NGO "ANOTHER WAY" (STICHTING BAKENS VERZET), NETHERLANDS, SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED SELF-FINANCING DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Repassez les notes que vous avez fait au début du cours, à la Section 1 du Bloc 1 : 02 Quelques facteurs liés à la pauvreté : approfondissement . De nombreuses activités formelles retenues “productives” des économes et qui contribuent à la formation du Produit Brut National n’augmentent pas la qualité de vie des populations. De nombreuses activités informelles retenues “improductives” des économes contribuent bien à la qualité de vie des populations mais sont exclues de la formation du Produit Brut National.

Lisez l’article suivant de la ONG Stichting Bakens Verzet :

“2.1.03 Monetisation and the economy

Standards for economic comparisons are most often developed by western economists who fail to take the non-monetised part of economies into account. Yet only a relatively small part of the world's global economy is "monetised". The percentage represented by the monetised part of the economy tends to be higher in “industrialised” countries than it is in less developed economies. However, even in the most “developed” industrialised countries, only part of the real productive economy is “monetised”.

“The output of domestic and personal services produced for own consumption within households is not included [in the Output product for own final use (p.12)]” (The 1993 SNA System of National Accounts, United Nations Statistics Division, Section VI The Production Account, par. 6.46). [Pour la version en français voir Le Système de comptabilité nationale 1993 (SCN)]

If one were to proceed to subtract the percentage of negative economic parasitic activities in industrialised nations from positive productive ones, the difference between the net pro-capita productivity of industrial countries and that of developing economies might turn out not to be so big as one might imagine. For instance, the costs in time, use of infrastructure, fuel consumption, and equipment write-off of a western commuter who loses four hours a day in queues going to and returning home from work are monetised though they tend to have a negative weighting on our quality of life. They become part of our so-called gross national product. Benefits enjoyed by an African herdsman who spends the same four hours a day in the shade of a tree discussing philosophy with his friends are not monetised. Yet which of them has the better quality of life at least during those four hours? How do the individuals involved perceive their quality of life during those four hours? How far is their quality of life directly influenced by money in such cases?

One acceptable way of assessing productivity is by connecting it with the length of a human life. While life expectancy varies from one country to another, most of us divide a day into 24 hours. Most of us spend about eight hours sleeping, which means our potential active productivity has to be fitted into the remaining 16 hours per day. We assume, for the purposes of making an example, an average life span of 75 years. Appropriate allowance has to be made for children. This allowance varies according to the customs and conditions of life in any given community. Let us assume the allowance is 15 years. No account is taken in this example of old age. Our potentially productive life-span is then 75 years (life span) minus 15 years (unproductive childhood) or 60 years. Our total potential for productivity is in that case 60 years x 365 days x 16 hours, or about 350.000 hours. The time each individual has available for active productivity is therefore finite. On an average, it is potentially comparable but not the same for every individual or for every community. How an individual chooses or is able to use the time potentially available to him for active productivity (in the example 350.000 hours) is in theory very subjective. In practice, however, it is usually subjected to restrictions. In some cases, such as slavery, the individual may have no choice at all.

Any activity which tends to improve the quality of life of the individual and of the family and community he or she lives in is productive. Any activity which does not tend to improve one’s quality of life or that of the family and community he or she lives in is unproductive. Viewed this way, four hours spent by a woman cleaning the family home and preparing food for dinner is productive. The fours hours spent by a commuter in his car going to and returning from work are essentially unproductive, as are the use of infrastructure, fuel consumption, and equipment write-off involved. The work of the woman improves the quality of life of her family; the time spent by the commuter in his car in general does not.

Since women constitute about 50% of the world’s population, the productivity of women at home, working in the fields, bringing up children, helping elderly family members already represents at least 50% of the real productive economy. This productivity does not usually change much even where women also have a job outside of their home environments. Since many women work domestically this way at least 12 hours a day without payment compared with a theoretic average of 8 hours a day their husbands actually spend at their paid work, percentages of 60% non-monetised activity and 40% monetised activity already arise in western economies even before other factors are taken into account. If unemployed, the sick, the handicapped, and people on a benefit together with other common activities such as voluntary work, gardening and the like are also considered, the monetised productivity quota in a developed economy is in reality considerably lower than 40%. It may not exceed 20%.

In some developing countries the monetised part of the economy may be as small as 10% of a country’s notional national product.

The application of universal income policies might lead to some changes in this field. This is because the universal income system recognises, amongst other things, the productivity of women in the home, and the productivity of students during their study. However, universal income is apparently not considered by the elites currently holding economic power to be in their favour. So no country has yet adopted it. The important and useful traditional work of many women in looking after children and doing household chores is therefore not monetised, even in Western countries. Nor are the numerous other productive activities conducted by family members in general outside their period of paid employment and professional activities.”

Pour des informations plus détaillées sur ce sujet lisez : Analyzing the Policy Implications of Time Use Data, United Nations Economics and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Document de discussion rédigé pour l’atelier ESCAP “Workshop for High Level Policy Makers on Counting Policy Implications of Time Use Survey Data”, 11-15 Septembre 2000, Bangkok, Thailand. Cet article n’est lui aussi disponible qu’en anglais.

À la page 2 du rapport écrit-on :

“Un mouvement progressif des activités du secteur des ménages non monétisés à l’économie monétisée est à la base du procès de développement. Toutefois les économes, sous l’influence dominante de l’école néo-classique, se sont limités à la considération des phénomènes qui ont lieu à l’intérieur de l’économie monétisée.”

Le Modèle de Développement Intégré :

a) Considère comme productive toute activité qui augmente la qualité de vie de la population et improductive toute activité qui ne le fait pas..

b) Accepte que beaucoup (la plupart) des activités productives ne sont pas monétisées, tandis que beaucoup des activités improductives le sont.

c) Prévoit un système de monnaie locale qui permet la monétisation de facto de toutes les activités productives dans chaque zone de projet.

1. Recherches.

Sur la base de tels principes, faites une analyse des heures d’activité «productive » d’une femme moyenne et d’un homme moyen dans votre zone.

Calculez le total des heures d’activité productive dans votre zone.

Multipliez les heures d’activité productive par le salaire horaire moyen applicable au secteur formel dans votre zone.

Calculez le rapport entre la valeur totale (exprimée en monnaie formelle) des activités productives que vous avez obtenu et celle présentée pour votre zone

dans les statistiques nationales calculés avec le méthode du Système de comptabilité nationale 1993 (SCN) .

◄ ►

◄ Premier bloc : Section 2.

◄ Premier bloc : La pauvreté et la qualité de vie.

◄ Table matières pour le Diplôme du Développement Intégré (D.Dév.Int).

◄ Liste des mots clefs.

◄ Liste des références.

◄ Schéma du cours.

◄ Cours disponibles.

◄ Homepage Bakens Verzet

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