NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens
Verzet), 1018 AM
01. E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int.
Dev)
Edition
02: 07 August, 2010
Study points
: 06 points out of 18.
Minimum study
time : 186 hours out of 504
The points
are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for Section B :
Solutions to the Problems.
Fifth block : How the third block structures solve specific
problems.
Study points : 02 points out of 18
Minimum study time : 54 hours out of 504
The
points are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for Section B :
Solutions to the Problems.
Fifth block : How the third block structures solve specific
problems.
Section 8: Millennium goals [5
hours]
02.00 Hours Goals 1-4.
02.00 Hours Goals 5-8.
01.00 Report.
Section 8: Millennium goals [5
hours]
Goals 5-8. (At
least 2 hours)
In section 1 analysis
of the Millennium Goals of the second block the problems to be resolved a study was
made of the Implementation Plan for the achievement of the Millennium
Goals. These were the files :
00. Summary of the Millennium
Goals.
01. Eradicate extreme poverty
and hunger.
02. Achieve universal primary
education.
03. Promote gender equality
and empower women.
06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria
and other diseases.
07. Target 09
: Ensure environmental sustainability.
07. Targets 10 and 11 : Water, sanitation
and slums.
08. Develop a global
partnership for development.
In section 2 of the second block the problems
to be resolved the Millennium
Goals were linked to the services basic to a good quality of
life Integrated Development Projects
provide to all of the inhabitants in a a given
project areas. These files were :.
01. Eradicate extreme poverty
and hunger.
02. Achieve universal primary
education.
03. Promote gender equality
and empower women.
06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria
and other diseases.
07. Target 09
: Ensure environmental sustainability.
08. Targets 10 and 11 : Water, sanitation
and slums.
09. Develop a global partnership
for development.
Progress actually made on achieving the Millennium Goals 5-8 is now
analysed.
Critically analyse the Millennium
Development Goals Report 2009, United Nations,
The Millennium Development
Goals Report 2010 United Nations,
New York, 2010 has recently been published. The following text refers to the
2009 edition. Relevant variations in the 2010 edition have been inserted in the
text. The 2010 edition parrots the 2009 edition and indicates a general worsening of the situation
except in sectors involving pharmaceuticals applications which have been more
adequately financed. Business under Goal 8 appears to be proceeding well.
Millennium Goal 5 is
about the «improvement of maternal health» (pages
26-31 of the report) .
Target : Reduce by three quarters, between 1990
and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.
Heading :
« Giving birth safely is largely a privilege of the
rich.(p. 26) »
Comment : « The available trend data indicate that
there has been little progress in the developing world as a whole – 480
maternal deaths per 100 000 births in 1990 compared to
[
The 2010 Report gives
no statistics, but comments “the rate of reduction [of maternal deaths] is
still well short of the 5.5 per cent annual decline needed to meet the MDG target.]
Target: (Achieve, by 2015, universal access to
reproductive health.
Heading : « Fewer than
half of pregnant women in developing countries have the benefit of adequate
pre-natal care (p. 27) »
[ Rapport 2010 : Inequalities in
care during pregnancy are striking.]
Heading : « The
risks are high for both mother and child when pregnancy occurs at too young an
age (p. 28) »
Comment : «The adolescent birth rate is highest in
sub-Saharan
[2010 Report
: Progress has stalled in reducing the number of teenage pregnancies, putting
more young mothers at risk.]
Heading : « Access to
contraception expands, but unmet needs remain high, especially in countries
with the highest fertility.(p. 29) »
[2010 Report :
Progress in expanding the use of contraceptives by women has slowed.]
Comment : « Unmet need is
particularly high in the least developed
countries. Where lack of access to modern methods of contraception is a major
cause of persistent high fertility. » (p.29)
Heading : « Donor funding
for family planning declines, even as progress in maternal health
stalls. » (p. 29)
Comment :
« since the mid-1990s, most developing countries have
experienced a major reduction of donor funding for family planning on a per
woman basis. » (p.29)
1. Opinion.
The Millennium Goals were propagated in promotion of development,
especially in the least developed countries. The Millennium
Development Goals Report 2009, presents
global coverage of all poor countries. Viewing the results achieved in the poor
countries, one might wonder what progress, if any, has been made. Above all in family planning. On one page give your
opinion on the role played by the Roman Catholic, Protestant and Muslim
churches in relation to Millennium Goal 5.
Millennium Goal 6 is to «combat HIV/aids, malaria and other
diseases» (pages 32-39 of the report) .
Target : Have halted by 2105 and begun to reverse
the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Heading : « New HIV
infections and AIDS deaths have peaked, but 33 million people are still living
with HIV (p. 32) ».
Comment :
«The estimated number of AIDS deaths also appears to have peaked in 2005,
at 2.2 million, and has since declined to 2 million in 2007. This is partly due
to increased access to antiretroviral drugs in poorer countries.». (p.32)
[2010 Report : The spread of HIV appears to have stabilized in
most regions, and more people are surviving longer.]
Heading : « Two thirds of
those living with HIV are in sub-Saharan
Heading : « Accurate
knowledge of HIV is still unacceptably low. (p. 33) ».
Heading : « The plight of
children affected by AIDS is inspiring new approaches directed to children,
their families, and their communities..(p. 34) ».
Comment :
« The pressure exerted by the global economic crisis,
however, could shatter this simple but effective form of protection [money
transfers] ». (p.35)
Target: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to
treatment for HV/AIDS for all those who need it.
Heading : « Wider access
to treatment contributes to the first decline in AIDS deaths since the epidemic
began (p. 35) ».
Comment :
«In only five years, coverage of antiretroviral treatment in poorer
countries increased tenfold, resulting in the first decline in the number of
AIDS deaths since the epidemic was recognized
in the early 1980s. ». (p.35)
Comment :
«However, for every person who started antiretroviral treatment in 2007,
three new people were infected with HIV. And 69 per cent of people who needed
treatment did not have access to the required drugs. » (p.35)
[2010
Report : The rate of new HIV infections continues to outstrip the expansion of
treatment.]
Target : Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse
the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.
Heading : « Nearly a
million people still die each year from malaria, mostly young children in
sub-Saharan
Comment :
« The risk of dying from malaria is considerably higher
in sub-Saharan
disease is more intense, the more lethal form of the malaria
parasite — Plasmodium falciparum — is more abundant,
and the region tends to have weak health systems. Malaria is a disease of
poverty, with cases and deaths disproportionately concentrated in the least
developed countries. » (p.35)
In their article (register to obtain free access) «Where
and why are 10 million children dying
every year » (The Lancet, Vol. 361, edition 9376, pp
2226-2234, June 2003) where authors Black R.E.,
Morris S.S. and Bryce J. point the
consequences of under-nourishment out, including the lack of vitamin A and/or
zinc, on child mortality.
Comment :
« ...international funding for malaria control has grown
from $250 million in 204 to 700 million in 2007, and is expected to have
reached $ 1,1 billion in
Heading : « Sub-Saharan
[2010 Report
: Poverty continues to limit the use of mosquito nets.]
Comment :
« The international malaria community has accelerated
efforts to deliver critical interventions, notably insecticide-treated bed
nets,. » (p.36)
Heading : « Scaling up
interventions to curb the toll of malaria has begun to yield results. (p.36)
».
Heading : « The incidence
of tuberculosis is levelling off but the
number of new cases continues to arise. (p. 38) ».
Comment :
« Though incidence rates are dropping in all regions,
progress has not been fast enough to keep pace with population growth. As a
result, the absolute number of new infections is still rising. » (p.38)
Heading : « Tuberculosis
prevalence and mortality rates are falling, but not fast enough to meet global
targets. (p. 38) ».
2. Opinion.
On one page make an analysis of the initiatives where claims to improvements
are made and those where progress has not been made. Which initiatives have
received financial support ? What are your conclusions ?
Millennium Development Goal 7 is
to «ensure environmental sustainability (pages 40-47 of the report :
Target : Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country
policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources.
[2010
Report : The rate of deforestation shows signs of
decreasing, but is still alarmingly high.]
Heading : « A
continued rise in greenhouse gas emissions is another reminder of the urgency
of the climate change problem (p. 40) ».
Comment :
« In 2006, global carbon dioxide emissions continues
their upward trend, reaching 29 billion metric tons, an increase of 2.5 per
cent from the previous year. Emissions in 2006 were 31 per cent above the 1990
level ». (p. 40)
Comment :
« Per capita emissions remain highest in the developed
regions –about 12 metric ton of CO2 per
person per year, compared with about 3 metric tons in the developing regions
and 0,8 metric tons in sub-Saharan
Africa, the lowest regional value. » (p.40)
Heading : « Strong
partnerships and sound national policies lead to extraordinary progress in
protecting the ozone layer. (p. 41) ».
Target : Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by
[2010 Report
: The world has missed the 2010 target for biodiversity conservation, with
potentially grave consequences.]
Heading : « Far more
effort is needed to protect species and ecosystems under threat (p. 42) ».
Comment :
« in 2008, the number of species threatened with
extinction worldwide continued to grow ». (p.
43)
Heading : « Reducing deforestation
could play a key role in lowering greenhouse gas emissions (p. 43)
».
Comment :
«Deforestation continues at an alarming rate of about 13 million hectares
per year (roughly equivalent to the land
area of
Heading : « Global
warming poses further threats to the health of the world’s fisheries. (p. 44)
».
Comment :
« the percentage of depleted, fully exploited or
overexploited and recovering fish species has increased from 70 per cent in
1995 to 80 per cent in 2006 ».
(p. 44)
[2010 Report : Overexploitation of global fisheries has
stabilized, but steep challenges remain to ensure their sustainability.]
Heading : « Growing food
needs require more efficient use of water for agriculture (p. 44)
».
Target : Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the
population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation.
Heading : « Steep
challenges remain in meeting the sanitation target (p. 45) ».
Comment :
«In 2006, 2,5 billion people world-wide were still un-served». (p.45)
Heading : « Despite
health risks to their families and communities, 1.2 billion people practise
open defecation (p. 45) ».
Comment :
«Eighteen per cent of the world’s population – 1.2 billion people – practise open defecation». (p.45)
[2010 Report
: With half of the population of developing regions without sanitation, the
2015 target appears to be out of reach.]
Heading : « The world is
well on its way to meeting the drinking water target, though some countries still
face enormous challenges (p. 46) ».
[2010 Report
: The world is on track to meet the drinking water target, though much remains
to be done in some regions.]
Comment :
«884 million people worldwide still rely on unimproved water sources for their
drinking, cooking, bathing and other domestic activities. Of these, 84% (746
million people) live in rural areas. ». (p. 46)
Heading : « Access to
improved drinking water sources is predominantly a rural problem. (p. 46)
».
Target : By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in
the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.
Heading : « Almost every
region is moving forward to improve the lives of the urban poor (p. 47)
».
[2010 Report
: Slum improvements, though considerable, are failing to keep pace with the
growing ranks of the urban poor.]
Comment :
« In 1990, almost half the urban population in
developing regions were living in slums. By 2005, that proportion had been
reduced to 36 per cent. »
3. Research.
All the comments cited come from the Millennium
Development Goals Report 2009, published
by the United Nations itself. On one page give your conclusion on the progress
made, target by target.
Millennium Goal 8 is
about developing «a global partnership
for development» (pages 48-53 of the report) :
Heading : « Honouring
commitments to increase aid is critical at a time of economic crisis (p. 48)
».
Comment :
«Net disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) in 2008 increased 10.2 per cent to $ 119.8 billion,
the highest dollar figure ever recorded. That is equivalent to 0.30 per cent of
developed countries’ combined income.». (p. 48)
Target : Address the special needs of the least
developed countries, landlocked countries and small island developing states.
Heading : « Aid the
poorest countries falls far short of the 2010 target. (p. 49)
».
Target : Develop further an open, rule-based,
predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system.
Heading : « True
preferential trade status is reserved mainly for least developed countries (p.
50) ».
Heading : « For the least
developed countries, agricultural exports receive the greatest trade
preferences.(p. 50) » .
Target : Deal comprehensively with developing
countries’ debt
Heading : « Debt service
ratios have declined, but the economic crisis portends harder times ahead. (p.
51) ».
[ 2010 Report :
Debt burdens ease for developing countries and remain well below historical
levels.]
Comment : «Export
revenues of developing economies have nearly doubled since 2003, giving
countries more resources with which to service their external debt.. » (p.
51)
Comment :
« For the average developing country, the burden of
servicing external debt fell from almost 13 per cent of export earnings in 2000
to 4 per cent in 2007. However, in the last quarter of 2008, export revenues of
developing countries declined because of the financial crisis in high income
economies. While the data needed to make a comprehensive assessment are not yet
available, debt service to exports ratios of developing countries are likely to
deteriorate, especially for those countries that benefited from increased
export revenues over the last few years.” (p.51)
Target : In cooperation with the private sector,
make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications.
Heading : « Mobile phones
and advances in communication technology are bringing new opportunities for
development (p. 51) ».
[2010 Report
: Demand grows for information and communications technology.]
Comment :
«By the end of 2007, there were more than 2 billion mobile
cellular subscriptions in developing countries, translating into a penetration
rate of 39 per cent.». (p.52)
Heading : « More than one
fifth of the world’s population are now online, but the majority are in
developed countries. (p. 52) ».
Comment :
«While almost all countries now have commercially deployed fixed
broadband, the service remains relatively expensive in many developing
countries and thus inaccessible to many potential users».
4.
Opinion.
The possibility of achieving some of the
targets of the «partnership for global development» was guaranteed even
without the Millennium Goals, as the World Trade Organisation rules allow free
access to communications technologies. In section 06.
Financial leakage : means of communication and its in-in
depth analysis it is clear that these technologies, excluding some
professional application, ,are in reality
one of the causes of poverty. On
one page, express your opinion on this.
Conclusion to the analysis of the Millennium
Development Goals Report 2009, published by the United Nations.
Reflect on the comment above on Millennium Goal
8 : «Net
disbursements of official development assistance (ODA)
in 2008 increased 10.2 per cent to $ 119.8 billion, the highest dollar figure
ever recorded. That is equivalent to 0.30 per cent of developed countries’
combined income.». (p. 48)
Review point 10. The industry of poverty in Section 1. Analysis of the
causes of poverty of block 1 of the
course, and its in depth analysis.
Reference is made above all to the “quality” of the aid, as demonstrated in the
resource Aid is increasing, but can we
spend it well? (Wheen K. and Lusby S., Aid Watch
News 28 February 2008.)
In part 07.
The rate of
exchange of the dollar reduced substantially in 2007 and 2008.
◄ Fifth block
: Section 8: Millennium Development Goals.
◄ Fifth
block
: How
fourth block structures solve specific problems.
◄ Main index for the Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip.Int.Dev.)
