NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM
Edition 06: 26 March, 2009
(CLIQUEZ ICI POUR LA VERSION EN FRANÇAIS)
“Poverty is created scarcity”
Wahu Kaara, point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 58th
annual NGO Conference, United Nations,
08.50 How the
project achieves the Millennium Development Goals in the project area.
08.50.01 Measuring
the project results.
Since the project area covers quite a small surface area and the whole
population there participates in the project, measurement of the results of the
various project activities is relatively simple. The results of most project
activities are visible. Use made of the various project structures is
systematically monitored on a day to day basis as a standard part of their
operation.
08.50.10 A short
critique of the millennium goals.
The project enables 100% of the people living in the project area to
achieve nearly all of the Millennium Development Goals, targets, and
sub-targets approved in the Declaration
of Sustainable Development during the 17th Plenary Meeting of the World Summit
on Sustainable Development signed in
Since the
population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of activities there
is unlikely to be immediately visible on a national level where just one
project is executed To cover the entire
population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each
1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed, the achievement of the millennium goals in the host country would
become graphically more and more evident.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Not all of the
Goal 8 was given the ominous title “Develop
a global partnership for development.” Economic
globalisation tolerates concentration of financial power in just a few,
non-elected hands. Its instruments include debt-creation, the application of interest
on debts and the accumulated interest built into the prices of industrial
products. It also tolerates an unfair subsidy system benefiting the interests
of operators in industrialised countries. These amounted to US$ 350.000.000.000
for agricultural subsidies alone in 2001[1].
This is more than three times the
Targets included in Goal 8 include :
“Target 15 : Deal comprehensively
with the debt problems of developing countries through national and
international measures in order to make debt sustainable over the long term.”
“Target 16 : In cooperation with
developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and
productive work for youth.”
“Target 17 : In cooperation
with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in
developing countries.”
“Target 18 : In
cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new
technologies, especially information and communications technologies”
Brought together under a goal called “Develop a global partnership for development” these targets allow the main causes of
financial leakage and poverty that other Millennium Goals are claimed to be
designed to eliminate to re-enter through the back door.
Openings for global partnerships and public-private “cooperation” are introduced systematically into the
descriptions of other goals, targets and
sub-targets as well. Two examples of these are given here. There are many
others.
Article 60 (a) section VIII of the Plan of Implementation
Article 60 (a) of the Plan of
Implementation adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development,
Johannesburg, 4th September 2002
together with the Johannesburg Declaration is part of section VIII of
the Plan. Section VIII is headed
“Sustainable development for
Article 60 refers to the development and management of integrated water
resources in
Article 60 (a) reads that one
of the objects of the Plan is to:
“(a) Provide access to potable
domestic water, hygiene education and improved sanitation and waste management
at the household level through initiatives to encourage public and private
investment in water supply and sanitation ……while respecting local conditions
involving all concerned stakeholders……”
The Millennium Development goals for drinking water and sanitation are
therefore to be solved by encouraging “public and private investment”. While it is not clear what the words
“respecting local conditions involving all concerned stakeholders” mean, one
interpretation of them is that all established rights, such as existing control
by multinational companies of water supply in some large cities in developing
countries, will not be touched and the status quo will be maintained.
On the other hand, neither in section 60 (a) nor elsewhere in the Plan
of Implementation, are key development concepts such as “interest”,
“monoculture”, “local economies”, “micro-economic” or “local production” mentioned. Not once. Anywhere. The term
“local development” is mentioned just once, in Article 19, where it is directly
coupled with “national development”. The key issue for development, stopping financial leakage from poor
areas, is mentioned only once, indirectly, in article 83 of the Plan of Implementation, where the term
“capital flight ” is used.
Article 83, section
X, of the Plan of Implementation
Article 83 of the Plan of
Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development,
Article 83 reads:
“
Article 83 is an example of the confusion deliberately created at
international level around development and development aid at the beginning of
the 21st century.
It refers to the creation of necessary conditions for the “mobilisation”
of public and private domestic savings. Which conditions these are, and how and
by whom they are to be “mobilised” is not stated.
Article 83 claims it is necessary to “sustain adequate levels of
productive investment”. Investment by whom?
Productive in which way?
It is said that “productive investment” is “crucial” to “enhance the efficacy, coherence and
consistency of macroeconomic
policies.” Whose policies? What are the criteria for making them
efficacious, coherent and consistent?
A “enabling domestic environment” is said to be one which encourages the
private sector and attracts and makes effective use “of international
investment and assistance.”
One of the tasks of the international community is to make sure that the
favourable domestic environments needed to attract and make use “of
international investment and assistance” are created.
In reality article 83 clearly suggests that the
implementation of the Millennium Goals, and therefore development and the
elimination of poverty, is to be
achieved through putting pressure on the governments of developing countries to
continue to privilege the interests of industrialised nations and
multinationals and maintain the present economic status quo.
[1] Watkins K. Eight broken promises, Oxfam briefing
paper 9, Oxfam International, Washington, 2001 (US$ 350 billion in 2001).
[2] OECD Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development, press release “Development Aid from OECD countries
fell 5.1% in
08.50.20 How the
project achieves each of the millennium goals, targets and sub-targets.
The following notes follow the tortuous and cumbersome numbering of
Millennium goals, targets and sub-targets adopted at the Johannesburg
Conference.
Information on each sub-target is designed to be read independently of
all of the others. This means that information in several sub-targets viewed
together is repetitive.
08.50.21 Goal 1 :
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
08.50.21.01 Target
01 : Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than one dollar a
day.
Sub-target 01 :
Proportion of population below US$1 (PPP) per Day (World Bank)
The principles
behind this project do not reflect monetarist approaches based on the arbitrary
“one dollar a day” concept at the basis of sub-target 01. Project results
reflect subjective evaluations of the improvement in the actual quality of life
of the people in the project area. These evaluations include the benefits of
non-monetised productive activities and of all transactions carried out under
the local money system set up in an early phase of project execution.
The project will
provide about 4000 permanent work opportunities and bring full employment for
100% of the adult population and eliminate poverty in the project area. Not
just by half, but completely.
Since the
population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of activities there
is unlikely to be immediately visible improvement on a national level where
just one project is executed To cover
the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be
needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed, the achievement of the millennium goals in
the host country would become graphically more and more evident.
The preparation of
a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project
is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.
Measurement :
direct report on improvements in the quality of life in each of the 200 local
development groups in the project area and comparison with their quality of
life at the time the project started..
Sub-target 02:
Poverty gap ratio US$ 1 per day (World Bank)
The principles
behind this project do not reflect monetarist approaches based on the arbitrary
“one dollar a day” concept at the basis of sub-target 02.. Project results
reflect subjective evaluations of improvements in the actual quality of life of
the people in the project area. These evaluations include the benefits of non-monetised
productive activities and of all transactions carried out under the local money
system set up in an early phase of
project execution.
The project will
provide about 4000 permanent work opportunities and bring full employment for
100% of the adult population and eliminate poverty in the project area. Not
just by half, but completely.
Since the
population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of activities there
is unlikely to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project
is executed To cover the entire
population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each
1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed, the achievement of the millennium goals in the host country would
become graphically more and more evident.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Measurement :
direct report on improvements in the quality of life in each of the 200 local
development groups in the project area and comparison with their quality of
life at the time the project started..
Sub-target 03 :
Share of poorest quintile in National Income or Consumption (World Bank)
Since ALL the
people in each project area will leave the poorest quintile in National
Income or Consumption, the project will by definition
indirectly help increase the share of the poorest quintile in National income
in the host country. Since the population in each project area is usually just 50.000, the effect of this for just one
project area is unlikely to be
immediately visible on a national level.
To cover the entire population of the host country, about 20 such
projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 inhabitants. As these projects are
executed, the rate of increase of the share of the poorest quintile in National
Income would become graphically visible.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Measurement of
progress: Compare statistics in the
project area after the introduction of the project structures over a period of
24 months with statistics for the project area before the start of the project.
View statistical activity of the operation of the local Money system set up by
the project. View statistical activity of the operation of the interest-free
micro-credits system set up by the project.
08.50.21.02 Target
02 : Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
Sub-target 04 :
Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age (UNICEF)
Since ALL the
people in each project area will enjoy a varied diet and a good quality of
life, there should not be any underweight children living in the project area
at the close of the 24 months’ executive period for the project. Each project
will therefore by definition help reduce the prevalence of underweight children
in the host country. Since the population in each project area is just 50.000,
the effect of this is unlikely to be
immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed To cover the entire population in the host
country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As
these projects are executed, the reduction of the prevalence of underweight
children in the host country would become graphically visible.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Measurement :
Compare statistics in the project area after the introduction of the project
structures over a period of 24 months with statistics for the project area
before the start of the project.
Sub-target 05 :
Proportion of the population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption
(F.A.O.)
Since ALL the
people in each project area will enjoy a varied diet and a good quality of
life, no-one there should at the close of the 24 months’ executive period for
the project be below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption as
foreseen by the F.A.O. Each project will
therefore by definition help reduce the proportion of the population below the
minimum level of dietary energy consumption in the host country. Since the
population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of this is unlikely
to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is
executed To cover the entire population
in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000
people. As these projects are executed, the reduction of the proportion of the
underfed population in the host country would become graphically visible.
Section 08.40 Aspects relating to agriculture
and food security of the project describes in detail how agricultural
activity in the project area is promoted and food security guaranteed.
The preparation of
a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project
is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.
Measurement of
progress: Information on local food
production for local consumption.
Information and statistics on the daily dietary intake of the population
in the project area.
08.50.22 Goal 2 :
Achieve universal primary education.
08.50.22. 03 Target
03 : Ensure that all boys and girls
complete a full course of primary schooling.
Sub-target 06 : Net enrolment ratio in primary
education (UNESCO).
The
issue is the number of children who actually go to school. Children may be
enrolled, but for one reason or another be unable to attend classes.
In
principle ALL children in each project area will enjoy a full course of both
primary and secondary education. The project can use a local money system to
build new schools near users’ homes, furnish them, and supply them with
drinking water and sanitation facilities. The local population can contribute
to or pay all of the costs of these activities, provided labour and materials
used come from within the project area itself.
Qualified teachers or students with qualifications enabling them to take
up teaching activities and who are willing to work entirely or in part under
the local Money system set up by the project can take up service rapidly. In
that case full primary education in the project area can be implemented within
two or three years.
Full
exploitation of the system depends however on the availability of teachers. It
may also depend, at least in part, on the willingness of the Ministry of
Education to pay the teachers at least part of their salary in formal money where they are unwilling to
work entirely under the local money system created..
Since the
population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of full primary
education there is unlikely to be
immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed To cover the entire population in the host
country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As
these projects are executed, the
percentage of children in the host country who are going to school would become graphically visible.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Measurement : Compare statistics for child enrolment in the
project area after the introduction of the project structures over a period of
24 months and thereafter with statistics for the project area before the start
of the project.
Sub-target 07 : Proportion of pupils starting
grade 1 who reach grade 5 (UNESCO)
In
principle ALL children in each project area will enjoy a full course of both
primary and secondary education. The project can use a local money system to
build new schools near users’ homes, furnish them, and supply them with
drinking water and sanitation facilities. The local population can contribute
to or pay all of the costs of these activities, provided labour and materials
used come from within the project area itself.
Qualified teachers or students with qualifications enabling them to take
up teaching activities who are willing to work entirely or in part under the
local Money system set up by the project can take up service rapidly. In that
case full primary education in the project area can be implemented within two
or three years. This means that in principle ALL children in a project area who
start at grade 1 will complete grade 5.
Full
exploitation of the system depends however on the availability of
teachers. It may also depend, at least
in part, on the willingness of the Ministry of Education to pay the teachers at
least part of their salary in formal
money where they are unwilling to work entirely under the local money system
created..
Since the
population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of full primary
education there is unlikely to be
immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed To cover the entire population in the host
country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As
these projects are executed, the
percentage of children in the host country starting at grade 1 who complete
grade 5 would become graphically visible.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Measurement : Compare statistics for pupils reaching grade
Sub-target 08 : Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds
(UNESCO)
In
principle ALL children in each project area will enjoy a full course of both
primary and secondary education. This means that in principle the literacy rate
of 15-24 year olds in each project area will after some years automatically
reach 100%.
A
100% literacy rate amongst young people who are already in the 15-24 age group
at the moment the project starts cannot be guaranteed as participation of
adults in (further) learning is not compulsory. The project provides for 200
solar-lit collective study rooms near people’s homes and for solar lighting in
schools to make evening classes possible. General reduction of the work-load on
women is an important result of project application. This should encourage
women’s participation in evening classes.
Full
exploitation of the potential offered by the project depends on the
availability of teachers. It may also depend, at least in part, on the
willingness of the Ministry of Education to pay the teachers at least part of
their salary in formal money where they
are unwilling to work entirely under the local money system created.
Since the
population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of full secondary
education there is unlikely to be
immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed To cover the entire population in the host
country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As
these projects are executed, the improvement
in the percentage of literate 15-24 year olds in the host country would become
graphically visible.
Section 05.46
Education structures of the project
describes in detail how the project can improve primary and secondary education
for the benefit of all of the
children in the project
area.
Section 05.16 Creation of the social
security structure of the project describes a three-tiered safety-net
system designed to make sure that even the children of the poorest families go to
school.
Measurement : The number of schools and classes in each project area.
The number of teachers working under the formal Money system (salary paid by
the Ministry of Education), partly under the formal Money system and partly
under the Local Money system, and those working under the Local Money system
set up. Statistics on the use made of the three-tiered social security system
built into the project structures.
08.50.23 Goal 3 :
Promote gender equality and empower women.
08.50.23. 04 Target
04 : Eliminate gender disparity in
primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and at all levels by 2015.
Sub-target 09 : Ratio of girls to boys in primary,
secondary and tertiary education (UNESCO)
All children in each project area, girls as well as boys, receive full
primary and secondary education, with a ratio of 1 : 1. Most tertiary education
is excluded from the project, which has little influence on policies of
acceptation of girls and their participation in courses at tertiary level.
However, the ratio of girls to boys who are prepared in each project area for
tertiary education is expected to be 1 : 1.
This project provides for the institution of a trade school in the
project area. An attempt will also be made to reach agreement with a tertiary
institution to set up a first year university preparatory course (propadeuse)
in the project area.
Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of
full participation by girls in education there is unlikely to be immediately visible on a national level
where just one project is executed To
cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would
be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed, the improvement in the ratio of girls to boys
at primary, secondary and tertiary education in the host country would become
graphically visible.
Measurement : the number and
sex of children actually attending primary and secondary schools and university
propadeuse courses in the project area
and those from the project area following tertiary education elsewhere.
Sub-target 10 : Ratio of literate women to men
15-24 years old (UNESCO)
In
principle ALL children in each project area will enjoy a full course of both
primary and secondary education. This means that in principle the ratio of
literate women to men amongst 15-24 year olds in each project area will after
some years automatically reach 1 : 1.
Apart from full participation in formal primary-, secondary-, and
tertiary education levels, all women participate in hygiene education courses.
A
100% literacy rate amongst young people who are already in the 15-24 age group
at the moment the project starts cannot be guaranteed as participation of
adults in (further) learning is not compulsory. The project provides for 200
solar-lit collective study rooms near people’s homes and for solar lighting in
schools to make evening classes possible. General reduction of the work-load on
women is an important result of project application. This should encourage
women’s participation in evening classes.
Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of
women’s literacy there is unlikely to be
immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed To cover the entire population in the host
country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As
these projects are executed, the
improvement in the ratio of literate women to men in the host country would
become graphically visible.
Measurement : The number of people (especially women) attending
evening classes. Comparison with statistics before and after project
implementation.
Sub-target 11 : Share of women in wage employment
in the non-agricultural sector (ILO)
Sub-target 11 reflects traditional economic thinking not followed in
this project, which supports local production initiatives at individual,
family, and cooperative level. It does not recognise the employer-employee
relationship. The cooperative project structures set up during project
execution operate in parallel with, but do not replace, existing formal money
ones. Employer-employee relations can be freely exercised in project areas in
the formal money sphere, outside of the project structures. They will not be
supported by the project.
Project concepts ensure that women play a majority, therefore
dominating, role in all project structures and activities at all levels, including
the financing of productive activities under the interest-free cost-free
micro-credit loan system set up in an early phase of project execution. The
recognised productive activity of women includes non-monetised activities,
activities carried out under the local money system set up, and activities
under the traditional formal money system.
Section 08.20 Women’s rights of the
project sets out how the rights of women and girls are promoted and protected
in the project area.
Measurement : Analysis of the effective productive activities of
women in comparison with those before the project began. Analysis of the improvement in their quality
of life at the moment of monitoring compared with what it was before the
project began.
Sub-target 12 :
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (IPU)
This project does not cover sub-target 12 directly. Project structures
operate in parallel and in harmony with the traditional formal ones. The project
foresees many structures at three different levels run by members chosen by the
people themselves. Majority participation of women in all these structures at
all levels is assured. Women therefore receive full training in the exercise of
their rights within a democratic process. They take responsibility for project
structures at all levels. This may facilitate their suitability as candidates
in parliamentary elections.
The project area is itself not large enough to express a member of
parliament, male or female.
To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such
projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are
executed, an eventual improvement in the
ratio of women members of parliament to
male members in the host country may become graphically visible.
Measurement : The real participation of women in project
structures. Statistics on women
participating in local political structures in the project area after 24 months
and compared with similar statistics for
the project area before the start of the project.
08.50.24 Goal 4 :
Reduce child mortality.
08.50.24. 05 Target
05 : Reduce by two thirds the mortality
rate among children under five.
Sub-target 13 : Under-five mortality rate (UNICEF)
Older children receive hygiene education courses in schools. Mothers of
small infants are members of health-clubs with on-going hygiene education
courses. All children receive clean drinking water and good sanitary
facilities. Smoke is eliminated from and around homes. Children receive a
varied diet. Stagnant water is systematically eliminated. A complete waste
recycling system is introduced. Mosquito nets are introduced. All of these help
in the fight against and resistance to flies, mosquitoes and vermin.
Section 05.47
Health aspects describes in detail steps taken by the project to improve
children’s health and reduce child mortality..
Measurement : Comparison between child mortality statistics for the
project area before project start-up and at the moment new information is
gathered.
Sub-target 14 : Infant mortality rate (UNICEF)
All children receive hygiene education courses in schools. Mothers are
members of health-clubs with on-going hygiene education courses. All children
receive clean drinking water and good sanitary facilities. Smoke is eliminated
from and around homes. Children receive a varied diet. Stagnant water is
systematically eliminated. A complete waste recycling system is introduced. Mosquito
nets are introduced. All of these help in the fight against and resistance to
flies, mosquitoes and vermin.
Section 05.47
Health aspects describes in detail steps taken by the project to improve children’s
health and reduce infant mortality.
Measurement : Comparison between infant mortality statistics for
the project area before project start-up and at the moment new information is
gathered.
Sub-target 15 : Proportion of 1 year-old children
immunised against measles (UNICEF)
This sub-target is excluded from the project as it is the responsibility
of the Ministry of Health. If paid by the local populations, it is a cause of
financial leakage from the project area, leakage the project itself is designed
to stop. Children receive clean drinking, water, good sanitary facilities and a
varied diet. They are less likely to be excessively weakened by sicknesses such
as malaria and diarrhoea.
Some experts question the need for child vaccination campaigns in all
circumstances. In any case decisions concerning campaigns for the vaccination
of children and payment for them are outside the scope of the project.
Section 05.47
Health aspects describes in detail steps taken by the project to protect
children’s health.
Measurement : Comparison between measles immunisation statistics
for the project area before project start-up and at the moment new information
is gathered. It is not expected the proportion will be necessarily be higher that it was in the beginning.
08.50.25 Goal 5 :
Improve maternal health.
08.50.25. 06 Target
06 : Reduce by three quarters the
maternity mortality ratio.
Sub-target 16 : Maternity mortality ratio
The project addresses
sub-target 16 indirectly only.
Programmes for pre-natal
checks, the availability of qualified midwives and professional medical
assistance in case of problems are the responsibility of the
Ministry of Health.
Women’s health will be
substantially improved as project execution progresses. Women (and children)
will enjoy an improved diet, clean drinking water, proper
sanitation
facilities, cleaner smoke-free living
environment and a lower work load etc. Improved quality of life is expected to
help improve the maternal mortality
ratio.
Bicycle ambulance services
will be generally available throughout the project area. Generic
(non-specialised) nursing services will be locally available.
Section 05.47
Health aspects describes in detail what the project can do and what it
cannot do in relation to improvement of the maternity mortality ratio.
Measurement : Comparison of the
maternity mortality ratio in the project area before project start-up and at
the moment new information is gathered.
Sub-target 17 : Proportion of births attended by
skilled health personnel.
The project does not
address sub-target 17 directly.
The availability of
qualified midwives and professional medical assistance in case of problems is
mainly the responsibility of the Ministry of Health.
Section 05.47
Health aspects describes in detail what the project can do and what it
cannot do in relation increasing the proportion of births attended by skilled
health personnel.
Measurement : Comparison of the
proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel in the project area
before project start-up and at the moment
new information is gathered.
08.50.26 Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS malaria and other
diseases.
08.50.26. 07 Target
07 : Halt and begin to reverse the
spread of HIV/AIDS
Sub-target 18 : HIV prevalence among
15-24 year-old pregnant women (UNAIDS)
Limitation of this sub-target
to one priority group of women (excluding other women and excluding men) is extraordinary and leaves many questions
begging.
The project does not
address prophylactic aspects related to HIV/AIDS infections. These are considered
to be the responsibility of the Ministry of Health.
Where cures for
HIV/AIDS have to be paid for locally they cause serious financial leakage from
the project area. This leakage blocks integrated development there.
The project does on the
other hand cover both prevention of HIV/AIDS and nursing (comfort) for those
infected.
Every woman in the project
area participates in permanent health clubs with on-going hygiene education
training. For details of the health clubs and the
hygiene education
courses refer to section 05.12 Creation of the hygiene
education structures. Hygiene education courses are also provided in all
schools. All school-age
children will be expected to benefit from full courses for primary and
secondary education.
Local generic
nursing facilities will be set up a local level as described in section 05.47 Health aspects. A three tier social security network is built
into
project structures to guarantee solidarity with the
sick and the handicapped. This structure is described in 05.16 Creation of the social
security structure.
Measurement : Comparison of the
proportion of 15-24 year old HIV-infected pregnant women in the project area
before project start-up and at the moment
new information is gathered.
Sub-target 19 : Condom use rate of the
contraceptive prevalence rate and population aged 15-24 years with
comprehensive correct knowledge of
HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS,
UNICEF, UN Population Division, WHO)
The project does not address
prophylactic aspects related to HIV/AIDS infections.
Every woman in the project
area participates in permanent health clubs with on-going hygiene education
training. For details of the health clubs and the
hygiene education
courses refer to 05.12 Creation of the hygiene
education structures. Hygiene education courses are also provided in all
schools. All school-age
children will be expected to benefit from full course for primary and secondary
education.
It is expected that
the hygiene education courses provided cover the use of condoms.
The project does not
directly address education in the use of contraceptives for males above school
age. The reason for this is the practical difficulty in
reaching the target group
to make the courses effective. Males are free to attend Health Club meetings
and hygiene education courses, but it is not expected
many will actually do so.
The project structures can
be made available for the group purchase and systematic local distribution of
condoms against re-imbursement of their original
formal money delivered
cost. Condoms imported into the project area and paid for in formal money, represent, just like proprietary medicines, a
cause of financial
leakage from the project
area.
Measurement : Comparison of the
subject rate in the project area before project start-up and at the moment new
information is gathered.
Sub-target 20 : Ratio of school
attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years.
In
principle ALL children in each project area will enjoy a full course of both
primary and secondary education. The project can use a local money system to
build new schools near users’ homes, furnish them, and supply them with
drinking water and sanitation facilities. The local population can contribute
to or pay all of the costs of these activities, provided labour and materials
used come from within the project area itself.
Qualified teachers or students with qualifications enabling them to take
up teaching activities who are willing to work entirely or in part under the
local Money system set up by the project can take up service rapidly. In that
case full primary education in the project area can be implemented within two
or three years.
Full
exploitation of the system depends however on the availability of
teachers. It may also depend, at least
in part, on the willingness of the Ministry of Education to pay the teachers at
least part of their salary in formal
money where they are not willing to work entirely under the local money system
set up..
A three tier social security network is built into
project structures to guarantee solidarity with orphans. This structure is
described in 05.16 Creation of
the social security structure. Where necessary homes to look after orphan
children will organised at local level under the local money system set up.
This is viewed as a normal local money economic activity. The social security
structures will decide on a case by case basis how the local money costs of the
service are to be
distributed.
Since the
population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of full primary
education there is unlikely to be
immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed To cover the entire population in the host
country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As
these projects are executed, the
percentage of children in the host country who are going to school would become graphically visible.
Measurement : Comparison of the
number of school attendance of “HIV/AIDS
orphans” in the project area before project start-up and at the moment new
information is gathered. Proportion of
the number of school attendees who are
“HIV/AIDS orphans” in the project area with the number of “HIV/AIDS
orphans”. This should be 100%.
08.50.26. 08 Target 08 : Halt
and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Sub-target 21 : Prevalence
and death rates associated with malaria (WHO).
The project
provides multiple preventive measures against malaria and other infectious
diseases.
These are described
in detail in section 05.47 Health aspects of the project.
Children and women
receive on-going hygiene education courses as described in section 05.12
Creation of the hygiene education structures. Clean
drinking water is obtained from properly prepared and
protected water points as described in section 05.41 Drinking water supply
structures. Proper
ecological sanitation structures are installed in
homes, schools, clinics and public places as described in 05.42 Sanitation structures .
A complete system
for the recycling of waste is provided as described in
05.43 Waste recycling
structures. All stagnant waters are
drained under the local money systems set
up. Klamboes
(mosquito nets) and fly-catchers using local materials will be locally produced
and distributed under the local money systems.
Nursing
facilities will be locally available.
Measurement: comparison of malaria statistics at the
moment of the analysis with the situation at the beginning of the project.
Sub-target
22 : Proportion of Population in Malaria Risk areas using Effective
Malaria Prevention and Treatment measures. (UNICEF).
The project makes a
distinction between measures for the prevention of malaria and the treatment of
malaria.
The project
provides multiple preventive measures against malaria and other infectious
diseases.
These are described
in detail in section 05.47 Health aspects of the project.
Children and women
receive on-going hygiene education courses as described in section 05.12
Creation of the hygiene education structures. Clean
drinking water is obtained from properly prepared and
protected water points as described in section 05.41 Drinking water supply
structures. Proper
ecological sanitation structures are installed in
homes, schools, clinics and public places as described in 05.42 Sanitation structures .
A complete system
for the recycling of waste is provided as described in
05.43 Waste recycling
structures. All stagnant waters are
drained under the local money systems set
up. Klamboes
(mosquito nets) and fly-catchers using local materials will be locally produced
and distributed under the local money systems.
Nursing
facilities will be locally available.
The project does not cover formal money costs of proprietary medicines for the treatment of malaria as these costs
represent a source of financial leakage
from the project area. It is considered in the
interests of integrated development to take extensive preventive measures to
eradicate (as far as possible)
mosquitoes taking full advantage of the local money
system set up, than to pay to cure the results of their presence.
Measurement: comparison of malaria statistics at the
moment of the analysis with the situation at the beginning of the project.
Sub-target
23 : Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis (WHO)
The project does not address sub-target 23 directly.
Detection and cure of tuberculosis are considered to be mainly the
responsibility of the Ministry of Health.
Measurement: comparison of statistics for deaths
associated with TB at the moment of the analysis with the situation at the
beginning of the project.
Sub-target 24 :
Proportion of Tuberculosis Cases detected and Cured under Directly-Observed
Treatment Short Courses (WHO)
The project does not address sub-target 24 directly.
Detection and cure of tuberculosis are considered to be mainly the responsibility
of the Ministry of Health.
The local nursing units set up under the project can
be used for carrying out directly-observed treatment short courses. Since the
nursing units operate under the
local money system set up, the cost of treatment to
the Ministry of Health is substantially reduced. Formal money costs for
treatment paid by patients in the
project area lead to financial leakage from the
project area.
Measurement: comparison of statistics for treatment of
TB patients in the project area at the moment of the analysis with those at the
beginning of the project.
08.50.27 Goal 7 :
Ensure environmental sustainability.
08.50.27. 09 Target
09 : Integrate the principles of
sustainable development into country policies and programmes; reverse loss of
environmental resources.
Sub-target 25 :Forested land as a
percentage of land area (FAO)
Natural reserves in the project area are protected. Services not currently available because of
lack of funds can be carried out under the local money systems set up by the
project.
The steps taken in
the course of project execution to protect the environment are described in
detail in section 08.30 The
ecological aspects of the project.
The project provides for the introduction of 20.000 – 30.000 high
efficiency cookers in at least 10.000 families using mini-briquettes made from
recycled waste materials and locally cultivated bio-mass. Assuming a fuel saving
of 6.5 kg/day of fuel in each family, savings amount to 65 tons of wood per day
or 23725 tons per year. Converted into tons of CO2, that is 18705 tons of CO2
per year. Assuming a market value of Euro 24 per ton of
CO2, this amounts to a credit of nearly €450.000 per project per year to which
other cost and time savings can be added. Over ten years this alone would be
enough to finance the project. As described in 09.33 CER certificates Kyoto
Treaty : programme of activities as a single CDM project activity some
timid steps are being taken to help groups of smaller projects participate in
emission rights trading. Carefully
managed high application and compliance costs have so far kept them out.
The project therefore contributes to the conservation and increase of
forested land in the project area as a percentage of land area.
Details of
conservation are set out in section 05.49 Reforestation of the
project.
Since the project
area is limited, the increase of the forested part of it is unlikely to be immediately visible on a national level
where just one project is executed To
cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would
be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed, the increase of forested land would become graphically visible.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Measurement: comparison of the percentage of forested
land in the project areas at the moment of the analysis with that at the
beginning of the project.
Sub-target 26 :Ratio of area protected to
maintain biological diversity to surface area (UNEP)
Natural reserves in the project area are protected. Conservation services not currently available
because of lack of funds can be carried out under the local money systems set
up by the project. The use of wood and charcoal for cooking is eliminated. The
project therefore contributes to the conservation and increase of forested land
in the project area as a percentage of land area.
The steps taken in
the course of project execution to protect the environment are described in
detail in section 08.30 The
ecological aspects of the project.
The project provides in particular for the creation of seed banks and nurseries
for the conservation and propagation of threatened local species.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Measurement: comparison of the percentage of area
dedicated to the maintenance of biological diversity in the project areas at
the moment of the analysis with
that at the beginning of the project.
Sub-target 27 : Energy supply (apparent consumption:
kg oil equivalent) per $ 1.000 (PPP) GDP (World Bank)
The authors of this
project consider energy supply (and therefore energy consumption) inappropriate
as a measure of development and more in the interests of multinationals than in
the interests of people in poor countries. Importation of energy into the
project area for formal money is one of the main causes of financial leakage
and therefore of poverty there. This project is designed to stop that financial
leakage.
The principles
behind this project do not reflect monetarist approaches based on the arbitrary
“$ 1.000 (PPP)” concept in sub-target 27. Project results reflect subjective
evaluations of the actual quality of life of the people in the project area.
These evaluations include the benefits of non-monetised productive activities
and of all transactions carried out under the local money system set up in an
early phase of project execution.
It is a principle
of the project that energy used in the project area be ecologically sustainably
produced there for local consumption. In principle therefore the amount of
energy produced and consumed there is irrelevant.
The most
energy-intensive activity in the project zone is fuel for cooking. Local
bio-mass and recycled waste are used for the local production of
mini-briquettes for locally produced high efficiency cooking stoves. Wide use
is made of solar energy technologies. Oil producing plants and trees, including
Jatropha, will be locally grown on a small scale to produce small amounts of
bio-diesel for local, priority, applications.
Measurement : statistics on energy use in the project area areas at the moment of the analysis with that at the
beginning of the project.
Sub-target 28 : Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita)
and consumption of ozone depleting CFCs (ODP tons)
The steps taken in
the course of project execution to protect the environment are described in
detail in section 08.30 The
ecological aspects of the project.
Most carbon dioxide emissions in the project area come from cooking
activities. The project provides for the introduction of 20.000 – 30.000 high
efficiency cookers in at least 10.000 families using mini-briquettes made from
recycled waste materials and locally cultivated bio-mass. Assuming a fuel
saving of 6.5 kg/day of fuel in each family, savings amount to 65 tons of wood
per day or 23725 tons per year. Converted into tons of CO2, that is 18705 tons
of CO2 per year. Assuming a market value of
Euro
24 per ton of CO2, this amounts to a credit of nearly €450.000 per project per
year to which other cost and time savings can be added. Over ten years this
alone would be enough to finance the project. As described in 09.33 CER
certificates Kyoto Treaty : programme of activities as a single CDM project
activity some timid steps are being taken to help groups of smaller projects
participate in emission rights trading.
Carefully managed high application and compliance costs have so far kept
them out.
Inefficient kerosene lighting, another source of carbons dioxide
emissions, will be replaced by solar lighting systems.
Products
incorporating CFCs have to be imported into the project area. This contributes
to financial leakage from the project area and therefore to poverty there. This
project is designed to stop that financial leakage.
The project will
not use or distribute products incorporating CFCs but has no legal possibility
itself of stopping people in the project area from using them, whether or not
they are banned by national law. The project can inform the people in the area
of the ecological risks involved in the use of
CFCs.
Since the
population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of full primary
education there is unlikely to be
immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed To cover the entire population in the host
country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As
these projects are executed, the
percentage of children in the host country who are going to school would become graphically visible.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Measurement : statistics on CO2 emissions in the project
area at the moment of the analysis with
that at the beginning of the project. Statistics on CFC consumption
in the project area at the moment of the analysis
with that at the beginning of the project.
08.50.27. 10 Target
10 : Reduce by half the proportion of
people without sustainable access to safe drinking water.
Sub-target 30 : Proportion of the
population with sustainable access to an improved water source (WHO/UNICEF)
The project provides a permanently sustainable clean drinking water (25
litres/person/day) supply to all inhabitants in the project area at water
points situated within
The drinking water
structures are described in detail in section 05.41 Drinking water
supply structures of the project.
The rainwater
harvesting structures are described in detail in section 05.48
Rainwater harvesting of the project.
Since the
population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of drinking water
supply there is unlikely to be immediately
visible on a national level where just one project is executed To cover the entire population in the host
country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As
these projects are executed, the
proportion of the population with sustainable access to an improved water
source would become graphically visible.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Measurement: comparison of the percentage of
population in the project areas with access to clean drinking water at the
moment of the analysis with
that at the beginning of the project.
Sub-target
31 :Proportion of the population with access to improved sanitation
(WHO/UNICEF)
The project provides permanently sustainable ecological sanitation
structures for all inhabitants in the project area. This involves the
installation of ecological
Sanitation facilities in each of the 10.000 homes in the project area,
and in schools, clinics, and public places
The sanitation
structures are described in detail in section 05.42 Sanitation
structures of the project.
Since the population
in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of supplying sanitation
facilities there is unlikely to be
immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed To cover the entire population in the host
country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As
these projects are executed, the
proportion of the population with sustainable ecological sanitation facilities
would become graphically visible.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Measurement: comparison of the percentage of
population in the project areas with improved sanitation at the moment of the
analysis with that at the beginning of the project.
08.50.27. 11 Target
11 : Achieve significant improvement in
lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.
Sub-target 32 :Slum population as
percentage of urban population (secure tenure index) (UN Habitat)
The authors of this
project believe all poverty should be eliminated by 2020; that any distinction
between rural and slum dwellers is improper. They also believe that the elimination
of slums is best carried out by significantly improving the quality of life of
people living in rural areas, so that people no longer have any reason to move
to urban centres. Some people who have already emigrated to urban centres may
then wish to return to their rural areas of origin, where work opportunities
will have become available.
Although the
concepts of the Model under which this project has been drafted apply equally
well in poor urban areas as they do to rural areas, priority should be given to
execution of projects in rural areas.
Where projects
under the Model are carried out in slum areas, the subject areas should cease
to be slums.
Since the
population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of project execution
there is unlikely to be immediately visible on a national level where just one
project is executed To cover the entire
population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each
1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed, the reduction of the proportion of the
population living in slums would become graphically visible.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Measurement : not
relevant to integrated development applications carried out in rural areas.
08.50.28 Goal 8 :
Develop a global partnership for development.
08.50.28.12 Target
12 : Develop further an open,
rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system.
Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction –
both nationally and internationally.
This innovative project provides simple,
down-to-earth practical solutions to
poverty- and development-related problems in the project area. Section 6 of the project sets out step by
step how the solutions are put into effect. The social, financial, productive
and service structures described in
section 5 of the project are set up in a critical order of sequence and
carefully integrated with each other. That way, a cooperative, open,
interest-free, inflation-free local
economic environment is formed in the project area. Local initiative and true competition are
then free to flourish there.
Project concepts ensure that women play a majority, therefore
dominating, role in all project structures and activities at all levels,
including the financing of productive activities under the interest-free
cost-free micro-credit loan system set up in an early phase of project
execution. The recognised productive activity of women includes non-monetised
activities, activities carried out under the local money system set up, and
activities under the traditional formal money system.
Section 08.20 Women’s rights of the
project sets out how the rights of women and girls are promoted and protected
in the project area.
Since the
population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of project execution
there is unlikely to be immediately visible on a national level where just one
project is executed To cover the entire population
in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000
people. As these projects are executed,
the reduction of the proportion of the population living in slums would
become graphically visible.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
Measurement : Analysis of the effective productive activities in
the project area in comparison with those before the project began. Analysis of the improvement in their quality
of life at the moment of monitoring compared with what it was before the
project began.
08.50.28.13 Target
13 : Address the special needs of the
least developed countries. Includes tariff and quota free access for least
developed countries’ exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPCs and
cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries
committed to poverty reduction.
This project is about local integrated development
in the project area. Its purpose is to set up a cooperative, open,
interest-free, inflation-free local
economic environment in the project area.
Local initiative and true competition are then free to flourish there.
Several such projects in a given region form an
economically powerful patchwork quilt of
cooperative, interest-free, inflation-free local economic systems.
Regional level systems in turn combine to form
a powerful cooperative, interest-free, inflation-free balanced economic system
at national level. Creation of further indebtedness at local, regional, and
national level is blocked. Financial leakage from one local system to another
and from one regional system to another is blocked.
The preparation
of a detailed regional or national plan
following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5
eurocents) per person.
The project does not cover negotiations relating to tariffs and free
access for exports from least developed countries, nor does it cover any
ominously sounding “enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPCs” or the
cancellation of bilateral debt.
Formal money investments of about €75 per person are needed to
provide a good quality of life for all of the inhabitants in each project area.
This is €3.750.000
for each project area with 50.000 inhabitants, or € 75.000.000 for each 1.000.000 inhabitants.
It would therefore
cost € 150.000.000.000 to guarantee a good quality of life for the poorest two
billion people in the world. This is approximately four times the INCREASE in
the 2002
Since initial seed finance
for integrated development projects under the Model can be by way of
interest-free ten year loan instead of by way of grant solution to the poverty
problem has never been a financial problem and is not a financial problem
today.
[1]
[2] Leonhardt D, What US$ 1.2 Trillion Can Buy, New
York Times, 17 January 2007. An
Associated Press report from
cites a calculation made by the Congressional Research
Service amounting $610 billion
[3] Dutch audit office “Rekenkamer-JSF Kostbaar
Investering,” from Sdu Dutch Government Information Service, 11 October 2006
(cost Euro 14.600.000.000 for 85 JSF fighter planes.
[4] Foreign Trade Statistics, FT900 :
[5] Watkins K. Eight broken promises, Oxfam briefing
paper 9, Oxfam International, Washington, 2001 (US$ 350 billion in 2001).
[6] OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development, press release “Development Aid from OECD countries fell 5.1% in
[7] Easterly, William, The White Man’s Burden – Why
the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest have Done so much
Measurement :
Not considered relevant to integrated development projects under the
Model.
08.50.28.14 Target 14 : Address the special needs of the landlocked
countries and small island states.
This project is hosted by a landlocked country.
The concepts behind the Model used for this project apply equally well to
landlocked countries and to small island states as they do to any other poor
rural or urban area, including poor rural and urban areas in industrialised
countries.
08.50.28.15 Target 15 : Deal comprehensively with the debt problems
of developing countries through national and international measures in order to
make debt sustainable over the long term.
The authors of this project do
not agree with the concept of
“sustainable debt”. As foreseen by the American President Thomas
Jefferson [1], Abraham Lincoln [2] and many others, the currently dominating
debt-based world-wide money system works against integrated development . It
works in the interests of a privileged few. The purpose of this project is,
instead, to guarantee a good quality of life for all in the project area. As
economist Silvio Gesell put it : "Money is not the key that opens the
gates of the market but the bolt that bars them".[3]
[1] Jefferson Thomas, letter dated 28 May 1816, source
John Taylor, Writings, Literary Classics of the United States, New York, 1984.
[2] Letter van Abraham Lincoln to (
[3] Gesell Silvio, The Natural Economic Order, revised
English edition, Peter Owen,
Measurement :
Not considered relevant to integrated development projects under the
Model.
08.50.28.16 Target 16 : In cooperation with developing countries,
develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth.
This project ensures productive work for all in the
project area. Including productive work
for youth. The project supports local production initiatives at individual, family,
and cooperative level. It does not recognise the employer-employee relationship.
The cooperative project structures set up during project execution operate in
parallel with, but do not replace, existing formal money ones.
Employer-employee relations can be freely exercised in project areas in the
formal money sphere, outside of the project structures. They will not be
supported by the project.
For
details see section 05.37 Job creation of the project.
Measurement :
Not considered relevant to integrated development projects under the
Model.
08.50.28.17 Target 17 : In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies,
provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.
The authors of this project believe target 17 to be more in the interests
of pharmaceuticals multinationals than of those of the people in developing
countries. Protected like a holy cow and promoted by massive propaganda
campaigns, expenditure world-wide on medicines is rarely questioned. Yet, where
medicines are purchased outside a given integrated development project area,
they cause serious financial leakage, and are therefore a major cause of
poverty, there. Where medicines are purchased by industrialised countries for
use as aid to developing ones, the amount of aid available for productivity
increase and integrated development in poor areas is usually correspondingly
decreased. In practice therefore, aid funds finish up in the pockets of
multinationals without solving concrete development problems.
This project deals directly wherever possible with the eradication at
origin of the causes of disease rather than with their consequences.
Measurement :
Not considered relevant to integrated development projects under the
Model.
08.50.28.18 Target 18 : In cooperation with the private sector, make
available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications technologies.
The authors of this project believe target 18 to be more
in the interests of industrialised countries than in those of the people in
developing ones.
In particular, control of information and
communications technologies is mostly in the hands of a few large multinational
interests. Internet and telephone networks are centralised. They are outside
areas where integrated development projects take place. Their widespread use in
poor areas therefore leads to massive financial leakage from them, and is one
of the main causes of poverty there.
The project approves and uses carefully selected
professional applications of new technologies exclusively for productive
purposes.
The project also sets up a local radio station.
It also
incorporates numerous alternative energy applications, especially solar energy.
Measurement :
Description of the new technologies applied during project execution and
the extent of their application.
NEW HORIZONS FOR DEVELOPMENT: SOME SHORT
POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS
MORE ON SOME BASIC ISSUES COVERED BY THE MODEL:
Next file : 08.60 Avoidance of
corruption risks.
Back : 08.40 The project and food
security.
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