive and service structures as a foundation for integrated development in project areas is profoundly innovative. The development revolution lies in the organisation of the proposed project structures. Once the structures are in place, the local populations will have the instruments available to be able to take their preferred development initiatives.

02. The critical order of sequence for the creation of project structures is vital, starting with social structures, using the social structures to set up the financial structures, then using the financial structures to set up production units for locally produced items needed for the service structures, then finally the service structures themselves.

03. A powerful general productive mobilisation of the local populations is made possible through the use of the structures created by the project.

04. The local people themselves plan, execute, run, manage and pay for all structures. They are assisted during the initial project execution period by a (very) small team of experts led by a local project coordinator.

 

 

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS.

 

Integrated development project meet and surpass all of the millennium goals in each project area, with the exception of vaccinations under Goal 6.

 

For more information see :

 

Millennium Development Goals. How integrated development projects solve them.     

Millennium goals. How integrated development projects achieve them. Powerpoint presentation : 36 slides.

 

For complete information on how integrated development projects meet the Millennium Development Goals, see the goal by goal analysis of the services made available under integrated development projects. This analysis is part of the Diploma Course.

 

Integrated development concepts provide for powerful on-going development in each project area. For more details click on on-going development.

 

PROJECT STRUCTURES.

 

Integrated development projects are anthropologically justified. Projects under the Model are structured for communities of about 10000 households (50000 users), providing a wide range of goods and services and a local market to consume them. (Aristotle and  the Greek City State). Individual community members remain close to all project structures and are free to participate in them. This type of structure arose about 3.500 years ago.

 

There are about 35-40 intermediate administrative structures each with 1500-2000 inhabitants, with some specialisation of tasks. These are called well commissions. This type of structure arose about 7.500 years ago.

 

There are about 250 local administrative units, each with about 150-250 people. These are called tank commissions. This type of structure formed about 13.000 years ago in Mesopotamia and is based on the family clan or tribe. Many structures in industrialised countries still reflect this three-tiered structure, which is linked with the development of human social contacts and abilities and, possibly, with the size of the human brain. 

 

All structures created in each project area operate on all three anthropological levels. They are created in a critical order of sequence.

 

The first structures to be created are the social structures, starting with health clubs permitting women to organise and vote en bloc at meetings; then the tank commissions, then the well commissions, then the central committee or project parliament. The financial structures follow, starting with the local money (LETS) system, then the interest-free cost-free cooperative micro-credit system, then the cooperative purchasing groups. Once the first two financial structures are in place, productive structures can be set up to make items needed for the planned services, including distributed drinking water and sanitation services.

 

For a short summary, see the Powerpoint presentation on the basic project structures.  For full  details please refer to block four : the structures to be created of the Diploma course.

 

Each project area forms a cooperative interest-free  local economy system with about 50.000 inhabitants. Each local economy system is designed to be large enough to offer wide possibilities of specialisation of productive activities, yet small enough for each individual to be able to comprehend, associate with, and participate in all of the project structures. The project areas interact with each other to form a patchwork quilt of local economy systems which together make up a powerful regional, then national, economy.

 

Each project in non-pastoralist areas costs about € 5.000.000, of which 25% is provided by the inhabitants themselves by way of work carried out under local money systems set up in an early phase of project execution. This leaves a formal money (Euros) initial financial requirement of about  € 3.750.000 per project. Projects in pastoralist areas cost about € 7.000.000 each of which 20% is provided by the inhabitants themselves. This leaves a formal money (Euros) initial financial requirement for pastoralist areas of about € 5.600.000 per project. The difference between pastoralist and non-pastoralist areas is determined by the additional drinking water and food supply requirements of herds in pastoralist areas.

 

For budget purposes, the participation of the local people (expressed in hours of work under the local money system) is converted into Euros at an agreed rate for each eight-hour working day. This rate is usually Euro 3. Where initial seed capital (respectively € 3.750.000  or  € 5.600.000 per project) is not available by way of grant, project applications can be self-financing, subject to an interest-free seed loan repayable in 10 years.

 

Initial capital investments are covered and repaid where necessary by the populations in two ways.

 

The first way is through a menu of 13 applications for CDM finance under the Kyoto Protocol. For full information on this please refer to Kyoto Protocol : Analysis of  possibilities for finance. Indications are that net CDM income per project could be to the order of € 24.000.000, enabling standard projects ( initial capital € 3.750.000) to be repaid by the end of the sixth year of operation on the basis of CDM income for the first five years, and projects in pastoralist areas (initial capital    5.600.000) to be repaid by the end of the eighth year of operation on the basis of CDM income for the first seven years. 

 

The second (backup) way of financing integrated development projects is through the Local Cooperative Development Fund set up in each project area. The beneficiary populations make a monthly payment of (at least Euro 3 per family of five) into this fund. The very poor, sick and handicapped can be subsidised under a three-tiered social security system set up for that purpose. The money in the fund is systematically recycled interest-free to the local users for micro-credits for productive investments amounting in all to at least € 16.000.000 (or € 1.500 per family) over the first ten year period. The fund is organised so that the amount in it is sufficient to repay the initial interest-free capital investment in a single lump sum after the first ten year operational cycle.  In case of payment, the amount in the Cooperative Local Development Fund drops temporarily back to zero. The families continue to make their monthly contributions to the Fund, so the amount in the Fund gradually builds up again during the second ten years period as it did in the first, and is again recycled interest-free for micro-credits for  productivity development until it is needed to pay for capital extensions and capital goods replacements after twenty years. At that  point, the Fund dips back to zero again and slowly builds up again during the third ten-year period and so on in an inherently permanently sustainable way.

 

The goals of integrated development projects in relation to financial structures include :

 

a) To set up a local money system.

b) To set up an interest-free, cost-free cooperative micro-credit system for productivity purposes operating under the local money system.

c) To avoid financial leakage from the project area by keeping all available financial resources (local LETS money and formal money) revolving continuously interest-free within the beneficiary community.

d) To stimulate on-going local cooperative industrial and agricultural development through the productive use of local currency (LETS) and interest-free micro-credit systems.

 

The financial aspects of integrated development projects are particularly innovative because :

 

01. An innovative local money system is blended with a cooperative interest-free, cost-free, micro-credit system operating under the local money system. This may be the single most innovative aspect of integrated development concepts.

02. The local money system is used to mobilise the local populations. All adult members of the population are automatically members of the system, but users may always choose whether to use the local money system or the formal money system for their transactions. The local money system supplements and therefore does not replace the formal money one.

03. The innovative interest-free and cost-free micro-credit system proposed is run by the people themselves and the funds used are theirs. Fierce social control should ensure repayment of all loans.

 

Interest-free, cost-free, micro-finance is provided through the interest-free cooperative micro-credit structures in each project area. Micro-credit loans typically amount to at least €1,500 for each family in each period of ten years. This is a conservative evaluation based on an average two years’ payback period.

 

For illustrations of the micro-credit system proposed, please refer to :

 

Illustration of the micro-credits system.

How the original grant of seed-loan is used.

Illustration of the interest-free loan cycle.

 

For full details on the economic aspects of integrated development projects, please refer to Block 8 Economic aspects of  the Diploma Course.

 

Detailed work on the mechanics of the present monetary system and monetary reform proposals supporting the financial and economic aspects of integrated development projects can be accessed at the homepage of www.integrateddevelopment.org in the section New Horizons for Economics : How our Financial System actually works and how to correct it.  This work includes a three-dimensional drawing showing the DNA of the debt-based financial system.

 

FINANCIAL ASPECTS.

 

Each project in non-pastoralist areas costs about € 5.000.000, of which 25% is provided by the inhabitants themselves by way of work carried out under local money systems set up in an early phase of project execution. This leaves a formal money (Euros) initial financial requirement of about  € 3.750.000 per project. Projects in pastoralist areas cost about € 7.000.000 each of which 20% is provided by the inhabitants themselves. This leaves a formal money (Euros) initial financial requirement for pastoralist areas of about € 5.600.000 per project. The difference between pastoralist and non-pastoralist areas is determined by the additional drinking water and food supply requirements of herds in pastoralist areas.

 

For budget purposes, the participation of the local people (expressed in hours of work under the local money system) is converted into Euros at an agreed rate for each eight-hour working day. This rate is usually Euro 3. Where initial seed capital (respectively € 3.750.000  or  € 5.600.000 per project) is not available by way of grant, project applications can be self-financing, subject to an interest-free seed loan repayable in 10 years.

 

Initial capital investments are covered and repaid where necessary by the populations in two ways.

 

The first way is through a menu of 13 applications for CDM finance under the Kyoto Protocol. For full information on this please refer to Kyoto Protocol : Analysis of  possibilities for finance. Indications are that net CDM income per project could be to the order of € 24.000.000, enabling standard projects ( initial capital € 3.750.000) to be repaid by the end of the sixth year of operation on the basis of CDM income for the first five years, and projects in pastoralist areas (initial capital    5.600.000) to be repaid by the end of the eighth year of operation on the basis of CDM income for the first seven years.

 

The second (backup) way of financing integrated development projects is through the Local Cooperative Development Fund set up in each project area. The beneficiary populations make a monthly payment of (at least Euro 3 per family of five) into this fund. The very poor, sick and handicapped can be subsidised under a three-tiered social security system set up for that purpose. The money in the fund is systematically recycled interest-free to the local users for micro-credits for productive investments amounting in all to at least € 16.000.000 (or € 1.500 per family) over the first ten year period. The fund is organised so that the amount in it is sufficient to repay the initial interest-free capital investment in a single lump sum after the first ten year operational cycle.  In case of payment, the amount in the Cooperative Local Development Fund drops temporarily back to zero. The families continue to make their monthly contributions to the Fund, so the amount in the Fund gradually builds up again during the second ten years period as it did in the first, and is again recycled interest-free for micro-credits for  productivity development until it is needed to pay for capital extensions and capital goods replacements after twenty years. At that  point, the Fund dips back to zero again and slowly builds up again during the third ten-year period and so on in an inherently permanently sustainable way.

 

Interest-free, cost-free, micro-finance is provided through the interest-free cooperative micro-credit structures in each project area. Micro-credit loans typically amount to at least €1,500 for each family in each period of ten years. This is a conservative evaluation based on an average two years’ payback period.

 

For illustrations of the micro-credit system proposed, please refer to :

 

Illustration of the micro-credits system.

How the original grant of seed-loan is used.

Illustration of the interest-free loan cycle.

 

 

For full details on the economic aspects of integrated development projects, please refer to Block 8 : Economic aspects of  the Diploma Course.

 

Detailed work on the mechanics of the present monetary system and monetary reform proposals supporting the financial and economic aspects of integrated development projects can be accessed at the homepage of www.integrateddevelopment.org in the section New Horizons for Economics : How our Financial System actually works and how to correct it.  This work includes a three-dimensional drawing showing the DNA of the debt-based financial system.

 

Integrated development projects bring about a general mobilisation of the local populations in each project area. Real annual benefits are several times the total cost of the initial capital investment in the projects. 

 

Total potential annual benefits amount to more than € 15.000.000 a year plus the benefits of the use of the local money system and of  the fruit, nuts and bamboo shoots and products  consumed. This is 3-4 times the initial capital investment.  Conservatively estimating just 30% of the potential, the project should therefore be returning its total initial capital input costs to the populations annually within two years of completion of all the project structures. This is four years from the start of project execution.

 

The costs and benefits are described in the simple summary of a typical integrated development project.

 

They include :

 

Agriculture and food security : Savings for food importation Euro 6.387.500 per year;  CDM (Kyoto) application fruit and nut trees up to a total of Euro 6.590.000 over 50 years (average € 131.800 a year) plus the fruit and nuts; CDM (Kyoto) application bamboo plantations up to a total of Euro 1.470.000 over 7 years (average € 210.000 a year) plus bamboo shoots and value added from bamboo products; CDM (Kyoto) application Moringa (horseradish) plantations € 646.800 over 3 years (average € 215.600 a year). The expected total annual benefits in the agriculture and food sector amount to € 6.944.900, plus the value of fruit, nuts, and bamboo shoots consumed.

 

Ecology, conservation and energy : Potential sale value of extra standing timber Euro 178.000 per year; savings in fertilisers Euro 217.000 per year; reforestation of local forest lands parks and reserves under the Kyoto protocol for a total of up to Euro 10.500.000 over 50 years (average € 210.000 a year); small scale local production of bio-fuels for local use Euro 550.000 per year; CO2 reduction through reduced use of bio-mass under the CDM mechanism up to Euro 7.476.000 over 21 years ( average € 356.000 a year); substitution of non-renewable with renewable biomass under the CDM mechanism up to Euro 3.822.000 over 21 years (annual average Euro 182.000). The expected total annual benefits in the ecology, conservation and energy sector amount to € 1.693.000.

 

Finance : Reduction in the costs for the purchase of wood (or alternative fuels) for cooking, Euro 730.000 per year; savings in formal money interest and costs in connection with the operation of the Cooperative Local Development Fund, Euro 520.000 a year. No attempt is made to monetise the vast benefits deriving from the widespread use of the local money system set up in each project area.  The expected total annual benefits in the finance sector therefore amount to € 1.250.000 plus the benefits from the use of the local money system.

 

Health : Reduction of costs of medical treatment for water-borne diseases, Euro 500.000 per year; productivity increase due to reduction of illness due to water-borne diseases, Euro 450.000 per year;  reduction in the costs of treating suffering from hunger, due to inadequate hygiene and smoke in and around homes, Euro 250.000 per year; reduction of 50% in the costs of treatment for malaria, Euro 100.000 per year;  increase of productivity due to reduction in the number of cases of malaria, Euro 90.000 per year; reduction in the cost of urgent transportation of sick family members to hospital, Euro 190.000. The expected total annual benefits in the health sector amount to € 1.490.000.

 

Water and sanitation : Water points at 100m. from homes, Euro 1.095.000 per year; benefits from local washing places, Euro 624.000 per year. The expected total annual benefits in the water and sanitation sector amount to € 1.719.000.

 

Women’s rights : Elimination of the need to fetch firewood, Euro 374.400 a year;  introduction of mills, Euro 1.642.500 a year. The expected total annual benefits in the women’s rights sector amount to € 2.016.900.

 

For full information on the costs and benefits of integrated development projects, please refer to Sect. 3 : Costs and benefits analysis  of  Block 8 : Economic aspects of the Diploma Course.

 

More specifically :

 

Costs and benefits analysis  : introduction.

Costs and benefits analysis : details.

 

PREPARATORY FORMALITIES.

 

Several formalities need to be completed before a project can proceed to an executive phase. They pass from initial partnership declarations to the formation of a working group whose task it is to set NGOs up for the execution of the project and for on-going management of the project structures. The management NGO is transferred to the local population as soon as the planned project social and financial structures are in operation. Ownership of the structures set up by the project is transferred to the management NGO as the structures become operational.

 

For more details refer to section illustration of  the formal steps necessary to get project execution started.

 

A cooperative formed by a consortium usually including the local council, one or more local NGOs with direct access to the local populations, and one or more national and/or international development NGOs is responsible for project execution. For information on this cooperative see : statutes of the NGO responsible for project execution .  For still more detail see file :  Cooperative for project execution. 

 

MORE ON SOME BASIC ISSUES COVERED BY THE MODEL FOR INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS.

 

Agriculture and food security in integrated development projects                                     Credit crises. Solutions offered by integrated development projects.                                                       

Ecology and conservation in integrated development projects.                                          Education in integrated development projects.                             

Fight against corruption in integrated development projects.                                             Financing integrated development projects using the CDM mechanism.            

Gender and women's rights in integrated development projects.                                        Health aspects and integrated development projects.                                     

Millennium Development Goals. How integrated development projects solve them.      Millennium goals. How integrated development projects achieve them. Powerpoint presentation : 36 slides.

Policy implications of integrated development projects.                                                       Poverty, its causes, what is needed to eliminate it. Powerpoint  presentation :  24 slides. >

Project architecture for integrated development. Powerpoint presentation : 14 slides.    Project structures for integrated development. Powerpoint presentation : 43 slides.

Water and sanitation in integrated development projects.

 

BUILT-IN PROTECTION FOR FUNDING PARTIES.

 

Innovative means for the protection of the investments made by funding parties have been incorporated in the Model. Exposure of investors at any one point of project execution is limited. This is made possible through the layering, or sequential order of creation, of the various project structures. Work on next following structures does not take place until the preceding structures are in place and in operation.

 

The new capital content of project structures tends to increase with progress in project execution. The first (the social and financial) structures to be set up have relatively low formal money capital content.

 

The second (the productive) structures have an intermediate level of capital content.

 

The last (the service) structures, and especially the distributed drinking water structures, have the highest level of capital content. By the time the service structures are to be installed, most of the work on them can be done under the local money system, operational costs and formal money reserves for maintenance and long-term replacement are already being collected, and local production of items necessary for the service structures is already under way.

 

AUDIT AND PROTECTION OF BENEFICIARIES.

 

Suggestions are advanced for auditing structures and indications over the on-going management of structures is set out in the chain of responsibilities. The effects of inflationary forces on the project area analysed in section the effects of inflation on the Cooperative Local Development Fund and gift content. Proposals for loss or damage to project structures outside the control of the beneficiaries are set out in the file on project insurance and forfeit in the form of gift in case of loss of capital structures.

 

CONVERSION OF TRADITIONAL PROJECT STRUCTURES INTO FULLY SUSTAINABLE  ONES.

 

Many existing development projects have already failed or risk failure because they are not fully sustainable over a longer term. This is often because an appropriate framework of enabling social, financial, and productive structures under which management and maintenance costs and long-term replacements of capital goods can be carried out is missing. 

 

The social, financial, productive and service structures foreseen in the Model for integrated development projects can be built around structures set up under traditional projects to create  cooperative, interest-free, inflation-free local economic environments in the project areas. This way several thousand employment opportunities can be created in each project area and large amounts of on-going formal money costs saved.  On-going financial leakage from project areas,  typical of traditional development projects, is blocked. The small amount of formal money reaching the project areas is, wherever possible, retained and continually recycled there.

 

WOMEN’S RIGHTS.

 

Integrated development projects fully comply with the terms of all international declarations relating to women’s rights. A majority participation of women in the management of all project structures at all levels is guaranteed. The workload on women is strongly reduced. Their health conditions are improved, and they receive full access to all education facilities available in the project area. Use of  the local money system and the cooperative interest-free micro-credit structures set up enable women to increase their income and, where desired, achieve financial independence.

 

Goals of integrated development projects in respect of women’s rights include:

 

a) To reduce the work load on women.

b) To avoid at least 1 hour per day for the fetching of water, through the supply of [200] drinking water points close to homes.

c) To gain 4 hours a week through the supply of at least [40] washing facilities within easy reach of homes.

d) To save at least 4 hours per week by avoiding the need to fetch wood for cooking purposes, alternatively to save at least € 0,50 per day for reduced formal money cost of fuels for cooking.

e) To eliminate up to 2 hours of work per day through the provision of milling facilities for staple foods.

f) To provide improved health through the elimination of smoke in and around homes, stagnant water, and similar.

g) To provide full educational facilities to girls and adult-education facilities for women, including study rooms.

h) To ensure women’s participation in all project structures in preparation for their active participation in local, regional, and national elections and in political decision-making.

i) To ensure economic autonomy of women through the operation of the local money system and the interest-free micro-credit system for productivity purposes.

 

Integrated development projects are innovative in relation to women’s rights because :

 

01. An elective system ensuring a leading role for women in all structures at all levels is applied.

02. Women are the major beneficiaries of the wide menu of time-saving and capacity building-structures set up during project execution.

03. The autonomy of women in the project area is improved through the interest-free, cost-free micro-credit loans for productivity purposes made available to them.

04. Women’s rights as defined in human rights treaties are fully respected.

 

For more details, see the file on women’s rights .  Still more information on the relationship between integrated development projects and the rights of women can be found in Section 1: Gender of the course for the Diploma in Integrated Development.

 

ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND SUSTAINABILITY.

 

Goals of integrated development projects in relation to ecology and sustainability include:

 

a) To create a sustainable energy-neutral local economic area with 50.000 inhabitants./span>

b) To avoid the need to import wood and other energy resources into the project area through the use of sustainable locally produced energy resources.

c) To introduce about 20.000 locally produced high efficiency cook stoves fuelled by mini-briquettes made from sustainably and locally produced biomass, and solar cookers for daytime applications.

d) To produce at least 100 kg a day of sustainable biomass in each of the [200] first level (tank commission) areas for the required local production of mini-briquettes for cooking purposes.

e) To create added value through local integrated recycling of organic and non-organic waste.

f) To reforest the [forest or natural reserve] in the project area, rehabilitate its flora and fauna and set up ecological corridors with neighbouring areas.

g) To create CO2 sinks through the application in the project area of a menu of six reforestation/afforestation methodologies under the CDM mechanism and generate CER certificates covering the repayment (where necessary) of the initial capital investment for the project.

h) To install at least [200] solar photovoltaic water pumping systems for distributed drinking water supply, and solar lighting equipment for [200] study rooms and [241] schools.

 

Integrated development projects are innovative in relation to ecology and sustainability because:

 

01. An innovative menu of CDM mechanisms covering different types of land use is used to fund the repayment (where necessary) of the initial capital loan, store CO2, improve water management and the ecological infrastructure of the project area.

02. A unique combination of methods and technologies promotes the formation of a coordinated energy-neutral ecologically sustainable local economy system.

03. The proposed combination of methods and technologies is in line with the principles of Mother Earth recently introduced by legislation in Bolivia.

04. Extended use is made of sustainable energy technologies, such as widespread application of photovoltaic energy installations.

05. In principle, all energy involved is sustainably produced and consumed in the project area itself.

 

Integrated development projects are fully sustainable. Click the file ecological aspects to see how the project concepts allow for energy-neutral structures, a wide use of alternative energy technologies, and the conservation of the natural resources in project areas. More information on the relationship between integrated development projects and the protection of the environment is available in Section 5: Sustainability of the course for the Diploma in Integrated Development.

 

Click on Kyoto Protocol : Analysis of  possibilities for finance to see how a menu of 13 CDM methodologies ensure that projects are CO2 neutral . The methodologies can be applied during project execution whether or not finance is made available under the Kyoto protocol.

 

The on-going management of project structures is also fully sustainable. As social, financial, productive and service structures are created during project execution they are taken over by the local cooperative for the on-going management of the project structures. For full information on the management of project structures, click to see details on the division of responsibilities amongst  the three administrative levels in each project area.

 

PUBLIC HEALTH.

 

Health goals of integrated development projects include :

 

a) To carry out a basic hygiene education programme by establishing [200] Community Health Clubs in the project area and promoting on-going hygiene education courses in all the schools there.

b) To contribute to the fight against water-related diseases through hygiene education, the supply of appropriate sanitation, clean drinking water systems, drainage of stagnant water, local production of mosquito nets and similar.

c) To eliminate smoke hazards in 10.000 homes through the introduction of high efficiency cookers and efficient grey water and waste disposal systems.

d) To use the local money system to provide [200] basic nursing facilities at each of the first-level (tank commission) areas, locate and/or train nurses for them, build housing for the nurses, and subsidise their salaries as required under the local money system.

e) [Over time, as doctors for the job can be found ] To use the local money system to provide up to [40] local medical centres including doctors’ accommodation facilities, and subsidise the doctors’ salaries as required under the local money system.

f) To provide a local basic hospital facility in [place] with up to 1 bed, and at least 0.5 bed, for each of the [200] tank commission areas. Simple hospital construction can be carried out under the local money system, once qualified design and specifications for buildings suitable for the project area are available. Support will be given under the local money system for the supply of non-specialist services, such as guards, gardeners, cleaning services, washing services, non-qualified kitchen services and food supply.

g) To provide a network of [40] bicycle ambulances operating under the local money system.

h) To set up a cooperative formal money health insurance fund operating under the local money system to cover the cost of  medicines.

 

The innovative aspects of integrated development projects in relation to health issues include:

 

01. Health proposals covered by the project are based on preventive social health action and not on curative medicine.

02. Subject to the availability of doctors over time, up to [40] local medical centres including appropriate accommodation for doctors can be built under the local money systems using local labour and materials. This means the centres are cooperatively built and owned by the local populations, while at the same time, builders and suppliers are always fully paid for their work.

03. Doctors can be paid, or their state-paid salaries supplemented, by the local populations under the local money system.

04 Up to [200] nursing points including accommodation for nurses will be built under the local money systems using local labour and materials. This means the nursing points are cooperatively built and owned by the local populations, while at the same time, builders and suppliers are always fully paid for their work.

05. Nurses can be paid, or their state-paid salaries supplemented, by the local populations under the local money system.

06. Medicines are cooperatively purchased in bulk by the project according to medical prescriptions. For the purpose a cooperative health insurance fund is set up. Local nurses ensure the medicines are administered according to prescription.

07. A basic level local hospital with up to [200] beds (at least 0,5 beds for each tank commission area) should be built in [place]. Many of the building costs and the costs of on-going non-professional services will be covered under the local money system. Purchase of medical equipment and imported medical supplies for the hospital is in principle not included in the project as they tend to cause financial leakage from the project area. Funds for equipment and supplies must be separately sourced under a conventional aid agreement.

 

PUBLIC EDUCATION.

 

The public education goals of integrated development projects include :

 

a) To enable women, students and others who wish to study in the evening to do so.

c) To offer a full school programme up to University entry level for all children and youths in the project area and adult education, especially for women.

 

Integrated development projects are innovative in relation to education because:>It is possible to build any required number of schools and accommodation for teachers using local labour and materials under the local money systems. This means the schools are cooperatively built and owned by the local populations, while at the same time, local builders and suppliers are always fully paid for the work they do.

 

Teachers can be paid, or their state-paid salaries supplemented, by the local populations under the local money system.

 

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND FOOD SECURITY.

 

Integrated development projects cover management of communal lands. Waste recycling structures include the recycling of urine, composted faeces, and other organic solids with grey water. This alone ensures sufficient production of a varied diet even in times of drought and crisis. The menu of 13 CDM methodologies to be adopted includes extensive planting of fruit and nut trees, bamboo (shoots for food), and horseradish for vegetable oils and edible “spinach” leaves during the dry season. A three-tiered system of cooperative plant nurseries and seed banks is set up for local use. Structures for the local production of biomass for mini-briquettes for cooking are created. Water supply structures include distributed clean drinking water, rainwater harvesting, the recycling of grey water, and water conservation methods for forests and  agricultural lands.

 

Goals of integrated development projects relative to agricultural production and food security include :

 

a) To safely recycle urine and faeces at household and/or local level to provide sufficient fertiliser for growing all basic foods needed.

b) To eliminate the need for importation of staple foods into the project area.

c) To institute [200] plant nurseries at first project level (tank commission area) and [40] plant nurseries at intermediate project level (well commission area) for the production of plants for CDM projects and for local cultivation.

d) To plant between 11 and 16 hectares in fruit trees and nut trees on settlements as defined under the CDM mechanism in each of  the [200] first level project (tank commission) areas to earn CER certificates under the Kyoto Treaty and to reinforce food security.

e) To plant between 7 and 16 hectares of bamboo in each of the [200] first level project (tank commission) areas to earn CER certificates under the CDM mechanism  under the Kyoto Treaty and to reinforce food security.

f) To plant an average of 12 hectares of Moringa (horseradish) trees in each of the [200] first level project (tank commission) areas to earn CER certificates under the CDM mechanism  under the Kyoto Treaty and to reinforce food security.

 

Integrated development projects are innovative in relation to agricultural production and food security because:

 

01. For drinking water supply, a hub and spoke concept is used whereby, assuming borehole capacities permit, several high pressure solar pumps are installed in series in one large diameter borehole feeding 5-8 distributed drinking water points, forcing water where necessary over a distance of several kilometres. This means that just [40] high capacity boreholes need to be drilled instead of [200] boreholes as would be the case in conventional projects, leading to important cost reductions for the drinking water supply system.

02. Use is made of gypsum composite technologies for the local manufacture of water tanks, toilet systems, high efficiency stoves, support structures for buildings, school furniture etc. These can in principle be 100% manufactured, installed and maintained under the local money system set up without the need for any formal money capital at all.

03. Ecological locally built dry composting toilet systems with separation of faeces and urine are used. Urine and faeces are safely recycled at tank commission level for productive purposes.

Click here for more information agricultural production and food security

 

 

REPLICATION POTENTIAL.

 

Each integrated development project  is based on a population of about 50.000 people, and in each project area structures are organised in three anthropologically justified levels.

 

About 20 individual projects are therefore needed for each 1.000.000 inhabitants.

 

By way of example, a sub-regional plan for the integrated development of West Africa under the auspices of the Organisation of West African States (ECOWAS, French UEMOA) excluding Nigeria and Ghana would involve about 2.500 projects. Execution of integrated development plans for Nigeria and Ghana together would involve another 3.500 projects.

 

Depending on accessibility and population densities, detailed district, regional, and national integrated development plans can be prepared for just a few Euro cents per inhabitant. Students and NGO members drafting project documentations automatically qualify to act as project coordinators for the individual projects they have drafted.

 

Each integrated development project sets up an autonomous, interest-free, inflation-free, cooperative local economy system. Subject to availability of finance, there is no limit to the number of projects which can be executed contemporaneously.

 

A perspective for the rapid achievement of the Millennium Goals is therefore created.

 

 

CONVERSION OF TRADITIONAL PROJECT STRUCTURES INTO FULLY SUSTAINABLE  ONES. 

 

Many existing development projects have already failed or risk failure because they are not fully sustainable over a longer term. This is often because an appropriate framework of enabling social, financial, and productive structures under which management and maintenance costs and long-term replacements of capital goods can be carried out is missing. 

The social, financial, productive and service structures foreseen in the Model for integrated development projects can be built around structures set up under traditional projects to create  cooperative, interest-free, inflation-free local economic environments in the project areas. This way several thousand employment opportunities can be created in each project area and large amounts of on-going formal money costs saved.  On-going financial leakage from project areas,  typical of traditional development projects, is blocked. The small amount of formal money reaching the project areas is, wherever possible, retained and continually recycled there.

 


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"Money is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them."

Gesell, Silvio, The Natural Economic Order, revised English edition, Peter Owen, London 1958, page 228

 

“Poverty is created scarcity”

Wahu Kaara, point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 58th annual NGO Conference, United Nations, New York 7th September 2005.


 

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