NGO Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM Amsterdam, Netherlands.

 

                                                                                    01. E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)

 

Edition 02: 07 August, 2010

 

Tekstvak:         Quarter 2.

 

 

 

Tekstvak: SECTION B : SOLUTIONS TO THE  PROBLEMS.

 

 

 

Study points : 06 points out of 18.

Minimum study time : 186 hours out of 504

 

The points are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for  Section B :  Solutions to the Problems.

 


 

Fifth block : How the third block structures solve specific problems.

 

Study points : 02 points out of 18

Minimum study time : 54 hours out of 504

 

The points are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for  Section B :  Solutions to the Problems.

 


 

Fifth block : How the third block structures solve specific problems.

 


 

Section 8: Millennium goals [5 hours]

 

02.00 Hours Goals 1-4.

02.00 Hours Goals 5-8.

01.00 Report.

 


 

Section 8: Millennium goals [5 hours]

 

Goals 5-8. (At least 2 hours)

 

In section 1 analysis of the Millennium Goals of the second block the problems to be resolved  a study was made of the Implementation Plan for the achievement of the Millennium Goals.  These were the files :  

 

00. Summary of the Millennium Goals.

01. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

02. Achieve universal primary education.

03. Promote gender equality and empower women.

04. Reduce child mortality.

05. Improve maternal health.

06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria and other diseases.

07. Target 09 : Ensure environmental sustainability.

07. Targets 10 and 11 : Water, sanitation  and slums.

08. Develop a global partnership for development.

 

In section 2 of the second block  the problems to be resolved  the Millennium Goals were linked to the services basic to a good quality of life  Integrated Development Projects provide to all of the inhabitants in a a given project areas. These files were :.

 

01. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

02. Achieve universal primary education.

03. Promote gender equality and empower women.

04. Reduce child mortality.

05. Improve maternal health.

06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria and other diseases.

07. Target 09 : Ensure environmental sustainability.

08. Targets 10 and 11 : Water, sanitation  and slums.

09. Develop a global partnership for development.

 

Progress actually made on achieving the Millennium Goals 5-8 is now analysed.

 

Critically analyse the Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, United Nations, New York, 2009.

 

The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 United Nations, New York, 2010 has recently been published. The following text refers to the 2009 edition. Relevant variations in the 2010 edition have been inserted in the text. The 2010 edition parrots the 2009 edition and  indicates a general worsening of the situation except in sectors involving pharmaceuticals applications which have been more adequately financed. Business under Goal 8 appears to be proceeding well.

 

Millennium Goal  5 is about the  «improvement of maternal health» (pages 26-31 of the report) .

 

Target : Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.

 

Heading :  « Giving birth safely is largely a privilege of the rich.(p. 26) » 

 

Comment : « The available trend data indicate that there has been little progress in the developing world as a whole – 480 maternal deaths per 100 000 births in 1990 compared to  450 in 2005 – and that small decline reflects progress only in some regions. » (p.27)

 

[ The 2010  Report gives no statistics, but comments “the rate of reduction [of maternal deaths] is still well short of the 5.5 per cent annual decline needed to meet the MDG target.]

 

Target: (Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health.

 

Heading :  « Fewer than half of pregnant women in developing countries have the benefit of adequate pre-natal care (p. 27) » 

 

[ Rapport 2010  : Inequalities in care during pregnancy are striking.]

 

Heading :  « The risks are high for both mother and child when pregnancy occurs at too young an age (p. 28) » 

 

Comment : «The adolescent birth rate is highest in sub-Saharan Africa and has declined only marginally since 1990. » (p.28).

 

[2010 Report : Progress has stalled in reducing the number of teenage pregnancies, putting more young mothers at risk.]

 

Heading :  « Access to contraception expands, but unmet needs remain high, especially in countries with the highest fertility.(p. 29) » 

 

[2010 Report : Progress in expanding the use of contraceptives by women has slowed.]

 

Comment : «  Unmet need is particularly  high in the least developed countries. Where lack of access to modern methods of contraception is a major cause of persistent high fertility. » (p.29)

 

Heading :  « Donor funding for family planning declines, even as progress in maternal health stalls. »  (p. 29)

 

Comment : « since the mid-1990s, most developing countries have experienced a major reduction of donor funding for family planning on a per woman basis. »  (p.29)

 

1. Opinion.

 

The Millennium Goals were propagated in promotion of development, especially in the least developed countries. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, presents global coverage of all poor countries. Viewing the results achieved in the poor countries, one might wonder what progress, if any,  has been made. Above all in  family planning. On one page give your opinion on the role played by the Roman Catholic, Protestant and Muslim churches in relation to Millennium Goal 5.

 

 

Millennium Goal 6 is to  «combat HIV/aids, malaria and other diseases» (pages 32-39 of the report) .

 

Target : Have halted by 2105 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.

 

Heading :  « New HIV infections and AIDS deaths have peaked, but 33 million people are still living with HIV (p. 32)  ».  

 

Comment : «The estimated number of AIDS deaths also appears to have peaked in 2005, at 2.2 million, and has since declined to 2 million in 2007. This is partly due to increased access to antiretroviral drugs in poorer countries.».  (p.32)

 

[2010 Report : The spread of HIV appears to have stabilized in most regions, and more people are surviving longer.]

 

Heading :  « Two thirds of those living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa, most of whom are women.(p. 33)  ».  

 

Heading :  « Accurate knowledge of HIV is still unacceptably low. (p. 33)  ».  

 

Heading :  « The plight of children affected by AIDS is inspiring new approaches directed to children, their families, and their communities..(p. 34) ».  

 

Comment : « The pressure exerted by the global economic crisis, however, could shatter this simple but effective form of protection [money transfers] ».  (p.35)

 

 

Target: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HV/AIDS for all those who need it.

 

Heading :  « Wider access to treatment contributes to the first decline in AIDS deaths since the epidemic began (p. 35)  ».  

 

Comment : «In only five years, coverage of antiretroviral treatment in poorer countries increased tenfold, resulting in the first decline in the number of AIDS deaths since the epidemic was recognized  in the early 1980s. ». (p.35) 

 

Comment : «However, for every person who started antiretroviral treatment in 2007, three new people were infected with HIV. And 69 per cent of people who needed treatment did not have access to the required drugs. »  (p.35)

 

[2010 Report : The rate of new HIV infections continues to outstrip the expansion of treatment.]

 

Target : Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.

 

Heading :  « Nearly a million people still die each year from malaria, mostly young children in sub-Saharan Africa..(p. 35)  ».  

 

Comment : « The risk of dying from malaria is considerably higher in sub-Saharan Africa than other parts of the world for several reasons: transmission of the

disease is more intense, the more lethal form of the malaria parasite — Plasmodium falciparum — is more abundant, and the region tends to have weak health systems. Malaria is a disease of poverty, with cases and deaths disproportionately concentrated in the least developed countries. » (p.35) 

 

In their article (register to obtain free access)  «Where and why  are 10 million children dying every year »  (The Lancet, Vol. 361, edition 9376, pp  2226-2234, June 2003) where authors Black R.E., Morris S.S. and Bryce J. point  the consequences of under-nourishment out, including the lack of vitamin A and/or zinc, on child mortality.

 

Comment : « ...international funding for malaria control has grown from $250 million in 204 to 700 million in 2007, and is expected to have reached $ 1,1 billion in 2008. In September 2008, at the High-level Event on the MDGs, world leaders again committed billions of dollars more towards malaria-control efforts.» (p.35)

 

Heading :  « Sub-Saharan Africa show a dramatic rise in the use of bed nets to protect children from malaria.(p. 36)  ».  

 

[2010 Report : Poverty continues to limit the use of mosquito nets.]

 

Comment : « The international malaria community has accelerated efforts to deliver critical interventions, notably insecticide-treated bed nets,. »  (p.36)

 

Heading :  « Scaling up interventions to curb the toll of malaria has begun to yield results. (p.36)  ».  

 

Heading :  « The incidence of tuberculosis is levelling off  but the number of new cases continues to arise. (p. 38)  ».  

 

Comment : « Though incidence rates are dropping in all regions, progress has not been fast enough to keep pace with population growth. As a result, the absolute number of new infections is still rising. »  (p.38)

 

Heading :  « Tuberculosis prevalence and mortality rates are falling, but not fast enough to meet global targets. (p. 38)  ».  

 

2. Opinion.

 

On one page make an analysis of the initiatives where claims to improvements are made and those where progress has not been made. Which initiatives have received financial support ? What are your conclusions ?

 

Millennium Development Goal  7 is to «ensure environmental sustainability (pages 40-47 of the report  :

 

Target : Integrate the principles  of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources.

 

[2010 Report : The rate of deforestation shows signs of decreasing, but is still alarmingly high.]

 

Heading :  « A continued rise in greenhouse gas emissions is another reminder of the urgency of the climate change problem (p. 40)  ».  

 

Comment : « In 2006, global carbon dioxide emissions continues their upward trend, reaching 29 billion metric tons, an increase of 2.5 per cent from the previous year. Emissions in 2006 were 31 per cent above the 1990 level ». (p. 40)  

 

Comment : « Per capita emissions remain highest in the developed regions –about 12 metric  ton of CO2 per person per year, compared with about 3 metric tons in the developing regions and 0,8 metric tons  in sub-Saharan Africa, the lowest regional value. » (p.40)

 

Heading :  « Strong partnerships and sound national policies lead to extraordinary progress in protecting the ozone layer. (p. 41) ».  

 

 

Target : Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss,

 

[2010 Report : The world has missed the 2010 target for biodiversity conservation, with potentially grave consequences.]

 

Heading :  « Far more effort is needed to protect species and ecosystems under threat  (p. 42)  ».  

 

Comment : « in 2008, the number of species threatened with extinction  worldwide continued to grow ».  (p. 43)

 

Heading :  « Reducing deforestation could play a key role in lowering greenhouse gas emissions (p. 43)  ».  

 

Comment : «Deforestation continues at an alarming rate of about 13 million hectares per year (roughly  equivalent to the land area of Bangladesh) ».  

 

Heading :  « Global warming poses further threats to the health of the world’s fisheries. (p. 44)  ».  

 

Comment : « the percentage of depleted, fully exploited or overexploited and recovering fish species has increased from 70 per cent in 1995  to 80 per cent in 2006 ». (p. 44)  

 

[2010 Report : Overexploitation of global fisheries has stabilized, but steep challenges remain to ensure their sustainability.]

 

Heading :  « Growing food needs require more efficient use of water for agriculture (p. 44)  ».  

 

 

Target : Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

 

Heading :  « Steep challenges remain in meeting the sanitation target (p. 45)  ».  

 

Comment : «In 2006, 2,5 billion people world-wide were still un-served».  (p.45)

 

Heading :  « Despite health risks to their families and communities, 1.2 billion people practise open defecation (p. 45)  ».  

 

Comment : «Eighteen per cent of the world’s population –  1.2 billion people – practise open defecation».  (p.45)

 

[2010 Report : With half of the population of developing regions without sanitation, the 2015 target appears to be out of reach.]

 

Heading :  « The world is well on its way to meeting the drinking water target, though some countries still face enormous challenges (p. 46) ».  

 

[2010 Report : The world is on track to meet the drinking water target, though much remains to be done in some regions.]

 

Comment : «884 million people worldwide still rely on unimproved water sources for their drinking, cooking, bathing and other domestic activities. Of these, 84% (746 million people) live in rural areas. ». (p. 46) 

 

Heading :  « Access to improved drinking water sources is predominantly a rural problem. (p. 46)  ».  

 

 

Target : By 2020,  to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.

 

Heading :  « Almost every region is moving forward to improve the lives of the urban poor (p. 47)  ».  

 

[2010 Report : Slum improvements, though considerable, are failing to keep pace with the growing ranks of the urban poor.]

 

Comment : « In 1990, almost half the urban population in developing regions were living in slums. By 2005, that proportion had been reduced to 36 per cent. »  

 

3. Research.

 

All the comments cited come from the  Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, published by the United Nations itself. On one page give your conclusion on the progress made, target by target.

 

 

Millennium Goal  8 is about developing  «a global partnership for development» (pages 48-53 of the report) :

 

Heading :  « Honouring commitments to increase aid is critical at a time of economic crisis (p. 48)  ».  

 

Comment : «Net disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) in 2008 increased 10.2 per cent to $ 119.8 billion, the highest dollar figure ever recorded. That is equivalent to 0.30 per cent of developed countries’ combined income.».  (p. 48)

 

Target : Address the special needs of the least developed countries, landlocked countries and small island developing states.

 

Heading :  « Aid the poorest countries falls far short of the 2010 target. (p. 49)  ».  

 

Target : Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system.

 

Heading :  « True preferential trade status is reserved mainly for least developed countries (p. 50)  ».  

 

Heading :  « For the least developed countries, agricultural exports receive the greatest trade preferences.(p. 50) » . 

 

Target : Deal comprehensively with developing countries’ debt

 

Heading :  « Debt service ratios have declined, but the economic crisis portends harder times ahead. (p. 51)  ».  

 

[  2010 Report : Debt burdens ease for developing countries and remain well below historical levels.]

 

Comment : «Export revenues of developing economies have nearly doubled since 2003, giving countries more resources with which to service their external debt.. » (p. 51) 

 

Comment : « For the average developing country, the burden of servicing external debt fell from almost 13 per cent of export earnings in 2000 to 4 per cent in 2007. However, in the last quarter of 2008, export revenues of developing countries declined because of the financial crisis in high income economies. While the data needed to make a comprehensive assessment are not yet available, debt service to exports ratios of developing countries are likely to deteriorate, especially for those countries that benefited from increased export revenues over the last few years.” (p.51)

 

Target : In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications.

 

Heading :  « Mobile phones and advances in communication technology are bringing new opportunities for development (p. 51)  ».  

 

[2010 Report : Demand grows for information and communications technology.]

 

Comment : «By the end of  2007,  there were more than 2 billion mobile cellular subscriptions in developing countries, translating into a penetration rate of  39 per cent.». (p.52) 

 

Heading :  « More than one fifth of the world’s population are now online, but the majority are in developed countries. (p. 52)  ».  

 

Comment : «While almost all countries now have commercially deployed fixed broadband, the service remains relatively expensive in many developing countries and thus inaccessible to many potential users».  

 

4. Opinion.

 

The possibility of achieving some of the targets of the «partnership for global development» was guaranteed even without the Millennium Goals, as the World Trade Organisation rules allow free access to communications technologies. In section  06. Financial leakage : means of communication  and its in-in depth analysis it is clear that these technologies, excluding some professional application, ,are  in reality one of the causes of poverty. On one page, express your opinion on this.

 

Conclusion to the analysis of the Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, published by the United Nations.

 

Reflect on the comment above on Millennium Goal 8 : «Net disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) in 2008 increased 10.2 per cent to $ 119.8 billion, the highest dollar figure ever recorded. That is equivalent to 0.30 per cent of developed countries’ combined income.».  (p. 48)

 

Review point 10. The industry of poverty in  Section 1. Analysis of the causes of poverty  of block 1 of the course, and its in depth analysis. Reference is made above all to the “quality” of the aid, as demonstrated in the resource Aid is increasing, but can we spend it well? (Wheen K. and Lusby S., Aid Watch News 28 February 2008.) 

 

In part 07.

 Food safety  of Section 2. The services at the basis of a good quality of life in block 1 of the course, a comparison was made between the amount of development aid made available and the amount of subsidy made available to farmers in rich countries.

 

The rate of exchange of the dollar reduced substantially in 2007 and 2008.

 

In fact the Millennium Goals targets which, according to the United Nations report,  show some for of «progress » are those implicating the intervention of multinational industries. This result was foreseen in section 1 analysis of the Millennium Goals of block 2 of the course. The nature of some of the interventions has frequently been questioned and criticised.

 

5. Opinion.

Taking the inherent limitations of the statistics used for the Millennium Development Goals Report 2009 , draw your own one-page conclusion on the implementation of the Millennium Goals.

 

 Fifth block :  Section 8: Millennium Development Goals. 

 Fifth block :  How fourth block structures solve specific problems.

Main index for the Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip.Int.Dev.)

 List of key words.

 List of references.

  Course chart.

 Technical aspects.

NGO "ANOTHER WAY" (STICHTING BAKENS VERZET), NETHERLANDS, SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED SELF-FINANCING DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES

NGO Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM Amsterdam, Netherlands.

 

                                                                                    01. E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)

 

Edition 02: 07 August, 2010

 

Tekstvak:         Quarter 2.

 

 

 

Tekstvak: SECTION B : SOLUTIONS TO THE  PROBLEMS.

 

 

 

Study points : 06 points out of 18.

Minimum study time : 186 hours out of 504

 

The points are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for  Section B :  Solutions to the Problems.

 


 

Fifth block : How the third block structures solve specific problems.

 

Study points : 02 points out of 18

Minimum study time : 54 hours out of 504

 

The points are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for  Section B :  Solutions to the Problems.

 


 

Fifth block : How the third block structures solve specific problems.

 


 

Section 8: Millennium goals [5 hours]

 

02.00 Hours Goals 1-4.

02.00 Hours Goals 5-8.

01.00 Report.

 


 

Section 8: Millennium goals [5 hours]

 

Goals 5-8. (At least 2 hours)

 

In section 1 analysis of the Millennium Goals of the second block the problems to be resolved  a study was made of the Implementation Plan for the achievement of the Millennium Goals.  These were the files :  

 

00. Summary of the Millennium Goals.

01. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

02. Achieve universal primary education.

03. Promote gender equality and empower women.

04. Reduce child mortality.

05. Improve maternal health.

06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria and other diseases.

07. Target 09 : Ensure environmental sustainability.

07. Targets 10 and 11 : Water, sanitation  and slums.

08. Develop a global partnership for development.

 

In section 2 of the second block  the problems to be resolved  the Millennium Goals were linked to the services basic to a good quality of life  Integrated Development Projects provide to all of the inhabitants in a a given project areas. These files were :.

 

01. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

02. Achieve universal primary education.

03. Promote gender equality and empower women.

04. Reduce child mortality.

05. Improve maternal health.

06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria and other diseases.

07. Target 09 : Ensure environmental sustainability.

08. Targets 10 and 11 : Water, sanitation  and slums.

09. Develop a global partnership for development.

 

Progress actually made on achieving the Millennium Goals 5-8 is now analysed.

 

Critically analyse the Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, United Nations, New York, 2009.

 

The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 United Nations, New York, 2010 has recently been published. The following text refers to the 2009 edition. Relevant variations in the 2010 edition have been inserted in the text. The 2010 edition parrots the 2009 edition and  indicates a general worsening of the situation except in sectors involving pharmaceuticals applications which have been more adequately financed. Business under Goal 8 appears to be proceeding well.

 

Millennium Goal  5 is about the  «improvement of maternal health» (pages 26-31 of the report) .

 

Target : Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.

 

Heading :  « Giving birth safely is largely a privilege of the rich.(p. 26) » 

 

Comment : « The available trend data indicate that there has been little progress in the developing world as a whole – 480 maternal deaths per 100 000 births in 1990 compared to  450 in 2005 – and that small decline reflects progress only in some regions. » (p.27)

 

[ The 2010  Report gives no statistics, but comments “the rate of reduction [of maternal deaths] is still well short of the 5.5 per cent annual decline needed to meet the MDG target.]

 

Target: (Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health.

 

Heading :  « Fewer than half of pregnant women in developing countries have the benefit of adequate pre-natal care (p. 27) » 

 

[ Rapport 2010  : Inequalities in care during pregnancy are striking.]

 

Heading :  « The risks are high for both mother and child when pregnancy occurs at too young an age (p. 28) » 

 

Comment : «The adolescent birth rate is highest in sub-Saharan Africa and has declined only marginally since 1990. » (p.28).

 

[2010 Report : Progress has stalled in reducing the number of teenage pregnancies, putting more young mothers at risk.]

 

Heading :  « Access to contraception expands, but unmet needs remain high, especially in countries with the highest fertility.(p. 29) » 

 

[2010 Report : Progress in expanding the use of contraceptives by women has slowed.]

 

Comment : «  Unmet need is particularly  high in the least developed countries. Where lack of access to modern methods of contraception is a major cause of persistent high fertility. » (p.29)

 

Heading :  « Donor funding for family planning declines, even as progress in maternal health stalls. »  (p. 29)

 

Comment : « since the mid-1990s, most developing countries have experienced a major reduction of donor funding for family planning on a per woman basis. »  (p.29)

 

1. Opinion.

 

The Millennium Goals were propagated in promotion of development, especially in the least developed countries. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, presents global coverage of all poor countries. Viewing the results achieved in the poor countries, one might wonder what progress, if any,  has been made. Above all in  family planning. On one page give your opinion on the role played by the Roman Catholic, Protestant and Muslim churches in relation to Millennium Goal 5.

 

 

Millennium Goal 6 is to  «combat HIV/aids, malaria and other diseases» (pages 32-39 of the report) .

 

Target : Have halted by 2105 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.

 

Heading :  « New HIV infections and AIDS deaths have peaked, but 33 million people are still living with HIV (p. 32)  ».  

 

Comment : «The estimated number of AIDS deaths also appears to have peaked in 2005, at 2.2 million, and has since declined to 2 million in 2007. This is partly due to increased access to antiretroviral drugs in poorer countries.».  (p.32)

 

[2010 Report : The spread of HIV appears to have stabilized in most regions, and more people are surviving longer.]

 

Heading :  « Two thirds of those living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa, most of whom are women.(p. 33)  ».  

 

Heading :  « Accurate knowledge of HIV is still unacceptably low. (p. 33)  ».  

 

Heading :  « The plight of children affected by AIDS is inspiring new approaches directed to children, their families, and their communities..(p. 34) ».  

 

Comment : « The pressure exerted by the global economic crisis, however, could shatter this simple but effective form of protection [money transfers] ».  (p.35)

 

 

Target: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HV/AIDS for all those who need it.

 

Heading :  « Wider access to treatment contributes to the first decline in AIDS deaths since the epidemic began (p. 35)  ».  

 

Comment : «In only five years, coverage of antiretroviral treatment in poorer countries increased tenfold, resulting in the first decline in the number of AIDS deaths since the epidemic was recognized  in the early 1980s. ». (p.35) 

 

Comment : «However, for every person who started antiretroviral treatment in 2007, three new people were infected with HIV. And 69 per cent of people who needed treatment did not have access to the required drugs. »  (p.35)

 

[2010 Report : The rate of new HIV infections continues to outstrip the expansion of treatment.]

 

Target : Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.

 

Heading :  « Nearly a million people still die each year from malaria, mostly young children in sub-Saharan Africa..(p. 35)  ».  

 

Comment : « The risk of dying from malaria is considerably higher in sub-Saharan Africa than other parts of the world for several reasons: transmission of the

disease is more intense, the more lethal form of the malaria parasite — Plasmodium falciparum — is more abundant, and the region tends to have weak health systems. Malaria is a disease of poverty, with cases and deaths disproportionately concentrated in the least developed countries. » (p.35) 

 

In their article (register to obtain free access)  «Where and why  are 10 million children dying every year »  (The Lancet, Vol. 361, edition 9376, pp  2226-2234, June 2003) where authors Black R.E., Morris S.S. and Bryce J. point  the consequences of under-nourishment out, including the lack of vitamin A and/or zinc, on child mortality.

 

Comment : « ...international funding for malaria control has grown from $250 million in 204 to 700 million in 2007, and is expected to have reached $ 1,1 billion in 2008. In September 2008, at the High-level Event on the MDGs, world leaders again committed billions of dollars more towards malaria-control efforts.» (p.35)

 

Heading :  « Sub-Saharan Africa show a dramatic rise in the use of bed nets to protect children from malaria.(p. 36)  ».  

 

[2010 Report : Poverty continues to limit the use of mosquito nets.]

 

Comment : « The international malaria community has accelerated efforts to deliver critical interventions, notably insecticide-treated bed nets,. »  (p.36)

 

Heading :  « Scaling up interventions to curb the toll of malaria has begun to yield results. (p.36)  ».  

 

Heading :  « The incidence of tuberculosis is levelling off  but the number of new cases continues to arise. (p. 38)  ».  

 

Comment : « Though incidence rates are dropping in all regions, progress has not been fast enough to keep pace with population growth. As a result, the absolute number of new infections is still rising. »  (p.38)

 

Heading :  « Tuberculosis prevalence and mortality rates are falling, but not fast enough to meet global targets. (p. 38)  ».  

 

2. Opinion.

 

On one page make an analysis of the initiatives where claims to improvements are made and those where progress has not been made. Which initiatives have received financial support ? What are your conclusions ?

 

Millennium Development Goal  7 is to «ensure environmental sustainability (pages 40-47 of the report  :

 

Target : Integrate the principles  of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources.

 

[2010 Report : The rate of deforestation shows signs of decreasing, but is still alarmingly high.]

 

Heading :  « A continued rise in greenhouse gas emissions is another reminder of the urgency of the climate change problem (p. 40)  ».  

 

Comment : « In 2006, global carbon dioxide emissions continues their upward trend, reaching 29 billion metric tons, an increase of 2.5 per cent from the previous year. Emissions in 2006 were 31 per cent above the 1990 level ». (p. 40)  

 

Comment : « Per capita emissions remain highest in the developed regions –about 12 metric  ton of CO2 per person per year, compared with about 3 metric tons in the developing regions and 0,8 metric tons  in sub-Saharan Africa, the lowest regional value. » (p.40)

 

Heading :  « Strong partnerships and sound national policies lead to extraordinary progress in protecting the ozone layer. (p. 41) ».  

 

 

Target : Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss,

 

[2010 Report : The world has missed the 2010 target for biodiversity conservation, with potentially grave consequences.]

 

Heading :  « Far more effort is needed to protect species and ecosystems under threat  (p. 42)  ».  

 

Comment : « in 2008, the number of species threatened with extinction  worldwide continued to grow ».  (p. 43)

 

Heading :  « Reducing deforestation could play a key role in lowering greenhouse gas emissions (p. 43)  ».  

 

Comment : «Deforestation continues at an alarming rate of about 13 million hectares per year (roughly  equivalent to the land area of Bangladesh) ».  

 

Heading :  « Global warming poses further threats to the health of the world’s fisheries. (p. 44)  ».  

 

Comment : « the percentage of depleted, fully exploited or overexploited and recovering fish species has increased from 70 per cent in 1995  to 80 per cent in 2006 ». (p. 44)  

 

[2010 Report : Overexploitation of global fisheries has stabilized, but steep challenges remain to ensure their sustainability.]

 

Heading :  « Growing food needs require more efficient use of water for agriculture (p. 44)  ».  

 

 

Target : Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

 

Heading :  « Steep challenges remain in meeting the sanitation target (p. 45)  ».  

 

Comment : «In 2006, 2,5 billion people world-wide were still un-served».  (p.45)

 

Heading :  « Despite health risks to their families and communities, 1.2 billion people practise open defecation (p. 45)  ».  

 

Comment : «Eighteen per cent of the world’s population –  1.2 billion people – practise open defecation».  (p.45)

 

[2010 Report : With half of the population of developing regions without sanitation, the 2015 target appears to be out of reach.]

 

Heading :  « The world is well on its way to meeting the drinking water target, though some countries still face enormous challenges (p. 46) ».  

 

[2010 Report : The world is on track to meet the drinking water target, though much remains to be done in some regions.]

 

Comment : «884 million people worldwide still rely on unimproved water sources for their drinking, cooking, bathing and other domestic activities. Of these, 84% (746 million people) live in rural areas. ». (p. 46) 

 

Heading :  « Access to improved drinking water sources is predominantly a rural problem. (p. 46)  ».  

 

 

Target : By 2020,  to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.

 

Heading :  « Almost every region is moving forward to improve the lives of the urban poor (p. 47)  ».  

 

[2010 Report : Slum improvements, though considerable, are failing to keep pace with the growing ranks of the urban poor.]

 

Comment : « In 1990, almost half the urban population in developing regions were living in slums. By 2005, that proportion had been reduced to 36 per cent. »  

 

3. Research.

 

All the comments cited come from the  Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, published by the United Nations itself. On one page give your conclusion on the progress made, target by target.

 

 

Millennium Goal  8 is about developing  «a global partnership for development» (pages 48-53 of the report) :

 

Heading :  « Honouring commitments to increase aid is critical at a time of economic crisis (p. 48)  ».  

 

Comment : «Net disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) in 2008 increased 10.2 per cent to $ 119.8 billion, the highest dollar figure ever recorded. That is equivalent to 0.30 per cent of developed countries’ combined income.».  (p. 48)

 

Target : Address the special needs of the least developed countries, landlocked countries and small island developing states.

 

Heading :  « Aid the poorest countries falls far short of the 2010 target. (p. 49)  ».  

 

Target : Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system.

 

Heading :  « True preferential trade status is reserved mainly for least developed countries (p. 50)  ».  

 

Heading :  « For the least developed countries, agricultural exports receive the greatest trade preferences.(p. 50) » . 

 

Target : Deal comprehensively with developing countries’ debt

 

Heading :  « Debt service ratios have declined, but the economic crisis portends harder times ahead. (p. 51)  ».  

 

[  2010 Report : Debt burdens ease for developing countries and remain well below historical levels.]

 

Comment : «Export revenues of developing economies have nearly doubled since 2003, giving countries more resources with which to service their external debt.. » (p. 51) 

 

Comment : « For the average developing country, the burden of servicing external debt fell from almost 13 per cent of export earnings in 2000 to 4 per cent in 2007. However, in the last quarter of 2008, export revenues of developing countries declined because of the financial crisis in high income economies. While the data needed to make a comprehensive assessment are not yet available, debt service to exports ratios of developing countries are likely to deteriorate, especially for those countries that benefited from increased export revenues over the last few years.” (p.51)

 

Target : In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications.

 

Heading :  « Mobile phones and advances in communication technology are bringing new opportunities for development (p. 51)  ».  

 

[2010 Report : Demand grows for information and communications technology.]

 

Comment : «By the end of  2007,  there were more than 2 billion mobile cellular subscriptions in developing countries, translating into a penetration rate of  39 per cent.». (p.52) 

 

Heading :  « More than one fifth of the world’s population are now online, but the majority are in developed countries. (p. 52)  ».  

 

Comment : «While almost all countries now have commercially deployed fixed broadband, the service remains relatively expensive in many developing countries and thus inaccessible to many potential users».  

 

4. Opinion.

 

The possibility of achieving some of the targets of the «partnership for global development» was guaranteed even without the Millennium Goals, as the World Trade Organisation rules allow free access to communications technologies. In section  06. Financial leakage : means of communication  and its in-in depth analysis it is clear that these technologies, excluding some professional application, ,are  in reality one of the causes of poverty. On one page, express your opinion on this.

 

Conclusion to the analysis of the Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, published by the United Nations.

 

Reflect on the comment above on Millennium Goal 8 : «Net disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) in 2008 increased 10.2 per cent to $ 119.8 billion, the highest dollar figure ever recorded. That is equivalent to 0.30 per cent of developed countries’ combined income.».  (p. 48)

 

Review point 10. The industry of poverty in  Section 1. Analysis of the causes of poverty  of block 1 of the course, and its in depth analysis. Reference is made above all to the “quality” of the aid, as demonstrated in the resource Aid is increasing, but can we spend it well? (Wheen K. and Lusby S., Aid Watch News 28 February 2008.) 

 

In part 07.

 Food safety  of Section 2. The services at the basis of a good quality of life in block 1 of the course, a comparison was made between the amount of development aid made available and the amount of subsidy made available to farmers in rich countries.

 

The rate of exchange of the dollar reduced substantially in 2007 and 2008.

 

In fact the Millennium Goals targets which, according to the United Nations report,  show some for of «progress » are those implicating the intervention of multinational industries. This result was foreseen in section 1 analysis of the Millennium Goals of block 2 of the course. The nature of some of the interventions has frequently been questioned and criticised.

 

5. Opinion.

Taking the inherent limitations of the statistics used for the Millennium Development Goals Report 2009 , draw your own one-page conclusion on the implementation of the Millennium Goals.

 

 Fifth block :  Section 8: Millennium Development Goals. 

 Fifth block :  How fourth block structures solve specific problems.

Main index for the Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip.Int.Dev.)

 List of key words.

 List of references.

  Course chart.

 Technical aspects.