NGO Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM Amsterdam, Netherlands.

 

Edition 01: 29 October, 2009.

Edition 03 : 04 March, 2013.

 

01. E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)

 

Quarter 1.

 

 

SECTION A :  DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS.

 

 

Study value : 04 points out of 18.

Indicative study time: 112 hours out of 504.

 

Study points are awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development Problems has been passed.

 

 

Second block : The problems to be solved.

 

Study points : 02 points out of 18

Expected work required: 55 hours out of 504

 

The two study points will be finally awarded on successful completion of the consolidated exam for Section A : Development problems.

 

 

Section 1. Analysis of the Millennium Goals. [22 hours]

 

[18.00 Hours] Analysis of the Millennium Goals.

[04.00 Hours] Preparation report Section 1 of Block 2.

 

Section 2: Relate the Millennium Goals to the services for a good quality of life in Section 2 of block 1. [23 hours]

 

[18.00 Hours] Analysis of the services made available by integrated development projects.

[05.00 Hours]  Preparation report Section 2 of Block 2.

 

Second block : Exam. [ 4 hours each attempt]

 

Consolidated exam for Section A : Development problems (for passage to Section B of the course :  [ 6 hours each attempt].

 

 

Section 2: Relate the Millennium Goals to the services for a good quality of life in Section 2 of Block 1. [23 hours]

 

Analysis of the services made available under integrated development projects.[18.00 hours]

 

01. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

02. Achieve universal primary education.

03. Promote gender equality and empower women.

04. Reduce child mortality.

05. Improve maternal health.

06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria and other diseases.

07. Target 09 : Ensure environmental sustainability.

08. Targets 10 and 11 : Water, sanitation  and slums.

09. Develop a global partnership for development.

 

[05.00 Hours]  Preparation report Section 2 of Block 2.

 

 

Analysis of the services made available under integrated development projects.[18.00 hours]

 

06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria and other diseases. (At least 2 hours)

 

Refer to slides :

 

Millennium Goal  6 : Combat HIV/aids, malaria and other diseases.

Target 07 :  Halt and begin to reverse the spread of  HIV/aids.

Target 08 :  Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.

 

On millennium goal 6 (Targets 07 and 08) read :

 

Analysis of the  causes of financial leakage : health.

In-depth analysis of the causes of  financial leakage : health.

Analysis of the Implementation Plan, Millennium Goal 6 (targets 07 and 08). 

 

Refer also to file 05.62  public health structures of the Model.

 

Target  07 part of Millennium Goal  6 relates to HIV/aids and contains indicators 18-20, which are:

 

Indicator 18 : HIV prevalence among 15-24 year-old pregnant women. (UNAIDS)

Indicator 19 : Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate and population aged 15-24 with comprehensive correct knowledge if  HIV/aids. (UNAIDS, UNICEF, UN Population Division, WHO)

Indicator 20 : Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years.

 

During work on your analysis of the Implementation Plan, Millennium Goal 6 (targets 07 and 08). you have taken note of the financial coverage made available for research, treatment, and protection of the intellectual property of the pharmaceuticals multinationals. Increased risk due to social aspects such as malnutrition, lack of education, lack of women’s empowerment were stressed in UNIFEM’s report Making the MDGs Work for All.

 

In so far as target 07 is concerned, a first point to note that people aged below 15 and over 24  appear to be excluded !

 

Integrated development projects provide :

 

Hygiene education clubs for women and courses in schools. ( Details : block 4, section 2, 1. Health clubs.)

Basic nursing services. (Details : block 4, section 5, 10. Health structures.)

Establishing contact with men above school age.  (Details : block 4, section 5, 09. Education structures)

Care for orphans and their education at tank commission level. (Details : block 4, section 5, 09. Education structures.)

Three-tiered social security network. (Details : block 4, section 2, 5. Three-tiered social security structure. )

Purchasing cooperatives (for condoms, for example). (Details : block 4, section 3,  7. Cooperative buying systems – introduction : 8. Cooperative buying systems – in-depth analysis. )

                    Adequate and varied diet. (Details : block 5 , Section 4: Food crisis. )

Clean drinking water. (Details : block 4, section 5, 01. Drinking water structures : organisation ;  02. Drinking water structures : technique.)

Good quality sanitation. ( Details : bloc 4, section 5, 03. Sanitation structures : organisation ;  04. Sanitation structures : technique.)

Elimination of smoke in and around dwellings. (Details : block 4, section 5, 08. Structures for the elimination of smoke in and around homes.)

 

Prevention activities introduced in integrated development projects are not limited to women aged between 15-24 ! It is understood that indicator 18 refers to the period when young women have their first sexual contact  and therefore their first exposure to risk of contamination. Many people with HIV/aids are men. The information referred to in indicator 19 is applicable both to young men and th young women.  It is, furthermore, possible for people older than 24 and younger than 15 to get infected by the virus.

 

Integrated development projects favour prevention of  HIV/aids over treatment. The Plan of Implementation of the Millennium Goals refers instead more the  development and distribution of medicines. The difference between the two approaches goes to the heart of development (see Capra F., Development and sustainabiliy, Center for Ecoliteracy, Berkeley, 2005, document annexed under number 09.52 to the Model. ) Investments to pay for medicines against HIV/aids add nothing to local development. They cause (both directly and indirectly) financial leakage from poor countries to rich ones. Funds made available for the fight against HIV/aids (purchase of medicines) are no longer available for the support of low-cost local development structures. This does not mean that HIV/aids medicines are «bad ». The issue is what the priorities for local development are.  Bear in mind furthermore that in Africa, it is tuberculosis that is the main cause of death of persons with  HIV/aids. ( See : Analysis of the Implementation Plan, Millennium Goal 6 (targets 07 and 08). )

 

1. Opinion.

  

On two pages, write a dialogue between two inhabitants of a rural village in a poor country. One of them has AIDS and needs medicines. The other wants the community to buy a solar-driven mill to reduce the work load on women for the preparation of the daily meals by one hour a day, enabling them to participate in evening classes. Both requirements are valid. The funds available cover only  one of them. You are the person responsible for establishing the  priorities..........  Present the arguments of the interested parties and your decision.

 

Target 08  of Millennium goal 6 refers to malaria and other diseases, and comprises indicators 21-24, which are :

 

- Indicator 21 : Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria. (WHO)

- Indicator 22 :  Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using Effective Malaria Prevention and Treatment Measures. (UNICEF)

- Indicator 23 : Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis. (WHO)

- Indicator 24 :  Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under Directly-Observed Treatment Short Courses - DOTS (anti-tuberculosis strategy recommended at international level) (WHO)

 

In relation to the requirements of target  08, integrated development projects offer :

 

Prevention, nursing and integrated development. (Details : block 4, section 5, 10. Health structures.)

Hygiene education courses for women and in schools. ( Details : block 4, section 2, 1. Health clubs.)

Preventive measures against malaria (EXCLUDING  vaccinations). (Details : block 4, section 5, 10. Health structures.)

Clean drinking water. (Details : block 4, section 5, 01. Drinking water structures : organisation ;  02. Drinking water structures : technique.) 

Sanitation structures. ( Details : bloc 4, section 5, 03. Sanitation structures : organisation ;  04. Sanitation structures : technique.)

Drainage. (Details : block 4, section 5, 10. Health structures.)

100% waste recycling structures. (Details : block 4, section 5,  05. Recycling structures : organisation ;  06. Recycling structures: technique.)

Local production of mosquito nets and products against flies. (Details : block 4, section 5, 10. Health structures.)

Generic nursing services at tank commission level, including services for the distribution of medicines. (Details : block 4, section 5, 10. Health structures.)

Utilisation of project structures for the benefit of public campaigns.

Adequate and varied diet. (Details : block 5 , Section 4: Food crisis. )

Elimination of smoke in and around dwellings. (Details : block 4, section 5, 08. Structures for the elimination of smoke in and around homes.)

 

During the analysis of the Implementation Plan, Millennium Goal 6 (targets 07 and 08) it was seen that the rate of infectious diseases can be reduced through a general improvement in the quality of life of the people. On this subject, refer also to the in-depth  analysis of the causes of financial leakage :health.

 

2. Opinion.

 

On one page make a comparison between the local initiatives you listed in your  analysis of the Implementation Plan, Millennium Goal 6 (targets 07 and 08 to reduce mortality caused by HIV/aids,  malaria, and tuberculosis in your project area and the list of measures provided by integrated development projects. Do you want to add measures to your list or to the list above ? Why ?  

 

Target  17 of Millennium Goal 8 reads : « In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.”

 

3. Opinion.

 

On two pages, use the content of target 17 to make a summary of the relationship between public health improvement under integrated development projects and the  availability of financial means for that purpose.